UBLIC LIBRARY THE BRANCH LIBRARIES 3 3333 05990 5501 y5°is.i H (o^35~ TJREN'SROOM ;ER 20 we; NEW YORK, N.Y. 1( THE MOTH BOOK »N0 TI0N8. C- 1_ This Muih Book Plate 1 i Frontispiece) THE MOTH BOOK A POPULAR GUIDE TO A KNOWL- EDGE OF THE MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA BY W. J. HOLLAND, I). D., Ph. D., Sc. D., LL. D. DIRECTOR OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM, PITTSBURGH, PA.; LATE CHANCELLOR OF THE WESTERN UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA; PRESIDENT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA; FELLOW OF THE ZOOLOGICAL AND ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETIES OF LONDON; MEMBEROKTHE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF FRANCE . ETC.. ETC. WITH FORTY-EIGHT PLATES IN COLOR PHOTOGRAPHY, AND NUMEROUS ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT, REPRO- DUCING SPECIMENS IN THE COLLECTION OF THE AUTHOR, AND IN VARIOUS PUliLIC AND PRIVATE COLLECTIONS NEW YORK DOUBLEDAY, PAGE & COMPANY 1905 COPYRIGHT, I9O3, BY W. J. HOLLAND '! 1. i. NKV. YORK PUBLIC LIBRARY ASTOR, LENOX AND TILDEN FOUNDATIONS. C l_ Xortoooti 5Prt38 : mith Co., Norwood, Mass., U.S.A. TO M Y HON 0 R ED FR1ENI . ANDRHW CARNEGIE, WHOSE NAME IS A SYNONYM FOR FINANCIAL SAGACITY AND PRACTICAL BENEVOLENCE, I DEDICATE THIS BOOK C Scjs-'j ^1 0 PREFACE \I7TIHN a few years ago i published "The Butterfly Book." 1 stated in the preface to that volume that 1 would follow it by the preparation of a similar work upon the moths of the United States and Canada, provided the reception given that venture should seem to justify me in so doing. "The Butterfly Book" was very favorably received, and not only I. but my publishers, have been besieged with letters from all parts of the continent, urging the fulfillment of the provisional promise made by me in 1898. A prompt compliance with these requests has, however, unfortunately been impossible, owing to the fact that my official duties, which are numerous and exacting, prevent m ing any but the evening hours to the work of literary composition. In addition to the difficulties arising from this source, there were other and even greater difficulties which presented themselves. The species of moths known to occur in the United States and Canada vastly exceed in number the species of butterflies found within the same limits. While it was po isible to bring together brief descriptions and numerous illustrations of the majority of the species of butterflies found in thfejfegionj it.hec;:nie:.;v-ident at the outset that in dealing with the moths it wou'd be necessary to resort to a different method. It jyecame plain that a process of selection would have to be followed, if she-volume were to be kept within proper limits as to size und.cost ,'t would have been comparatively easy to have selected from the abundant material at my command a series of the more showy insects, and to have illustrated these, but as it is the purpose of the series of the books of which "The Moth Book" is one to provide in reasonably compact form manuals which will with tolerable completeness cover the whole field, the plan had to be materially altered. In- stead, therefore, of attempting to briefly describe and figure .ill the thousands of species of moths which have been ascertained to Preface occur in North America north of Mexico, the effort was made to select those species which would adequately represent the various families and the commoner and more important genera, thus pro- viding a work which might serve as an introduction to the study. This process of selection had to be made with much patience and care. Another cause of delay arose from the fact that it is some- times difficult to obtain perfect specimens for purposes of photo- graphic reproduction. Even where species are well known and common, and are abundantly represented in the collections to which 1 have access, it has not infrequently happened that it was almost impossible to discover specimens so perfect as to allow of their being reproduced by color-photography in a satisfactory manner. Minor defects, which signify little to a working natural- ist, and which can easily be eliminated from sight by a draughts- man, become very serious blemishes when resort is had to methods of photographic illustration. Much time had, therefore, to be spent in searching through various collections for the kind of material which was required, and often in remounting specimens which, while good enough for the cabinet, were not so set as to permit them to be employed in the photographic laboratory. Patience and perseverance, however, always bring in due time their re- ward, and I have been able to assemble enough properly prepared material to enable me in the main to accomplish my purpose. "Brevity is the soul of wit," and this fact has not been forgotten by the writer in preparing the pages of this book. The limitations necessarily imposed by the space available precluded the preparation of 'lengthy de/scripfions. This brevity in descrip- tion is, howeyeij, '.a? t'l'ie writer .believes, abundantly compensated for by the illustrations .'in tf\6| Plates. One good recognizable figure of a species' :is. woir'th' reams of mere verbal description. Those who desire;' to/go/ dtejpjy 'into the subject, and who wish to famiharize themselves with' all its technicalities, will find in the list of works named in that part of the introduction devoted to the bibliography of the subject much that they desire. I am indebted to many scientific friends for assistance, but to no one am I more indebted than to Dr. L. O. Howard, the Ento- mologist of the United States Department of Agriculture and the Honorary Curator of Entomology in the United States National Museum, and to his amiable associates, Dr. William H. Ashmead and Dr. Harrison G. Dyar. With unfailing courtesy these gentles- men most generously aided me by allowing me to use the material in the National Collection, when it became necessary to do so, and in many other ways gave me invaluable help. I gratefully acknowledge the kindness of Professor J. B. Smith, of Rutgers College, who very graciously went over the Plates con- taining the NoctuiiftT, thereby saving me in several instances from errors in determination. My best thanks are due to Mr. William Beutenmuller, the Curator of Entomology in the American Museum of Natural History, New York, for his most obliging courtesy and for much valued assistance. To Mrs. Beutenmuller's facile fingers I owe the frontispiece and manv illustrations in the text. To Sir George F. Hampson, of the British Museum, and to the Trustees of that great institution, a debt of gratitude is due for many favors, and especially for permission to use some of the illustrations employed in their publications. From Dr. Henry Skinner, of the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia, and Mr. Jacob Doll, of the Brooklyn Institute, I received great assistance. To the Messrs. F. A. and H. S. Merrick, of New Brighton, Pa., to Dr. William Barnes, of Decatur, III., and to Mr. O. C. Poling, of Peoria, III.. I return thanks for the loan of specimens used for illustration. The Honorable Walter Rothschild and Dr. Carl Jordan, of Tring. England, placed me under special obligations by permitting me to see advance proofs of the pages of their great work upon the Sphingidce. To all of these gentlemen, as well as to scores of others, who have lent their aid in the preparation of the book, I extend my heartfelt thanks. While recognizing its imperfections, I trust that the volume will accomplish much to quicken an interest, especially among the young people in our schools and colleges, in that beautiful department of scientific inquiry, which it is designed to some extent to illustrate. Director's Office, W. J. H. Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, Pa. September 8, 1903. TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE Dedication v Preface vii Table of Contents xi List of Illustrations in the Text xv List of Colored Plates xxiii INTRODUCTION CHAP. PAGE 1. The Life-History and Anatomy of Moths . . . 3-18 How to distinguish a moth from a butterfly. The Eggs of Moths; Caterpillars: Structure, Form, Color, Habits, etc.; Tlte Pupa Porm, Covering, etc.; Anatomy of Moths: II id, Thorax, Abdomei , I Wings. K. The Capture, Preparation, and Preservation of Speci- mens It)-2I Special Instructions for M mnting and Preparing the Smaller I'< inns. III. The Classification of Moths 22-26 The Difficulties of Classification. Vai V F.-itertained by Writers. Key to the Famili [merican Heterocera. IV. Books about the Moths of North America . . . 27-38 Early Writers Periodicals. General Catalogues and Lists. General Wmks Containing Information as to the Moths of North America. Works Particularly Useful in Studying the Different Families of the Moths of North America. Table of Contents THE BOOK The Moths of North America North of Mexico. Family I. The Sphingidae 41 Family II. The Saturniidag 80 Family III. The Ceratocampidae 94 Family IV. The Syntomidae 98 Family V. The Lithosiidae 103 Family VI. The Arctiidas 114 Family VII. The Agaristidas 140 Family VIII. The Noctuidae 151 Family IX. The Nycteolidse 288 Family X. The Pericopidae 289 Family XI. The Dioptidae 291 Family XII. The Notodontida; 292 Family XIII. The Thyatiridas 303 Family XIV. The Liparidse 305 Family XV. The Lasiocampidae 311 Family XVI. The Bombycidae 315 Family XVII. The Platypterygidae 320 Family XVIII. The Geometridae 322 Family XIX. The Epiplemidas 356 Family XX. The Nolidae 357 Family XXI. The Lacosomidae 359 Family XXII. The Psychidae 360 Family XXIII. The Cochlidiid^ 364 Family XXIV. The Megalopygidae 368 Family XXV. The Dalceridae 369 Family XXVI. The Epipyropidae 370 Family XXVII. The Zygaenidae 371 Family XXVIII. The Thyrididae 374 Family XXIX. The Cossidae 375 Family XXX. The /Egeriidae 379 Family XXXI. The Pyralidae 391 Family XXXII. The Pterophoridae 41s Family XXXIII. The Orneodidae 4'7 Table of Contents PACE Family XXXIV. The Tortricidae 417 Family XXXV. The Yponomeutidas 423 Family XXXVI. The Gelechiidae 424 Family XXXVII. The Xylorictidae 42s Family XXXVIII. The CEcophoridae 428 Family XXXIX. The Blastobasidae 429 Family XL. The Elachistidae 43° Family XLI. The Tineidas \}0 Family XL1I. The Hepialidae 443 Family XL11I. The Micropterygida; 444 DIGRESSIONS AND QUOTATIONS PAGE The World of the Dark 77 " Splitters " and "Lumpers ' 112 Sugaring for Moths 146 The Tragedy of the Night Moth (Thomas Carlyle) . . . 209 Walking as a Fine Art 270 Das Lied vom Schmetterlinge (Herder) 290 Ode to an Insect (Anacreon) 291 Nasu-no Take 30 ' Moth Song (Cortissoz) 310 The History of Silk Culture 316 Transformation (Flenrv Brooke) 321 Living and Dying (Gosse) 355 Far Out at Sea (Home) 363 Faunal Subregions 387 Cupid's Candle (Felix Carmen) 427 Clothes-moths 434 The End of All (Tennyson) 44s w ZAND'S VDTH BOOK Explanation of f rontespiece 1. Kyi oi cue cheraia,Hubner 2. (JallOBa-nia pro-nethee, Drury 5. uucullia convexipennia, (Jrote an'1 Kobinaon 4. Uithennia regalia, r'abridua 5. Suchaetiae egle, Drury 6. Sibine stimulea, Ule~.en8 7« Uatocala innutoena, Guenee 8. iiania cecrooia, Linnaeue 9. f roli-nacodea acopha, H-^rria 10/ Seirarctia echo, Abbot and Smith 11. Maraeatra picta, Harria 12. Achatodea zeae, Harris 15. Datana sinistra, Urury lA. fhobetion pithed um, Abbot and Smith 15. JNerice bidentata, nalker 16. Kurycyttarua confe^enata, Grote and Kobinaon 1^. Lycia co^r.ataria , Guenee 18. (Jerura -niltiacripta, niley 1?. Tortricicl' a tseta^ea, Packard LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT FIG. PACE i. Dahlia hesperioides Pagenstecher 3 2. Egg of Peridroma saucia S 3. Egg of Samia cecropia 5 4. Larva of Hyloicus kalmiae . 7 5. Pupa of Telea polyphemus 10 6. Pupa of cut-worm in underground cell 10 7. Front view of the head of a moth 12 8. Lateral view of the head of a moth 12 9. Antennae of moths n 10. Antenna of Telea polyphemus 1 3 11. Legs of a moth is \2. Diagram showing the structure of the wings of a moth 16 13. Neuration of the wings of Hepialus gracilis 17 14. Figures showing the frenulum and the retinaculum 17 is. Figure showing the maculation of the wings of a Noctuid 18 16. Setting-needle used in mounting microlepidoptera 19 17. Setting-board used in mounting microlepidoptera . . 20 18. Double mount 21 19. "As it is not done " 26 20. Three joints of the antenna of Protoparce quinquemacu- latus 41 21. Neuration of the wings of Sesia tantalus 42 22. Pupa of Protoparce quinquemaculatus 43 2}. Isoparce cupressi 48 24. Hyloicus eremitoides so 25. Hyloicus canadensis si 26. Protambulyx strigilis 54 27. Larva of Pholus satellitia 6s 28. Larva of Pholus achemon 66 29. Larva of Darapsa myron 68 30. Parasitized larva of Darapsa myron 69 List of Illustrations in the Text FIG. PAGE 31. Microgaster which preys upon the larva of Darapsa myron 69 32. Pupa of Darapsa myron 69 33. Larva and moth of Sphecodina abbotti 70 34. Light form of larva of Celerio lineata 76 35. Dark form of larva of Celerio lineata 76 36. Philosamia cynthia 81 37. Cocoon of Samia cecropia 83 38. Larva of Callosamia promethea 8s 39. Cocoon of Callosamia promethea 85 40. Larva of Actias luna 87 41. Larva of Telea polyphemus 88 42. Cocoon of Telea polyphemus 88 43. Larva of Automeris io 90 44. Eggs of Buck-moth 92 45. Larva of Buck-moth 92 46. Anisota rubicunda, larva and pupa 95 47. Crambidia pallida 104 48. Crambidia casta 104 49. Palpidia pallidior 103 50. Hypoprepia fucosa 106 51. Hsematomis mexicana 107 52. Comacla simplex 107 53. Bruceia pulverina 108 54. Clemensia albata 108 55. Illice unifascia 109 56. Illice subjecta 109 57. Lerina incarnata 111 58. Dodia albertae 1:7 59. Haploa lecontei 119 60. Haploa contigua 1 iq 61. Euerythra phasma 120 62. Larva of Ecpantheria deflorata 120 63. Turuptiana permaculata 121 64. Seirarctia echo 122 65. Alexicles aspersa 122 66. Estigmene prima 122 67. Estigmene acraea 123 68. Isia isabella 125 List of Illustrations in the Text FIG. PAGE 69. Caterpillar and pupa of Isia isabella 125 70. Phragmatobia fuliginosa 126 71. Phragmatobia yarrowi 127 72. Apantesis anna 130 73. Kodiosoma fulva 13? 74. Ectypia bivittata 133 75. Euchaetias egle 135 76. Pygarctia elegans 136 77. Hypocrisias minima 136 78. Egg of Copidryas gloveri 141 79. Pupa of Copidryas gloveri 142 80. Larva and moth of Copidryas gloveri 142 81. Tuerta sabulosa 141 82. Alypia disparata 144 83. Alvpia octomaculata 144 84. Alypiodes bimaculata 14s 85. Apatela populi, $ 154 86. Apatela populi, larva 154 87. Apatela oblinita 158 88. Apharetra dentata 1 s8 89. Apharetra pyralis 1 59 90. Cerma cora 161 91. Copibrvophila angelica 162 n2. Platyperigea prseacuta 164 93. Platyperigea discistriga 164 94. Fishea yosemitse 170 os. Momaphana comstocki 172 96. Pyrophila pyramidoides, larva 171 97. Larva of Laphygma frugiperda 174 98. Moth of Laphygma frugiperda 174 99. Podagra crassipes 178 100. Abagrotis erratica 180 101 . Metalepsis cornuta 181 102. Setagrotis terrifica 181 103. Agrotis ypsilon 182 104. Pronoctua typica 185 10s. Feltia subgothica 186 / 106. Eucoptocnemis fimbriaris 190 xvii List of Illustrations in the Text FIG. 07. Mamestra picta 194 oS. Trichopolia serrata 199 09. Eupolia licentiosa 199 10. Larva of Heliophila unipuncta 200 11. Pupa of Heliophila unipuncta 200 12. Moth of Heliophila unipuncta 201 13. Larvae and eggs of Heliophila albilinea 202 14. Neleucania bicolorata 203 15. Stretchia muricina 20s 16. Perigrapha prima 20s 17. Xylina antennata 206 18. Asteroscopus borealis 209 19. Bellura gortynides 211 20. Gortyna immanis 212 21. Larva of Papaipema nitela 213 22. Ochria sauzaelitae 214 23. Pseudorthosia variabilis 216 24. Selicanis cinereola 216 25. Orrhodia californica 218 26. Tristyla alboplagiata 220 27. Pippona bimatris 221 28. Bessula Iuxa 221 29. Oxycnemis fusimacula 221 30. Boll-worm feeding on tomato 22} 31. Heliothis armiger 223 32. Derrima stellata 224 )}. Pseudacontia crustaria 225 94. Graeperia magnifica 225 55. Trichosellus cupes 226 36. Eupanychis spinosae 226 37. Canidia scissa 226 38. Palada scarletina 229 39. Sympistis proprius 229 40. Heliodes restrictalis 230 41. Heliosea pictipennis 230 42. Eupseudomorpha brillians 231 43. Larva of Psychomorpha epimenis 212 44. Pseudalvpia crotchi 232 List of Illustrations in the Text FIG. PACE 145. Larva of Euthisanotia grata 233 146. Acherdoa ferraria 234 147. Neumcegenia poetica 235 148. Autographa brassicae 239 149. Diastema tigris 241 150. Eutelia pulcherrima 242 151. Alabama argillacea, egg, larva, and pupa 249 152. Anepischetos bipartita 245 153. Diallagma lutea 24 s 154. Incita aurantiaca 246 155. Trichotarache assimilis 246 is6. Thalpochares aetheria 249 157. Gyros muiri 249 158. Tornacontia sutrix 2^0 159. Cerathosia tricolor 2^3 160. Hormoschista pagenstechen 2=, 5 161. Sylectra erycata 2 =,4 162. Melanomma auricinctaria . 2ss 163. Argillophora furcilla 2=,s 164. Parora texana j^^ 163. Capnodes punctivena 277 166. Selenis monotropa 277 167. Latebraria amphipyroides 279 168. Epizeuxis americalis 280 169. Epizeuxis semula 280 170. Zanclognatha protumnusali^ 281 171. Sisyrhypena orciferalis 282 172. Hypenula cacuminalis 283 173. Hypenula opacalis 2^3 174. Tetanolita mynesalis 284 175. Dircetis pygmaca 284 176. Salia interpuncta 285 177. Lomanaltes eductalis 285 178. Hypena humuli 287 179. Eunystalea indiana 295 180. Euphyparpax rosea 298 181. Cargida cadmia ^01 182. Hemerocampa leucostigma, moth 306 xix List of Illustrations in the Text FIG. PACE 183. Hemerocampa leucostigma, female moth, larva, and male and female pupa; 307 1S4. Hemerocampa leucostigma, full grown female larva . . 307 185. Doa ampla 309 186. Leuculodes lacteolaria 310 187. Hypopacha grisea 312 188. Malacosoma americana, eggs, larva;, and cocoon . . .313 189. Malacosoma disstria, mature larva 313 190. Malacosoma disstria 314 191. Larva of Bombyx mori 316 192. Cocoon of Bombyx mori 316 193. Moth of Bombyx mori 316 194. Eudeilinea herminiata 320 195. Paleacrita vernata, egg, and larva 32s 196. Paleacrita vernata, male and female moths 325 197. Alsophila pometaria, egg, larva, and pupa 326 198. Moths of Alsophila pometaria 326 199. Larva of Eois ptelearia 334 2co. Moth and cocoon of Eois ptelearia 335 201. Fernaldella fimetaria 337 202. Cymatophora ribearia, moth 340 203. Egg of Goose-berry span-worm 340 204. Goose-berry span-worm 341 205. Coniodes plumigeraria 346 206. Coniodes plumigeraria, larva 346 207. Nigetia formosalis 35S 208. Oiketicus abboti 361 209. Thyridopteryx ephemerieformis 361 210. Harrisina americana, larva, and moth 372 211. Harrisina americana, larva; on grape-leaf 373 212. Zeuzera pyrina 37(l 213. Inguromorpha basalis 378 214. Cossula magnifica 379 215. Synanthedon acerni 386 216. Desmia funeralis 392 217. Glyphodes quadristigmalis 394 218. Phlyctrenodes sticticalis 39s 219. Phlyctasnodes sticticalis, larva; 396 List of Illustrations in the Text FIG. PAGE 220. Phlyctasnodes sticticalis, pupa 396 221. Hypsopygia costal;s 400 222. Pyralis farinnlis 401 22). Diatraea saccharalis, larvae 403 224. Cornstalk attacked by Diatraea saccharalis 404 225. Moth and pupa of Diatraea saccharalis 40s 226. The Bee-moth 406 22-j. Mineola juglandis 408 228. Mineola indigenella, larvae and moth 409 229. Mineola indigenella, larval case among leaves . . . .410 2)0. Zophodia grossulariae 411 231. Canarsia hammondi 411 2)2. Ephestia kuehniella 412 2)). Cocoons of Ephestia kuehniella 413 234. Larva of Ephestia cautella 414 2)^. Ephestia cautella 414 236. Plodia interpunctella 41 S 237. Oxyptilus periscelidactylus 416 238. Orneodes hexadactylus 417 239. Eucosma scudderiana 4 1 s 240. Ancylis comptana . 419 241. Cydia pomonella 420 242. Alceris minuta 421 243. Phthorimaea operculella 424 244. Gnorimoschema gallaesolidaginis 42=; 24s. Anarsia lineatella, larvae 42(1 246. Anarsia lineatella, moths . 427 247. Depressaria heracliana 428 248. Holcocera glandulella 429 249. Walshia amorphella 430 250. Bucculatrix canadensisella 431 251. Bucculatrix pomifoliella 432 252. Tineola bisselliella (The Clothes-moth) J32 253. Tinea pellionella. (The Fur-moth) 453 254. Trichophaga tapetzella. (The Carpet-moth) .... 434 255. Prodoxus quinquepunctella, larvae 438 2s6. Prodoxus quinquepunctella, moth 439 257. Prodoxus marginatus 439 List of Illustrations in the Text 2s8. Prodoxus y-inversa . 2^9. Prodoxus reticulata . 260. Prodoxus coloradensis 261. Prodoxus cinereus . 262. Pronuba yuccasella . 263. Pronuba yuccasella, pupa; PAca. 440 440 440 441 44^ 442 LIST OF COLORED PLATES Produced by the color-photographic process of the American Colortypc Company, New Yi irk and Chicago FACING PAGE I. Larvae of Moths Frontispiece II. Sphingidae (Hawkmoths) 42 III. Sphingidae (Hawkmoths), &c 48 IV. Sphingidae (Hawkmoths) 56 V. Sphingidae (Hawkmoths) 62 VI. Sphingidae (Hawkmoths) 70 VII. Sphingidae (Hawkmoths) .76 VIII. Saturniidae, Ceratocampidx. &c 80 IX. Saturniidae, &c 84 X. Saturniidx, Ceratocampidae, Lasiocampidae ... 88 XI. Saturniidae, Ceratocampidae, Lasiocampidx, &c. . . 92 XII. Saturniidae, Cossidae, Lasiocampidae 96 XIII. Syntomidx, Lithosiidne, Arctiidx 108 XIV. Arctiidx 1 16 XV. Arctiidx 122 XVI. Arctiidx, &c 134 XVII. Arctiidx, Agaristidx, Noctuidx 140 XVIII. Noctuidx is6 XIX. Noctuidx 164 XX. Noctuidx 176 XXI. Noctuidx 182 XXII. Noctuidx 188 XXIII. Noctuidx 194 XXIV. Noctuidx 204 XXV. Noctuidx 210 XXVI. Noctuidx 218 xxiii List of Colored Plates FACING PAGE XXVII. Noctuidae 228 XXVIII. Noctuidae 240 XXIX. Noctuidae 253 XXX. Noctuidae 260 XXXI. Noctuidae 2b2 XXXII. Noctuidae 266 XXXIII. Noctuidae 2b8 XXXIV. Noctuidae 21° XXXV. Noctuidae 212 XXXVI. Noctuidae 276 XXXVII. Noctuidae 27§ XXXVIII. Pericopidae, Dioptidae, Liparidae, Megalopygidae, &c **> XXXIX. Notodontidae 24b XL. Notodontidae, Thyatiridae, &c 3°° XLI. Lasiocampidae, Hepialidae, Psychidae, Platyptery- 314 gidae, Lacosomidae, &c ***> XLII. Noctuidae, -Nycteolidae, Geometridae XLIII. Geometridae 33% XLIV. Geometridae 348 XLV. Geometridae 354 XLVI. /Egeriidae 382 XLVII. Cochlidiidae, Zygaenidae, Thryrididae, Pyralidae . 394 XLVIII. Pyralidae, Tortricidae, Tineidae, &c 4'2 INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION CHAPTER I THK LIFE-HISTORY AND ANATOMY OF MOTHS - I suppose you are an entomologist ? " " Not quite so ambitious as that, sir. I should like to put my eyes on the individual entitled to that name. No man can be truly called an entomologist, sir; the subject is too vast for any single human intelligence to grasp." Oi.ivkr Wendell Holmes, The Poet at the Breakfast Table. The great order of the scale-winged insects, or lepidoptera, by the consent of almost all naturalists has been subdivided into two suborders, the Rhopalocera, or Butterflies, and the Hetero- cera, or Moths. As Dr. David Sharp well says, "The only definition that can be given of Heterocera is the practical one that all Lepidoptera that are not butterflies are Heterocera."* The distinction made between butterflies and moths, accord- ing to which all lepidoptera having clubbed antenna; are to be classified as Rhopalocera, or butterflies, and those without clubbed atltennse are to be classified as Heterocera, or moths, while holding good in the main, yet is found with the increase of our knowledge to have exceptions, and there are a few fami- lies of lepidoptera, apparently forming con- necting links between the butterflies and the moths, in which, while most of the structural characteristics are those of the Heterocera, the antenna; are distinctly clubbed. This is true of the Castniidce, found in tropical America, Fig. i — Dahlia the Neocastnudce of the Indo-Malayan region, stecher. the Euschemonidce of Australia, and certain obscure genera of the Agaristidce, among them that remarkable insect, Dahlia hesperioides Pagenstecher, which occurs in the •Cambridge Natural History, Vol. VI. p. 366. 3 The Life-History and Anatomy of Moths Bismarck Archipelago and the island of Buru. When, a few years ago, I communicated a specimen of this strange little moth to Sir George F. Hampson, he suggested that a trick had been played and that the head of a butterfly (a skipper) had been affixed to the body of a moth, but such was not the case, as a considerable series of specimens in my possession showed. The incident reveals that in classification hard and fast lines, based upon the character of a single organ, can not be always adhered to. There is scarcely any generalization in reference to organic structures which students have made which has not been found with the increase of knowledge to have its limitations. While all this is true, it is nevertheless also true that, so far as the lepidoptera of the United States and the countries of British North America are concerned, the old distinction between the two suborders, based upon the form of the antennae, holds good, with the sole excep- tion of the insects belonging to the genus Megathymns, which are by many authors classified with the Castniidce, and by others with the Hesperiidce. In the " Butterfly Book " 1 have left these insects with the Hesperiidce. Leaving them out of sight, we may say that all lepidoptera found in the region with which this book deals, and which do not possess clubbed antennae, are moths. The easiest way for the beginner who lives in the United States, or Canada, to ascertain whether the insect before him is a moth, is to first familiarize himself with the structure of the antennae of butterflies, and then by comparison to refer the specimens before him to their proper suborder. Moths undergo metamorphoses analogous to those through which butterflies pass. They exist first in the embryonic form as eggs. When the eggs hatch the insects appear as larvae, or caterpillars. They are then, after undergoing a series of molts, transformed into pupas, or chrysalids, which may be naked, or may be provided with an outer covering, known as the cocoon, which is more or less composed of silk. After remaining for some time in the pupal state, they appear as perfect four-winged, six-footed insects. THE EGGS OF MOTHS The eggs of moths, like those of butterflies, consist of a shell containing the embryo and the liquid food upon which it subsists 4 The Life-History and Anatomy of Moths until it has attained the degree of maturity which permits it to hatch, or come forth in the first larval stage. The of moths have various forms. Spherical, hemispherical drical, and lenticular, or lens-shaped eggs are common. The eggs of the Cochlidiidce, or ,/-' :\ Slug-moths, are broad and very flat, looking , _ ,- -uA like microscopic pancakes. The surfaces of hSSSSs'^ gs of moths are seen under a micro- ,lG 2 E of scope to be more or less ornamented by Pet raised lines and sculpturing. While in some *« "U- l : cases the noths are beautifully spotted and mottled, they are generally quite plain in color, white, pale green, bluish- green, or brown. Like the eggs of butterflies, they are provided with a micropyle. The micropyle, in the case of such eggs as are globular, conical, or cylindrical, is situated on top. In the case of those eggs which are flattened or lenticular, the micro- pyle is located on the outer margin or rim. The eggs are always laid by the female in a state offn upon that food-plant which is most congenial to the larva. In captivity moths will often deposit theii in the receptacle in which they are con- In such cases, unless the observer knov id-plant upon which the species feeds, lie will be apt to have great difficulty in rearing the larvae, unless by a Fig. 3. — Eggof Samia happy chance he succeeds experimentally ; al-v in ascertaining the proper plant. This may sometimes be done by introducing the leaves of a number of plants found in the neighborhood and observing those to which the young caterpillars resort. The date of oviposition varies with different families and genera. Some moths deposit their eggs in the fall and the young insect passes the winter in the egg, emerging when the early springtime brings opening flowers and leaves. Some moths lay their eggs in the late summer and early fall; the eggs hatch shortly afterward, and the larva?, after molting one or more times, hibernate in the caterpillar state, and in the following spring resume the process of feeding and molting until such time as they are ready to undergo further transformation. Most The Life-History and Anatomy of Moths moths in temperate regions oviposit in the spring or early summer, and the eggs hatch shortly afterward. THE CATERPILLARS OF MOTHS The caterpillars of moths are of course extremely small when they first emerge from the egg. They, however, rapidly increase in relative size as they continue the process of feeding and molting, and in the case of some of the larger species become to the ignorant and uninformed even formidable in appear- ance. The larva of the Royal Walnut-moth, or "Hickory Horn- Devil," as it is sometimes called, is a striking object. (See Plate I, Fig. 4.) Specimens six and seven inches in length are not at all uncommon. With its curved horns and numerous spines it presents to the uninitiated a truly repellent aspect. The larva; of the Heterocera, like those of the Rhopalocera, are principally phytophagous, that is to say, they feed upon vege- table matter. The food of the vast majority consists of the leaves of grasses, shrubs, and trees. A few larvae feed upon woody tissues, and bore long galleries under the bark or in the wood of trees. Others feed upon the pith of herbaceous plants. A number of species feed upon the inside of growing fruits. Only a very few species are known to be carnivorous. In Australia there occurs a Galleriid moth, the larva of which burrows into the fatty tissues of one of the great wood-boring caterpillars of the region, and preys upon it somewhat as is done by the great family of parasitic Hymenoptera, known to scientific men as the Ichneumonidce. Certain Phycids and Noctuids feed upon scale- insects, in the same way in which the larva of the butterfly known as Feniseca tarquinius feeds upon the same class of in- sects. Among the Tineidce there are certain species which, as is well known, feed upon hair and on horn. Every house- wife is more or less acquainted with the ravages committed by the destructive larvae of the clothes-moth. There is considerable variety in the form of heterocerous larvae, and still greater variety in the manner in which their bodies are adorned by various growths and colors. The body, as is the case with the larvae of the Rhopalocera, is composed normally of thirteen rings or somites, anterior to which is the head. the Life-History and Anatomy of Moths The head is usually prominent, and is provided with man- dibles, or jaws, eyes, rudimentary antennae, maxillae, palpi, and a spinneret for the production of silk. The head may be globular, hemispherical, or conoid. It is sometimes cleft on top, or bifid. It is generally more or less retractile, or capable of being drawn back, so as to be partially concealed in the folds of the anterior somite of the body. Of the thirteen somites forming the body of the caterpillar, the three foremost are thoracic, and each is furnished with a pair of legs which correspond to the six legs of the perfect insect, or imago. The last two somites of the body are often so closely united with each other as to be superficially indistinguishable. The somites from the third to the eleventh inclusive are provided on either side with spiracles connecting with the tracheae, through which the creature receives the external air in order to the oxy- dization of the waste products of the circulation. W.T.H Fig. 4. — Larva of Hyloicus kalmia:: a, thoracic legs; b, prologs; , , anal proleg; •!, anal hi irn , .', hi ad The body is usually supported at the middle and at the end by prolegs, or false legs. In the majority of families there are four pairs of these prolegs, situated upon the sixth, seventh, eighth, and ninth somites, and a filth pair situated on the thirteenth or last somite. The latter pair are called the anal prolegs. In the larvae of the greater portion of the Geometridce, and in those of numerous Ndctuidce, the prolegs are reduced in number, and in many of the Psychidce they appear to be wholly wanting. In most of the Geometridce the pair found on the ninth and thirteenth somites are the only prolegs, and therefore in order to progress the creature makes a series of movements in which the body is looped upward. These caterpillars are The Life-History and Anatomy of Moths kncwn as " loopers " or "measuring-worms." When, as is the case with many genera of the Noctuidce, a less complete abortion of the prolegs occurs, and only a partial approximation to the movement employed by the larvce of the Geometridce is wit- nessed, the caterpillars are said to be "half-loopers," or " semi- loopers." As examples of such caterpillars we may cite those belonging to the genus Plusia, in which there are only two pairs of abdominal prolegs. In the family of the Megalopygidce the prolegs are supplemented by sucker-like pads on the somites ranging from the fifth to the tenth, inclusi/e. In the Cochlidiidce the prolegs are wanting, their function being wholly assumed by such sucker-like pads, ranging on the ventral surface from the fourth to the eleventh somites, inclusive. In the Eriocephalidce, which are regarded as ancestral forms, there are, as has been pointed out by Dr. T. A. Chapman, eight pairs of abdominal prolegs and an abdominal sucker situated upon the ninth and tenth somites, having the shape of a trefoil or clover leaf. These larvae are further remarkable in having well-developed antennae. After the larvae have emerged from the egg and fed for a longer or shorter period, the outer skin, or epidermis, becomes too small to admit of further growth, and the insect then molts, or sheds its skin, and resumes feeding until increased develop- ment makes another molt necessary. The number of such molts varies in the case of different species. Ordinarily, hetero- cerous caterpillars do not molt more than five times before trans- forming into pupae, but some genera molt as often as ten times, while others only molt thrice. The skin which is cast off pre- serves the outline not only of the body, but also of the horn-like processes, the hairs, and various other appendages attached to the body at the time of molting. The molting period is a critical time in the life of larvae, and those who are endeavoring to rear them should never disturb them in the least at this time. The bodies of the larvae of moths are covered with tubercles, the location and arrangement of which has in recent years received considerable attention from students, and is thought to furnish a clue to the lines of descent of certain families. These tubercles sometimes carry only a single hair, in other cases they carry large tufts of hairs; they may be small and inconspicuous, or they may be developed until they assume the form of great 8 The Life-History and Anatomy of Moths spines, horns, or bulbous projections. The hairs and spines with which some larvae are ornamented possess stinging proper- ties. This is true of some genera among the Saturniidce and the CochlidiidcB in temperate America and of many genera in the same families and among the Lasiocampidiz in the tropics. The sting- ing hairs of a large caterpillar found in tropical Africa are employed by the natives in preparing the poison which they put upon their arrows. The inflammation caused by these hairs, even in the case of specimens long dead. 1 know from personal experience to be very severe. The coloration of caterpillars is often very striking and beau- tiful, and in most cases is such as to adapt them mure or less to their surroundings in life. Cases of protective mimicry are very numerous. A beautiful illustration of this is seen on Plate 1, fig. 15, where the singular form of the caterpillar, combined with its green tint, suggests the serrated edge of the leaf of the elm, upon which plant it feeds. There is almost endless diversity in the modifications of form and color in the larval stages of moths, and they are as characteristic as are the forms and colors of the perfect insects. There is much diversity in the social habits of the larvae of moths. Some are gregarious and exist in colonies which disperse at the time of pupation; but there are a few singular instances, in which the communistic instinct perdures, and leads the entire colony to form a common cocoon, or envelope of silk, in which each individual subsequently spins a smaller cocoon for itself. In 1893 I had the pleasure of communicating some information in regard to this curious phase of insect life to the pages of the journal of the Cambridge Entomological Club (See Psyche, Vol. VI., p. 38s). This habit is characteristic of certain genera of African moths, but has not thus far been observed as occur- ring in the case of any American species. THE PUP/E OF MOTHS When the caterpillar has gone through its successive molts and attained to full development it undergoes the transformation known as pupation. From a life of freedom and motion it passes into a condition in which freedom and almost all power of motion are lost. The flexible and more or less agile body is Fig. 5.— Put poly phemus The Life-History and Anatomy of Moths encased in hard chitinous rings and sheathings. As a measure of protection during this stage, the insect, before transforming into a pupa, descends into the earth, and forms there a cell at a greater or lesser depth beneath the surface, or else weaves a cocoon of silk about its body. In some cases the transformation takes place at the surface of the earth under leaves or under fallen branches and the loose bark of trees. In almost all such cases there is apparently an at- tempt, though often slight, to throw a few strands of silk about the body of the caterpillar, if only to hold in place the loose material amidst which transformation is to occur. The forms assumed in the pupal stage are not as remarkably diversified as in the larval or imaginal stages. The pupae of moths are generally brown or black in color, though a few are more or less variegated. The bright golden and silvery spots which ornament the pupae of many species of butterflies, causing them to be called chrysalids, are seldom, if ever, found. While the change into a pupa might at first sight appear to the superficial observer to be disadvantageous because of the loss of motion and the imprisonment within narrow bounds, it neverthe- less distinctly marks a progression in the life of the creature. The pupal case contains within it the moth, as may easily be ascertained by a care- ful dissection made in the very earliest period after the change has occurred, and which becomes very evident at a later time when the period of the pupal life is drawing to its close. In the cocoon or in the cell in which pupation has taken place will always be found the exuviae, or the larval skin, etc., of the caterpillar, which have been cast off. When the time comes for the perfect insect to emerge from the pupa, nature has provided methods by which escape from the prison cell underground, or the tightly woven cocoon, can be effected. In the case of those pupx which lie deeply buried Fig. 6. — Pupa of Cut-worm in earthen cell. (Riley.) The Life-History and Anatomy of Moths under the soil escape is made by means of the power possessed by the abdominal somites, or rings, of moving with a sort of spiral twist. The pupa "wriggles" itself upward through the soil until it reaches the surface, following in its course the line of least resistance, which is generally the line through which the larva burrowed downward to its hiding place. In this movement the pupae are often aided by spinous projections at the lower edge of the somites which prevent backward motion. When emer- gence from a cocoon occurs, the insect is provided with the power of ejecting from its mouth a fluid, which has the property of dissolving and cutting the silken threads. When the moth first emerges from the pupa its wings are soft and flabby and its body is long and vermiform. The first act is to secure a quiet resting place. The fluids of the body are in the process of circulation rapidly absorbed from the abdominal region, and, pressing out- ward under the action of the heart, cause the wings to expand and assume their normal form and the other parts to acquire adjustment. There is no more interesting spectacle than to witness the rapid development of a moth from its apparently helpless condition at emergence from the pupal stage into an insect strong of wing and often gloriously beautiful in color. THE ANATOMY OF MOTHS The body of all lepidoptera consists of three subdivisions, the head, the thorax, and the abdomen. The head bears the princi- pal organs of sense and of nutrition, the thorax those of locomo- tion, and the abdomen those of generation and in large part those of assimilation, respiration, and circulation. The reader who desires to ascertain the names and the func- tion of the various organs of the body of moths may consult in this connection the corresponding portion of the " Butterfly Book," in which the principal facts have been fully set forth as to the diurnal lepidoptera. The anatomy of moths does not radically differ in its main outlines from that of the Rhopalocera. The same names are applied to the parts, and the differences which occur are not so much differences in function as in outline. In studying the head of moths we find that as a rule the head is not as prominent as is the case in butterflies. It is more retracted, as a rule, though in the case of some families, The Life-History and Anatomy of Moths Fig. 7. — Head of. a moth viewed from in front, a, antenna; c, elypous ; e, eye ; oc, ocel- lus; p, proboscis. as the Sphingidce, it is produced well in advance of the thorax, but even in such cases it is generally more solidly attached to the ante- rior part of the thorax and is less mobile than in the butterflies. The suctorial apparatus is formed in the moths as in the case of the butter- flies by the peculiar modification of the maxilla: into semi-cylindrical and inter- locking tubes forming the proboscis. This is enormously produced in some groups, enabling the insect to hover upon the wing over flowers and rob their cups of the honey which they contain. This is especially true of the Sphingidce and some subfamilies of the Nociuidcv. In other cases, as in the family of the Satur- niidce and Bombycidce, the proboscis is very feebly developed or aborted. In fact, we know that some of these creatures are without mouths and that they do not partake of nourishment in the winged state. They are simply animate, winged reservoirs of reproductive energy, and, when the sexual functions have been completed, they die. The eyes of moths are often greatly developed. This is especially true of those species which are crepuscular in their hab- its. The eyes of the heterocera are, as in all other insects, compound. They may be naked, or may be more or less studded with hairs, or lashes, projecting from points lying at the juncture of the various facets making up the organ. This fact has been utilized to some extent in classification. Ocelli, or minute simple eyes, subsidiary to the large compound eyes, occur in some forms, just above the latter, but are generally so concealed by the covering of the head as to be only recognizable by an expert observer. The labial palpi of moths, as of butterflies, consist of three joints, but there is far greater diversity in the development of the palpi among the moths than among the butterflies. In some \2 Fig. 8. — Head of a moth viewed from the side, a, antenna; e, eye; or, ocellus; m.p., maxillary palpus ;l.p., labial palpus; p, pro- boscis. The Life-History and Anatomy of Moths cases they are but very feebly developed, in others they attain relatively enormous proportions and strangely eccentric forms. Maxillary palpi are found in some groups. The maxillary palpi have two joints. The antenna; of moths, which, as has already been pointed out, differ greatly in form from those of butterflies, are attached to the head in the same relative location as in butterflies. Antennae may be filiform, threadlike, fusiform, spindle-shaped, or dilate, more or less swollen toward the tip. They may be simple, i. e., without lateral projec- tions, but this is rarely the case. The shaft may be set with cilia, or small hair-like projections on the side of the joints. Such antennas are said to be ciliate. Sometimes instead of cilia we find bristle-shaped projec- tions on the joints. These are called setose antennae. In some Fig. o. — Antennae of moths. J, fusiform; 2, filiform: 7. dilate; 4. 1 iliate; ~. fasciculal o, serrate ; to, lamellate. Fig. 10. — Antenna of Tclca polyphetnus. Plu- mose; doubly bipectinate. (From " Insect Life," Vol VII. p. 40.) forms both cilia and bristles occur on the antennae. When the bristles are arranged in clusters on the joints of the antennae they are said to be fasciculate. Many forms have tooth-like projections on the antennae; in such cases the antennae are described as den- >3 The Life-History and Anatomy of Moths tate. The form and arrangement of the joints may be such as to suggest the teeth of a saw; such antennae are said to be serrate. When on the lower side of the joints of the antennae there are minute plate-like projections, the antennae are described as lamel- late. Many moths have pectinate antennae, the projections resem- bling little combs, which may be arranged singly or in pairs on each joint. Occasionally, but not often, there are two pairs of such appendages on each joint. When the pectination is excessive, so as to cause the antennae to resemble a feather, they are said to be plumose. Figures 9 and 10 illustrate some of these forms. In addition to the peculiarities which have just been mentioned, antennae may be variously adorned with scales, especially upon the upper side of the shaft, and they may be notched, or provided with knot-like enlargements, in which case they are said to be nodose, or they may be curved, or bent in peculiar ways, when they are described as sinuate. The thorax, as in butterflies, consists of three segments, the prothorax, the mesothorax, and the metathorax. The pro- thorax bears the tegulae or collar-lappets, the patagia, or shoulder- lappets, and the anterior pair of legs. The mesothorax carries the second pair of legs and the fore wings. The metathorax the last pair of legs and the hind wings. The abdomen, just as in butterflies, is normally composed of nine segments, though the modifications of the terminal seg- ments are often such as to make it difficult to recognize so many. At the base of the thorax is situated a pair of large tracheal spiracles, and on the other segments pairs of smaller spiracles. Through these spiracles respiration is carried on. At the end of the abdomen, more or less concealed by variously arranged tufts of hair, are the organs of generation, which have in recent years been studied quite closely by a few authors and are useful in distinguishing species. The legs of moths are composed of coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia, and tarsus, the latter composed of five joints, and armed at its end with two more or less developed hooks, or claws, known technically as the ungues, and also a pulvillus, or pad, just back of the claws on the lower side. The legs are armed with spines and spurs, and there are different sexual appendages in the males of various genera. The cut ( Figure 1 1 ) shows the structure 14 The Life-History and Anatomy of Moths of the legs. It will be well for the student to thoroughly famil- iarize himself with the location and names of the different parts indicated in this and the following figure. Fig. ii. — Legs of a Moth. (From "Packard's Guide," p. 331.) i. Fore Leg. 2. Middle Leg. 3. Hind Leg. c. Coxa I agues. t. Trochanter. p. Pulvillus. /. Femur. sp. 1. Single anterior spur. t. Tibia. sp. 2. Paii purs. tar. Tarsus. sp. 3. Two pairs of posterior spurs. The structure of the wings of moths is essentially like that of butterflies, and consists of a framework of hollow tubes which support a double membrane which bears upon its surfaces the scales, which overlap each other like the tiles upon the roof of a house. The tubes, which are known as veins, communicate with the respiratory system and are highly pneumatic. They are also connected with the circulatory system, and are furnished, at least through their basal portions, with nerves. The fore wing has normally twelve veins. The hind wing has also in primitive forms, as the Hepialidce, twelve veins, but in the vast majority of cases this number has been reduced, and eight veins is the number which is found in the majority of cases in the hind wing. The accompanying figures, with their expla- nations, will suffice far better than any mere verbal explanation to explain the structure of the wings of moths. (See Figures 12 and 13.) The relative position of vein five in relation to the median or subcostal systems has been much utilized in recent years by systematists in their classification of the various groups. 15 The Life-History and Anatomy of Moths The fore and hind wings in some of the primitive forms are not connected with each other in the operation of flight. In the Hepialidcc there is a lobe near the base of the primaries which is la'lb -Diagram of Wings of a Moth. (After Hatnpson's "Moths of India," Vol. I., with modifications.) A. Fore Wing. B. Hind Wing. 0,111 i.m a.a. cm. Costal margin. Outer margin, Inner margin. Apex. .a. Inner angle. c. Discoidal cell. d. Discocellulars. ar. Areole. f. Frenulum. c.n. Costal nervurc. vein 12 of fore wing, 8 of hind wing. s.n. Subcostal nervurc. m.n. Median nervure. 1 a, b, c. Three branches of internal n« rvurc. 2,3,4. Three branches of median nervure. 5. Lower radial. 6. Upper radial 7,8,9,10,11. Five subcostal branches of fore wing. 7. Subcostal nervure of hind wing. known as the j'ugitm, but it does not appear to serve the practical functions of a yoke. This is illustrated in Figure 13. In the vast majority of cases a connection between the fore and hind wings is made by means of the frenulum on the hind wing, which hooks into the retinaculum upon the fore wing, as illustrated in Figure 14. The form of the frenulum is of use in determining the sex of specimens, as in the case of the males it consists of a single curved, hook-like projection, whereas in the case of the females it is split up into a number of bristles. However, in some 16 The Life-History and Anatomy of Moths groups, as the Phycitince, the frenulum is simple in both sexes. In some of the families the frenulum is aborted, and its function is assumed by a lobe-like expansion of the basal portion of costa of the hind wing. The nomenclature of the parts of the wings of moths is not essentially different from that which is employed in describing the wings of butterflies. There are, however, certain conventional terms which have been applied by authors to the markings upon the wings, espe- cially of the NoctuidcB, and Figure is will serve to explain and illustrate these terms. A great deal of useful information in regard to the anatomical structuie of the Lepidoptera, and of moths in particular, may be Fig. i ;. — Whirs of is. Mag- nified. /, jugum. Fig. 14. — Frenulum and Retinaculum. (From "Moths of India," Vol. I.) 1. $ ; /. Frenulum, r. Retinaculum, c.i!. Costal nervure. S .—A. Fore Wing. B. Hind Wing. s.n. Subcostal nervure. ttl.1t. Median nervure. i.n. Internal nervure. derived from the study of various manuals and special papers, reference to which will be made hereafter as the various families are successively taken up and studied. Among works to be particularly recommended in this connec- tion are those of Professor A. S. Packard and Professor Comstock's " Manual for the Study of insects." A very useful treatise is found in Professor David Sharp's two volumes upon the Insecta contained in the " Cambridge Natural History." Every student, ;.s he advances in the study of the subject, will have frequent occasion to consult these useful books, which embody the results of the most recent researches and are invaluable for purposes of «7 The Life-History and Anatomy of Moths reference. An even more valuable work than these is the great " Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phatenae contained in the Collec- tion of the British Museum," which is being prepared bv Sir Fig 15. — Wing of Noctuid Moth. (After Beutenmiiller, "Bulletin American Museum Natural History," Vol. XIV., p. 230.) C, collar lappet; tg, patagium or shoulder lappet; T, thorax; ab, abdomen; //. head; p, palpus; E, eye; ant, antenna; b, basal line; bd, basal dash; ta, transverse anterior line; cl, claviform; or, orbicular; ms, median shade; ten, reniform; tp, transverse posterior line ; ap, apical patch; apex, apex; tl, terminal lunules; st, subterminal line; }r, fringes; om, outer margin; ha, hind angle; ds, discal mark; cl, exterior line; an, anal angle; im, inner margin. George F. Hampson, and published by the Trustees. The endeavor in this work is to give a complete view of the entire subject in compact form, and the learned author has enlisted the cooperation of the most distinguished lepidopterists through- out the world in the prosecution of his great task. The work is of course somewhat expensive, but the working Iepidopterist cannot well do without it. Much help may also be derived from the older works of Burmeister and Westwood, which, though old, are far from being obsolete and useless. 18 CHAPTER II THE CAPTURE, PREPARATION, AND PRESERVATION OF SPECIMENS " Does he who searches Nature's secrets scruple To stick a pin into an insect ?" A. G. CEhlenschl.eger, Aladdin's Lamp. Everything that has been said in "The Butterfly Book" in reference to the capture, preparation, and preservation of speci- mens holds good in the case of the Heterocera. Inasmuch, however, as many of the moths are exceedingly minute in form, it is worth while to state that a greater degree of care must be observed in the collection and preservation of these minute species than is necessary in the case of even the smallest butter- flies. The best method of collecting the micro-lepidoptera is to put them, after they have been netted, into pill-boxes, which have glass covers, or into vials or test tubes of large size. These receptacles may be carried in a bag or pocket by the collector. When he has returned from the field, the specimens maybe killed by subjecting them to the action of sulphuric ether applied to the corks of the vials, or introduced into the boxes on a camel's-hair pencil. By dipping the cork into the ether and moistening it with a drop or two and then replacing it in the vial the insect is stunned. Sometimes two or three successive applications of ether are necessary. When the insect has been killed and is still Fig. 16. — Setting needle used in adjusting wings of micro- lepidoptera upon the glass surface of the setting board. lax, it is fixed upon a small silver pin of a size proportionate to that of its body, and is then transferred to the setting board. Setting boards for mounting micro-lepidoptera should be made 19 The Capture, Preparation, and Preservation of Specimens differently from setting boards commonly used for butterflies and larger moths. The best form known to the writer is one, which has for many years been employed by Mr. Herbert H. Smith, the vet- eran collector. Small pieces of glass about one inch square, with their edges very lightly beveled, so as to remove all sharpness, are spaced upon a strip of cork fastened to a wide piece of soft pine in such a way that an interval of from one-sixteenth to one- eighth of an inch occurs between them. This serves as the groove to receive the body of the specimen. Having been fixed upon the pin the insect is placed in one of these grooves. The wings are then carefully expanded with a crooked needle fastened in a handle, as illustrated in Figure 16, and are then bound Fig. 17. — Setting board for mounting micro-lepidoptera ; a, pieces of glass attached to papered cork with shellac ; b, base of soft pine ; co., cork ; d, white paper covering cork ; tv, brads, to which setting threads are tied ; ff, pins set firmly beyond groove to secure alignment of setting threads ; tt, setting threads ; pp, pins to which setting threads are fastened, and which are stuck into the pine base to hold down the wings in position ; h, small silver pin transfixing thorax of specimen. in place by a thread which is held in place by a pin, as shown in Figure 17. Though the wings of these small insects may, when mounted, at first curl up a little under the pressure of the thread drawn across them,- they generally recover their position after removal from the setting board. The advantage of mounting these insects upon glass arises from the fact that the sharp point of the needle will glide over the glass and the surface is smooth, The Capture, Preparation, and Preservation of Specimens so that they are not torn, nor are the fringes and other delicate portions injured. In doing this work it is best to use a reading- glass mounted in a frame, so that the operator can seethe objects before him magnified two or three diame- ters. The mounting of micro - lepidoptera taken in the field and put into envelop often has to be done, is a very trying opera- tion. After the insects have been sufficiently dried they may be set up as double mounts, the small silver pins being thrust through pieces of pith held upon a larger pin. The Fig. 18. — Double Pyralidce, the Tortricida and all the smaller micro-lepidoptera should, if possible, be collected in the way which has just been described, and it is only thus that specimens worthy of installation in a well ordered cabinet can be secured. Larger forms may be placed in envelopes if intended to be transmitted to great distances prior to study. Larvae may be. inflated in the manner described in "The Butterfly Book." In all other particulars the directions contained in that volume may be safely followed by the student. As the moths around a taper, As the bees around a rose. As the gnats around a vapour, So the spirits group and close Round about a holy childhood, as if drinking its repose. '* E. 15. Browning, A Child Asleep. CHAPTER III THE CLASSIFICATION OF MOTHS "The filmy shapes that haunt the dusk." Tennyson, In Memoriam, xciii. The insects of to-day, like the animals of all other classes found upon the globe, represent lines of descent from an ancestry, which runs back into the remote geologic past. The attempt to trace the lines of descent in any order by studying the resem- blance between genera and species as they exist to-day, while throwing considerable light upon the subject, can never yield wholly satisfactory results in the absence of testimony derived from the field of paleontological inquiry. The study of fossil insect life is as necessary to elucidate the story of the development of the insect world, as the study of fossil vertebrates is necessary in order to understand the manner in which existing mammals have been derived from preexisting forms. At best descent can only be positively asserted within the lines of those groups, to which naturalists have given the name of families. Within these it is possible to declare of this or that genus that it has been possibly, or even probably, derived from the same stock as another. Reference to a common ancestral form may safely be predicated of very few families, so far as such assertion of a common parentage rests upon evidences found in the living structures of to-day. All attempts to classify the lepidoptera in such a manner as to show the derivation of one of the existing families from another, and to maintain a lineal sequence in the order given, must necessarily prove wholly disappointing. The fact is, that the various families represent divergences from the parent stem, which may be likened to the divergence of the branches from the trunk of a tree. Any system of classification, which leaves this The Classification of Moths fact out of sight, is necessarily defective, and as unnatural as it would be for a man to lop off the branches of a tree, and then, laying them down side by side, declare, as he contemplated the result of his labors, "This is a tree scientifically arranged." In- asmuch, however, as in books and cabinets serial order must be preserved, the best that the student can do is to collocate those forms, which display some traces of likeness, and give some hint of their common origin. Exceedingly different views have been entertained by natural- ists in recent years in reference to the matters which we are dis- cussing, and various schemes of systematic arrangement have been evolved, many of which are contradictory, and not a few of which appear to the unprejudiced to be more ingenious than natural. Inasmuch as this book is intended for the use not so much of advanced students, as of those who are entering upon the study of the subject, it does not seem to the writer worth while to encumber these pages with what would necessarily be a lengthy recital of the various schemes for classification to which he has alluded. He is inclined to regard the scheme which has been adopted by Sir George F. Hampson in the preparation of his great work upon the moths of the world, which is now being issued by the Trustees of the British Museum, as upon the whole as satisfactory as any which has recently been evolved. Inas- much, however, as Dr. Harrison G. Dyar has quite recently pub- lished a List of the Lepidoptera of the United States, which is certain for many years to come to be used very largely by Ameri- can students in arranging their collections, it has seemed upon the whole to be best to conform the text of the present volume to the serial arrangement given in Dr. Dyar's List, although the writer differs very positively from the learned author of that work in his views as to the position which should be held in relation to each other of a number of genera. The last word in reference to the classification of the insects contained in this group has certainly not yet been spoken by any one, and we are very far from having attained in our studies to conclusions which may be accepted as final. For the assistance of students the writer herewith gives a key to the families which are represented in this book, which is based upon the key given by Sir George F. Hampson in the first •23 The Classification of Moths volume of his "Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalaenae," and in the preparation of which he has been assisted by Dr. Dyar. KEY TO THE FAMILIES OF NORTH AMERICAN HETEROCERA. Antennse not clubbed or dilated, or frenulum present when clubbed or dilated. Frenulum present when not otherwise indicated . . i i — Hind wing with cell emitting not more than six veins; wings unlike in shape 2 Hind wing with cell emitting more than six veins; wings similar in shape 44 2— Hind wing with vein ic absent 3 Hind wing with vein \c present 22 3 — Fore wing with vein 5 nearer 4 than 6 4 Fore wing with vein 5 from middle of discocellulars or nearer 6 than 4 15 4 — Hind wing with vein 8 absent Fam. 4, SyntomidcE. Hind wing with vein 8 present 5 5 — Hind wing with vein 8 remote from 7 6 Hind wing with vein 8 touching or approximate to 7 beyond cell. . . 12 6 — Hind wing with vein 8 anastomosing with cell to near or beyond middle 7 Hind wing with vein 8 anastomosing with cell near base only 9 Hind wing with vein 8 joined to cell by a bar. .Fam. 14, Liparida. 7 — Ocelli present Fam. 6, Arctiidm. Ocelli absent 8 8 — Fore wing with tufts of raised scales in the cell. .Fam. 20, Nolidce. Fore wing without such tufts Fam. 5, Lithosiidoe. 9— Antenna? with shaft more or less dilated toward tip Fam. 7 , Agarisiidce. Antennae with shaft not dilated 10 10 — Hind wing with veins 3 and 4 stalked Fam. 10, PericopidcB. Hind wing with veins 3 and 4 not stalked 11 11 — Fore wing with costa and inner margin parallel, arched at base .... Fam. 9, Nycteolidce. Fore wing trigonate Fam. 8, Noctu-.dcE. 12 — Hind wing with vein ia absent or not reaching anal angle Fam. 1 7 , Platypterygida. Hind wing with vein ia reaching anal angle 13 13 — Frenulum present Fam. 28, Thyrididce. Frenulum absent Fam. 15, Lasiocampidm. 14 — Hind wing with vein 8 diverging from cell from base 15 Hind wing with vein 8 connected or approximate to cell 17 15 — Tongue absent; no tibial spurs; frenulum absent . . Fam. 2, SaturniidcB. Tongue and tibial spurs present; frenulum absent Fam. 3, Ceratocampida . 24 The Classification of Moths 1 6 — Hind wing with vein 8jremote from 7 17 Hind wing with vein S approximated to or united with 7 n i] — Proboscis absent; frenulum absent Fam. 16, BombycidcB. Proboscis present 18 18 — Hind wing with vein 8 joined to cell to near middle; vein 5 weak Fam. 12, Notodontida. Hind wing with vein 8 joined to cell near base only or vein 5 strong 1 y 19 — Fore wing with veins 3 and 4 separate 20 Fore wing with veins 3 and 4 stalked Fam. 1 1 , Dioptidce. 30 — Fore wing with vein 8 stalked with 9 Fam. 19, Epi, Fore wing with vein S not stalked with 9 . . Fam. iS, Gcomctrid&. 21 — Hind wing with vein 8 joined to cell by a bar . . Fam. 1, Split Hind wing with vein 8 not joined tocell by a bar.. Fam. 13, Thyatiridm. 22 — Win^s divided into plumes 23 Wings not divided into plumes 24 23 — Fore wing divided into four plumes Fam. 32, Pterophorida. Fore wing divided into six plumes Fam. ^^, Orneodidcs. 24 — Hind wing with vein 8 absent Fam. 30, A Hind wing with vein 8 present 25 35 — Fore wing with vein 5 from middle of discocellulars or nearer 6 than 4 Fam. 2 1 , Lacosomida. 26 — Hind wing with vein 8 anastomosing with or closely approximated to vein 7 Fam. 3 1 , Pyralidce. Hind wing with vein 8 remote from 7 26 27 — Vein 8 of hind wing anastomosing with cell at base 28 Vein 8 free or united to cell by a bar 29 28 — Hind wing with vein 8 joined to cell to middle; fore wing with a branch to vein 1 below Fam. 24. Mcgalopygida. Hind wing with vein S joined to cell at base; no branch to vein 1 below Fam. 23, Cochlidiidn. 29 — Mid spurs of hind tibiae very short or absent 30 Mid spurs of hind tibiae, or at least one, well developed 34 30 — Proboscis absent 31 Proboscis present; vein 8 joined to the cell by a bar Fam. 27 , Zygamidee. 31 — Female winged 32 Female not winged Fam. 22, Psychidce. 32 — Abdomen extending beyond hind wings Fam. 29, Cossidcs. Abdomen not extending beyond hind wings 33 33 — Antenna? short; larva? free Fam. 25, Dalceridce. Antennae long as usual; larvas parasitic Fam. 26, Epipyropida. 34 — Palpi obtuse Fam. 34, Tortricidcv. Palpi more or less acute 35 35 — Head at least partly roughly haired Fam. 41, Tineidw (part). Head smooth, or with loosely appressed scales 36 25 The Classification of Moths 36 — Antennas with basal eye-cap Fam. 41, Tineidte (part). Antennas without basal eye-cap 37 37 — Maxillary palpi developed 38 Maxillary palpi rudimentary 39 38 — Fore wing with vein 7 to outer margin Fam. 35, Y ponomeutida (part). Fore wing with vein 7 to costa Fam. 41, Tineidw (part). 39 — Hind wing with vein 8 more or less distinctly connected with cell; outer margin usually sinuate 40 Hind wing with vein 8 not connected with cell 41 40 — Fore wing with vein 7 to outer margin or apex Fam. 37, Xylorictida. Fore wing with vein 7 to costa Fam. 36, Gelechiidce. 41 — Hind wing with veins 6 and 7 nearly parallel 43 Hind wing with veins 6 and 7 approximated or stalked 43 42 — Posterior tibia? hairy f Fam. 38, CEcophoridcs. I Fam. 39, BlastobasidcE*. Posterior tibia smooth Fam. 35, Y ponomeutidiB. 43 — Hind wing elongated ovate, longer than fore wings Fam. 35, Y ponomeutidcB (part). Hind wing lanceolate or linear, shorter than forewings Fam. 40, ElachistidiB. 44 — Maxillary palpi and tibial spurs absent Fam. 42, Hepialidce. Maxillary palpi and tibial spurs developed. .Fam. 43, Micropterygidm. • No good character has been shown at present for the separation of the CEcophoricUe and the Blastobasidse. 26 CHAPTER IV BOOKS ABOUT NORTH AMERICAN MOTHS The literature of our subject is quite extensive, and the most important portions of it are contained in the publications of various learned societies and institutions. The first references to the subject are found in the writings of Linnaeus, Johanssen, Clerck, Fabricius, Cramer, Hubner, Geyer, Drury and John Abbot. The works of Clerck, Cramer, Hubner, Geyer and Drury are all illustrated, and contain figures of many of the more showy North American species. Abbot and Smith's "Rarer Lepidopterous Insects of Georgia" gives figures of a number of moths, with their larva: and food-plants. In 1841 the work of Dr. Thaddeus William Harris, entitled "A Report on the Insects of Massachusetts which are Injurious to Vegetation," was published. This was followed in 1852 by the work of A. Guenee on the Noctuelites, the Deltoides, and the Pyralites, constituting Volumes V.-VIII. of the "Species General des Lepidopteres," forming a portion of the " Suites a Buffon." Many North American species were here described for the first time, and some of them were figured in the Atlas of Plates accompanying the work. In 18^0 G. A. W. Herrich- Schasffer of Ratisbon began the publication of his "Sammlung Neuer oder Wenig Bekannter Aussereuropaischer Schmetter- linge," which, appearing in parts, was not completed until 1869. Good figures of a number of North American moths are con- tained in this important volume. In 1854 Francis Walker began the publication under the authority of the Trustees of the British Museum of his " List of the Specimens of Lepidopterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum." This work, which finally grew to thirty-five volumes, the last of which appeared 27 Books about North American Moths in 1866, contains descriptions of a multitude of moths found within the United States and Canada. Unfortunately Walker's descriptions are not always recognizable, and his classification as to families and genera was at times very careless. In 1859 Brackenridge Clemens published in the Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Vol. IV., pp. 97-190, a "Synopsis of the North American Sphingides." In i860 the Smithsonian Institution issued a "Catalogue of the Described Lepidoptera of North America," compiled by the Rev. J. G. Morris. This catalogue, which was the first to appear, is now antiquated. In 1862 the same institution published a book by the same author, entitled "A Synopsis of the Described Lepi- doptera of North America." It is almost wholly a compila- tion. The first part is devoted to the butterflies of the region. From pp. 122-314 the book is devoted to descriptions of the moths, principally extracted from the writings of Harris, Clemens, and Walker, and these are continued in the Supplement, pp. 330-350. The work is not wholly without value. This brief review of the literature issued previous to the out- break of the great Civil War in America, covers practically every- thing of importance upon the subject which had appeared up to that time. The period which has followed has been character- ized by greater activity in all scientific directions, and the prin- cipal works which have appeared upon the moths of the United States during the past forty years are herewith given in a list, which, while not by any means complete, is sufficiently full to enable the student to ascertain where to find information for the prosecution of his studies, when he shall have acquainted him- self with the contents of this volume. PERIODICALS CONTAINING MUCH INFORMATION IN REGARD TO THE MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA Bulletins of the U. S. Department of Agriculture (Division of Ento- mology). (Published occasionally.) Bulk-tin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society, Vols. I -VII, 1878-1885. Bulletin of the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences, Vols. I-IV, 1873- 1884. Canadian Entomologist, Vols. I-XXXIV, 1860-1003, London, Ontario. (Published monthly.) Entomologica Americana, Vols. I-V, Brooklyn, 1885-1889. 28 Books about North American Moths Entomological News, Vols. I-XIII, 1890-1903, Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences. (Published monthly, except July and August.) Insect Life, Vols. I-VII, Washington, 1888-1895. Journal of the New York Entomological Society, Vols. I-X, 1893-1903. (Published quarterly.) Papilio, Vols. I— III, 1881-1883, New York, Edited by Henry Edwards; Vol. IV, 1884, Philadelphia, Edited by Eugene M. Aaron. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Philadelphia, Vols. I -VI, 1861-1867. (Continued as the Transactions of the American Entomo- logical Society.) Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, Vols. I-V. 1890-1903. (Published occasionally.) Proceedings of the U. S. National Museum, Washington, Vols. I-XXVI, 1878-1903. Psyche. Organ of the Cambridge Entomological Club, Cambridge, Mass., Vols I-IX, 1877-1903. (Published bi-monthly.) Transactions of the American Entomological Society, Vols. I-XXX. 1 867-1 903. Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences. (Published quarterly.) GENERAL CATALOGUES AND LISTS Grote, A. R., and List of the Lepidoptera of North America, I, Robinson, C. T. (Sphingidas to Bombycidx.) American Entomo- logical Society, Philadelphia, 1868. Grote, A. R. List of the North American Platypterices, Attaci, Hemileucini, Ccratocampida:, Lachneides, Tere- dines, and Hcpiali with Notes (Transactions Amer- ican Philosophical Society, 1874). Grote, A. R. A New Check List of North American Moths, New York, 1882, pp. 1-73. Brooklyn Entomo- Check List of the Macro-Lepidoptera of America, logical Society North of Mexico (Brooklyn, 1882, pp. 1-25). Smith, John B. List of the Lepidoptera of Boreal America (Phila- delphia, American Entomological Society, 1891, pp. 1-124)- Kirby, W. F. A Synonymic Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Hetero- cera, Vol. I, Sphinges and Bombyces, London, 1892, Dyar, H. G. A List of North American Lepidoptera (Bulletin U. S. National Museum, No. 52), pp. i-xix, 1-723. GENERAL WORKS CONTAINING INFORMATION AS TO THE MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA Comstock, J. H. A Manual for the Study of Insects, Ithaca, 1895. Druce, Herbert Biologia Centrali-Americana, Insecta, Lepidoptera- Heterocera, Vols. I— II, Text; Vol. Ill, Plates, London, 1881-1900. 29 Books about North American Moths Packard, A. S. Guide to the Study of Insects. Numerous Editions. A Text-book of Entomology, New York, 1898. Sharp, David The Cambridge Natural History: Insects, 2 Vols.; Vol. I, 1895; Vol. II, 1899. London and New York. Strecker, Herman Lepidoptera, Rhopaloceres and Heteroceres, Indigenous and Exotic, with Descriptions and Colored Illustrations. Reading, Pa., 1872-1877. Three Supplements, 1 898-1 900. Walker, Francis List of the Lepidopterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum. Vols. I-XXXV, London, 1854-1866. Reports on the Noxious, Beneficial, and Other Insects of the State of Missouri. Nos. 1-9, and Index, 1S69-1878. WORKS PARTICULARLY USEFUL IN STUDYING THE DIF- FERENT FAMILIES OF THE MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA SPHINGID^B A Synonymical Catalogue of North America Sphin- gidae. (Proceedings Ent. Soc. Philadelphia, Vol. V, 1865, pp. 149-193.) Catalogue of the Sphingides of North America. (Bulletin Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sciences, 1873, pp. 17-28.) New Check List of North American Sphingidae, (Bulletin Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sciences, Vol. Ill, pp. 220-225.) Synopsis of the North American Sphingides. (Journal Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philadelphia, Vol. IV, 1859, pp. 97-190.) Sphingides, Sesiides, Castniides. Paris, 1874. Vol. I, text; and a series of Plates in the Atlas accompanying the work, which forms a portion of the "Suites a Buff on." Revision of the Heterocerous Lepidoptera of the Family Sphingidae. (Transactions Zoological Soc. London, Vol. IX, 1877, pp. 511-644, Plates XC- XCIV.) An Introduction to a Classification of the North American Lepidoptera. Sphingidas. (Entomo- logica Americana, Vol. I, 1885, pp. 81-87.) List of the Sphingidas of Temperate North America. (Entomologica Americana, 1888, pp. 89-94.) A monograph of the Sphingidas of North America North of Mexico. (Transactions American Ent. Soc, Vol. XV, 1S88, pp. 49-242, Twelve Plates.) 30 Riley, C. V. Grote, A. R., and Robinson, C. T. Grote, A. R. Clemens, B. Boisduval, J. A. Butler, A. G. Smith, John B. Books about North American Moths Fernald, C. H. Beutenmuller, W. Rothschild, Hon. W., and Jordan, K. Smith, John B. Packard, A. S. Neumcsgen, B., and Dyar, H. G. Grote, A. R. Grote, A. R. Neumcegen, B., and Dyar, H. G. Hampson, G F. Butler, A. G. Stretch, R. H. Hampson, G. F. Hampson, G. F. The Sphingidae of New England. Orono, Maine, 1886. Descriptive Catalogue of the Sphingidae Found within Fifty Miles of New York City. (Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. VII, pp. 275-320.) A Revision of the Lcpidopterous Family Sphingidae. (Novitates Zoologicas, 1903.) The most complete work upon the subject as yet written. SATURNnn.S A Revision of the Lcpidopterous Family Satumiidae. (Proc. U. S. National Museum, Vol. IX, pp. 414- 437, Three Plates.) Synopsis of the Bombycidae of the United States. (Proc. Ent. Soc. Philadelphia, Vol. Ill, 1864, PP- 97-130 and 331-396.) A Preliminary Revision of the Bombyccs of America North of Mexico. (Journal New York Ent. Soc, Vol. II, pp. 121-132.) List of the North American Platypterices, Attaci, Hcmilcucini, Ceratocampidao, Lachneides, Tere- dines, and lb piali, with Notes. (Proc. Am. Philos. Soc, Vol. XIV, pp. 256-264.) CERATOCAMPIDiE List of the North American Platypterices, etc. (See Above.) A Preliminary Revision of the Bombyces of America North of Mexico. (Journal New York Ent. Soc, Vol. II, pp. 147-152.) SYNTOMID.-E Catalogue of the Lcpidoptera Phalaenae in the British Museum, Vol. I, 1898. LITHOSIID^E On the Lepidoptera of the Family Lithosiidae, in the Collection of the British Museum. (Transac- tions Ent. Soc, London, 1877, pp. 325-377.) Illustrations of the Zygaenidae and Bombycidae of North America, San Francisco, 1874, pp. 242, Ten Plates. (Numerous Lithosiids are figured and described.) Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phatenas in the British Museum, Vol. II, 1900. ARCTIIDjE Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalaenae in the British Museum, Vol. Ill, 1901. 31 Books about North American Moths Stretch, R. H. Illustrations of the Zygtenidaa and Bombycidae of North America. (Numerous Arctiids are figured and described.) Beutenmuller, W. Descriptive Catalogue of the Bombycine Moths Found within Fifty Miles of New York City. (Bulletin Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. X., pp. 353- 448.) Preliminary Catalogue of the Arctiidae of Temperate North America. (Canadian Entomologist, 1889, pp. 169-175, 193-200, and 213-219.) The North American Species of Callimorpha Latreille. (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1887, pp. 342- 353) The North American Callimorphas. (Canadian Entomologist, Vol. XIX, pp. 181-191.) Table of the Species of Euchaetes. (Canadian Entomologist, Vol. XIV, pp. 196-197.) AGARISTID^E Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalaenae in the Collection of the British Museum, Vol. Ill, pp. 515- 663, 1901. (Consult also Stretch, Neumcegen and Dyar, and Periodicals.) NOCTUIDjE Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalaenas in the Collection of the British Museum, Vol. IV, et scq. Noctuelites. Species General des Eepidopteres. Suites a Buffon, Vols. V-VIII. List of the Noctuidre of North America. (Bulletin Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sciences, Vol. II, pp. 1—77.) Introduction to the Study of the North American Noctuidae. (Proc. Amer. Philos. Society, Vol. XXI, pp. 134-176.) An Illustrated Essay on the Noctuidae of North America; with "A Colony of Butterflies," London. 1882, pp. 1-85, four colored plates. Consult also the very numerous papers upon the Noctuidce published by Grote in the Bulletin of the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences; The Canadian Entomologist; the Bulletin of the U. S. Geological Survey, Vol. VI; Papilio; and recently in the publications of the Rcemer Museum at Hildesheim, Germany. 32 Smith, John B. Lyman, H. H Grote, A. R. Hampson, G. F. Hampson, G. F. Guenee, A. Grote, A. R. Books about North American Moths Smith, John B. A Catalogue, Bibliographical and Synonymical, of the Species of Moths of the Lepidopterous Super- family Noctuidas Found in Boreal America, with Critical Notes. (Bulletin U. S. Nat. Museum, No. 44. PP- 1-4 = 4 ) This is the most scholarly and complete work upon the Noctuida? of America which has up to the present time been published, and is indispensa- ble to the student. Consult also the very numerous papers by Professor Smith which have been published in the Proceedings of the U. S. National Museum; the Transactions of the American Entomological Society; The Canadian Entomologist; Papilio, and other periodicals. Smith, John B., and A Revision of the Species of Acronycta and of Dyar, II. G. Certain Allied Genera. (Proc. U. S. Xat. Museum, Vol. XXI, pp. 1-194.) Hulst, G. I). The Genus Catocala. (Bulletin Brooklyn Ent. Society, Vol. VII, pp. 13-56.) NYCTEOLIDiB Neumcegen, B., and A Preliminary Revision of the Bombyces of America Dyar, 11. G. North of Mexico. (Journal New York Ent. Soc., Vol. I, p. 117.) Hampson, G. F. The Fauna of British India, Moths, Vol. II, pp. 365- 388. PERICOPID-e Neumcegen, B., and A Preliminary Revision of the Bombyces of America Dyar, H. G. North of Mexico. (Journal of New York Ent. Soc., Vol. II, p. 26.) dioptid.* Neumcegen, B., and A Preliminary Revision of the Bombyces of America Dyar, H. G. North of Mexico. (Journal of New York Ent. Soc, Vol. II, p. in.) notodontid.* Packard, A. S. Monograph of the Bombycine Moths of America, North of Mexico. Part I, Family I, Notodontidas. (Memoirs National Academy of Science, Vol. VII, pp. 1-390, Forty-nine Plates.) Neumcegen, B., and A Preliminary Revision of the Lepidopterous Dyar, H. G. Family Notodontidae. (Transactions Am. Ent. Soc, 1894, pp. 179-208.) Schaus, W. A Revision of the American Notodontida?. (Trans- actions Ent. Soc. London, 1901, pp. 257-344, Plates XI and XII.) 33 Books about North American Moths THYATIRID^E Grote, A. R. A Revision of the Species of Cymatophorina Found in the United States and British America, with Descriptions of New Species. (Proceedings Ent. Soc. Philadelphia, Vol. II, pp. 54-59.) Smith, John B Bulletin 44, U. S. National Museum, pp. 27-29. LIPARID^E Neumcegen, B., and A Preliminary Revision of the Bombyces of America Dyar, H. G. North of Mexico. (Journal New York Ent. Soc, Vol. II, pp. 28-30 and 57-60.) LASIOCAMPIDvB Neumcegen, B., and A Preliminary Revision of the Bombyces of America North of Mexico. (Journal New York Ent. Soc, Vol. II, pp. 152-160.J Dyar, H. G. Hampson, G. F Grote, A. R. Neumcegen, B. Dyar, H. G. Packard, A. S. Huxst, G. D. GUMPPENBERG, C.V. HULST, G. D. Hampson, G. F. Hampson, G. F. BOMBYCIDiE Fauna of British India, Moths, Vol. I, pp. 31-40. PLATYPTERYGID^E On the North American Platypterygidae. (Trans- actions Am. Ent. Soc, Vol. II, pp. 65-67.) List of the North American Platypterices, etc. (Proceedings Am. Philos. Soc, Vol. XIV, pp. 256— 264.) and A Preliminary Revision of the Bombyces of America North of Mexico. (Journal New York Ent. Soc, Vol. II, pp. 61-62.) GEOMETRID^B A Monograph of the Geometrid Moths or Phalaenidae of the United States. (U. S. Geological Survey of the Territories, Vol. X, pp. 1-607, Thirteen Plates.) A Classification of the Geometrina of North America with Descriptions of New Genera and Species (Transactions Am. Ent. Soc, 1896, pp. 245-386.) Systema Geometrarum Zonae Temperatioris Sep- tentrionalis (Nova Acta der Kaiser. Leop. — Carol. Deutschen Akad. der Naturforscher, 1887-1897.) EPIPLEMID.E Transactions American Ent. Soc, Vol. XXIII, PP- 3°9-3J°- Fauna of British India, Moths, Vol. Ill, pp. 121-137 NOLIDJB Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalaenae in the Collection of the British Museum, Vol. II, 1900. Books about North American Moths LACOSOMID^E Neumcegen, B., and A Preliminary Revision of the Bombyces of America Dyar, H. G. North of Mexico. (Journal New York Ent. Soc. Vol. II, p. 1 20.) PSYCHIDiB Neumcegen, B , and A Preliminary Revision of the Bombyces of America Dyar, H. G. North of Mexico. (Journal New York Ent. Soc., Vol. II, pp. in— 120.) COCHUDIID-E Neumcegen, B , and A Preliminary Revision of the Bombyces of America Dyar, H. G. North of Mexico. (Journal New York Ent. Soc, Vol. II, pp. 64-76.) megalopygid.s Neumcegen. B., and A Preliminary Revision of the Bombyces of America Dyar, H. G. North of Mexico. (Journal New York Ent. Soc, Vol. II, pp. 109-110.) DALCERID/E Neumcegen, B , and Canadian Entomologist, Vol. XXV, p 121 Dyar, H. G. Dyar, H. G. Journal New York Ent. Soc, Vol. VI, p. 232. EPIPYROPIDvE Dyar, H. G. List of North American Lepidoptera, p. 359. Westwood, J. O. Transactions Ent. Soc, London, 1876, p. 522. ZYGjENID,E Packard, A. S. Notes on the Family Zygaenidas. (Proceedings Essex Institute, Vol. IV, pp. 7-47.) Grote, A. R. Catalogue of the Zygaenida? of North America. (Bulletin Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sciences, Vol. I, pp. 29- 36.) Stretch, R. H. Illustrations of the Zygasnidas and Bombycidas of North America. Neumcegen, B., and Journal New York Ent. Soc, Vol. II, p. 63. (Pyro- Dyar, H. G. morphidae.) THYRIDID^E Hampson, G. F. On the Classification of the Thyrididas, a Family of the Lepidoptera Phalaenae. (Proc Zool. Soc, London, 1897, pp. 603—33.) COSSIDjB Neumcegen, B., and A Preliminary Revision of the Bombyces of America Dyar, H. G. North of Mexico. (Journal New York Ent. Soc, Vol. II, pp. 160-166.) 35 Books about North American Moths Bailey, J. S. Some of the North American Cossidae, with Facts in the Life History of Cossus ccnterensis Lintncr. (Bulletin No. 3, Division of Entomology, U. S. Dept. Agriculture, 1883.) ^EGERIIDjE Beutenmuller, W. Monograph of the Sesiidae of North America North of Mexico. (Memoirs of the Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. I, Part 6, pp. 217-352; Plates XXIX-XXXVI.) GuENEE, A. Grote. A. R. Hampson, G. F. Hulst, G. D. PYRALID-E Deltoides et Pyralites. Species General des Lepi- dopteres, Vol. VIII. Preliminary Studies on the North American Pyralidae. (Bulletin U. S. Geol. Survey of the Territories, Vol. IV, pp. 669-705.) Preliminary List of North American Species of Crambus. (Canadian Entomologist, Vol. XII, pp. 77-80.) On the Classification of the Sehcenobiina: and Cram- binae, Two Subfamilies of Moths of the Family Pyralidae. (Proc. Zool. Soc, London, 1895, pp. 397-974) On the Classification of Three Subfamilies of Moths of the Family Pyralidae: the Epipaschiinae, Endo- trichina?, and Pyralinae. (Transactions Ent. Soc., London, 1896, pp. 451-550.) On the Classification of the Chrysauginae, a Sub- family of Moths of the Family Pyralidae. (Proc. Zool. Soc., London, 1897, PP- 633-692.) On the Classification of Two Subfamilies of Moths of the Family Pyralidae: the Hydrocampinas and Scopariinae. (Trans. Ent. Soc, London, 1897, pp. 127-240.) A Revision of the Moths of the Subfamily Pyraus- tinae and Family Pyralidae, Part I. (Proc. Zool. Soc, London, 1898, pp. 590-761.) A Revision of the Moths of the Subfamily Pyraus- tinae and Family Pyralidae, Part II. (Proc. Zool. Soc, London, 1899, pp. 172-291.) The Phycitidae of North America. (Transactions Ani. Ent. Soc, 1890, pp. 93-228.) The Epipaschiinae of North America. (Entomo- logica Americana, 1889, pp. 41-52 and 61-76.) 36 Books about North American Moths Felt, E. P. Fernai.h, C. II. Ragonot, E. L. Kernald, C. H. On Certain Grass-eating Insects. (Bulletin No. 64, Cornell Univ. Agric. Experiment Station, 1894, pp. 47-102, Fourteen Plates.) The Crambid.T of North America. (Annual Report Massachusetts Agricultural College, 1896, pp. 1-96, Nine Plates.) Monographic des Phycitinae et des Galleriina-. (Romanoff's " Memoires sur les Lepidopteres, Vols VII-VIII, 1S93-1902.) Volume VIII was com- pleted by Sir George F. Hampson after the death of the author. PTBROPHORIDJB The Pterophorida?. of North America. (Special Hull. tin. Mass. Agricultural College, 1S98, pp. 1-64, Nine Plates.) TORTRICID^B Fernald, C. H. A Synonymical Catalogue of the Described Tor- tricida? of North America North of Mexico. (Trans- actions Am. Ent. Soc, Vol. X. pp. 1-64.) On the North American Species of Choreutis and Its Allies. (Canadian Entomologist, 1900, pp. 236- 245) Robinson, C. T Notes on American Tortricida:. (Transactions Am. Ent. Soc, Vol. II, pp. 261-288, Plates I and IV-VIII.) Walsingham, Lord North American Tortricida?. Illustrations of Typical Specimens of I. era in the Collection of the British Museum, Part IV, pp. i-xiiand 1-S4, Plates I XVII. Zeller, P. C. Beitra?ge zur Kentniss der Nordamerikanischen Nachtfalter besonders der Microlepidopteren. (Vcrhandlungen d. Zoul.-Bot. Gesellsch, Wien, i873. PP- 447-556; 1873, pp. 201-334; 1875, pp. 207- 360. Treats also of Tineidae. TINEIDAE, ETC. Clemens, B. The Tineina of North America, by the late Bracken- ridge Clemens. Being a Collected Edition of his Writings on that Group of Insects. With Notes by the Editor, H. T. Stainton, London, 1872, pp. i-xv and 1-282. Chambers, V. T. Index to the Described Tineina of the United States and Canada. (Bulletin U. S. Geol. Survey of the Territories, Vol. IV, pp. 125-167.) 37 Books about North American Moths Walsingham, Lord North American Coleophorse. (Transactions Ent. Soc, London, 1882, pp. 429-442, PI. XVII.) A Revision of the Genera Acrolophus Poey and Anaphora Clemens. (Transactions Ent. Soc, Lon- don, 1SS7, pp. 137-173, Plates VII, VIII.) Steps Toward a Revision of Chambers's Index with Notes and Descriptions of New Species. (Insect Life, Vol. I, pp. 81-84, 113-117, 145-150, 254— 258, 287-291; Vol. II, pp. 23-26, 51-54, 77-81, 116-120,150-155,284-286, 322-326; Vol. Ill, pp. 32S-329. 386-389; Vol. IV, pp. 385-389.) Dyar, H. G. Notes on Some North American Yponomeutidae, (Canadian Entomologist, 1900, pp. 37-41, 84-86.) Busck, A. New Species of Moths of the Superfamily Tineina from Florida. (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XXIII, pp. 225-254.) New American Tineina. (Journal New York Ent. Soc, Vol. VIII, pp. 234-248, Plate IX.) A Revision of the American Moths of the Family Gelechiidae with Descriptions of New Species. (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XXV, pp. 767-938.) " When simple curiosity passes into the love of knowledge as such, and the gratification of the aesthetic sense of the beauty of complete- ness and accuracy seems more desirable than the easy indolence of ignorance ; when the finding out of the causes of things becomes a source of joy, and he is counted happy who is successful in the search, common knowledge of Nature passes into what our forefathers called Natural History, from whence there is but a step to that which used to be termed Natural Philosophy, and now passes by the name of Physical Science." — Thomas Henry Huxley, in The Crayfish. THE MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA, NORTH OF MEXICO "The laugh at entomology is nearly spent. Known professors of the science, and members of its ' Society,' may now assemble in council and communicate their observations and inquiries without fear of becoming themselves subjects for a commission de lunatico inquirendo, and butterfly hunters, net in hand, may now chase their game without being themselves made game of." — Achata Doniestica. ORDER LEPIDOPTERA SUBORDER HETEROCERA (MOTHS) FAMILY I. THE SPHINGID/E (HAWKMOTHS) "The Sphinx is drowsy, Her wings are furled." — Emerson. The moths composing this family vary greatly in size. Some African species are very little more than an inch in expanse of wings. Those which occur in North America arc medium-sized or large. The body is relatively very stout, the abdomen conic, cylin- dric, or flattened on the ventral surface, always protruding far beyond the hind margin of the secondaries, sometimes adorned with lateral or terminal tufts capable of expansion. The thorax is stout and often advanced beyond the insertion of the wings. The head is large and generally prominent. The eyes are often large, prominent, and generally naked, never hairy. The palpi are well, but never excessively, developed. The proboscis is generally long, some- times much longer than the body, but in a few genera among the Ambulicince- greatly reduced and even obsolete. The antennae are well developed, stouter in the mile than in the female sex, thickening from the magnified view- of base to the middle, or in some genera to lhe under side of i ,i j ii i i j . ,, three joints of the nearly the end, usually hooked at the ex- antenna of P.quin- tremity, sometimes merely curved. The quemaculatus. joints of the antennae in the case of the males of some of the subfamilies are equipped at either end with pecul- iarly arranged fascicles of projecting hairs, or cilia, the arrangement 41 Sphingidse of which, as examined under the microscope, is seen to be quite different from that which prevails in any other family of moths. The accompanying illustration (Fig. 20) shows this arrange- ment in the case of the common Five-spotted Hawkmoth, (Protoparce quinquemaculatus). The wings are small in comparison with the body. The front wings are very long in proportion to their width, and the costal veins are always very stoutly developed. The tip of the wing is usually pointed, and the margins are straight or evenly rounded, though in some genera, principally be- longing to the subfamily Ambulicince, they have undulated or scalloped margins. The hind margin of the fore wings is always much shorter than the costal margin. The hind wings are relatively quite small. The venation of the wings is characteristic. The primaries have from eleven to twelve veins, the secondaries eight, reckoning the two internal veins, veins I a and 1 b, as one. Veins eight and seven are connected near the base of the wing by a short vein, or bar. The discal cell is relatively quite small in both wings. There is always a frenulum, though in the Ambulicince it is frequently merely vestigial. The general style of the venation is illustrated in Figure 21, which represents the structure of the Fig. 21.— Neurationof wings of Scsia tantalus Linnaeus. The wings of Scsia tantalus , , ., , ... , Linnaeus. hawkmoths have prodigious power of flight. A few genera are diurnal in their habits; most of them are crepuscular, flying in the dusk of evening, a few also about dawn. The larvae are usually large. There is great variety in their color, though the majority of the North American species are of some shade of green. They usually have oblique stripes on their sides, and most of them have a caudal horn, which in the last stages in some genera is transformed into a lenticular tubercle. In a few genera the anal horn is wanting. The anterior segments of the bodies ot the larvae are retractile. When in motion the body is long and fusiform, but when at rest the head and the anterior segments are drawn back, the rings 42 Explanation of Plate II (The specimens figured are contained in the collection of W. J. Holland.) i. Hcemorrhagia thetis Boisduval, (J1. 2. Hcemorrhagia tenuis Grote, 9 . 3. Hcemorrhagia axillaris Grote & Robinson, tf ■ 4. Hcemorrhagia axillaris Grote & Robinson, $ . 5. Hcemorrhagia thysbe Fabricius, cT ■ 6. Hcemorrhagia cimbicijormis Stephens, $ . 7. Hcemorrhagia brucei French, cj1 . S. Proserpinus flavofasciata Walker, 9 . 9. E11 proserpinus phaeton Grote & Robinson, c?. 10. Proserpinus clarkice Boisduval, $ . 11. Pogocolon gaurce Abbot & Smith, c? ■ 12. Pogocolon juanita Strecker, rj1 . 13. Xylophanes tersa Linnams, J1. 14. Celerio lineata Fabricius, c?. 15. Deidamia inscription Harris, cf . 16. Sesia titan Cramer, J1. 17. E pis tor lugubris Linnaeus, cj ■ 18. Amphion nessus Cramer, cj ■ 19. Sphecodina abbotti Swainson, J1. 20. Celerio intermedia Kirby, $ .' 21. Cautethia grotei Henry Edwards, r? . The Moth Book. THEN ' PUBLIC LIBRARY ASTOR, LENOX AND TILDEN FOUNDATIONS. Sphingidae "telescoping" into one another, and the anterior portion of the body being often raised, as illustrated in Plate I, Figure i. It is alleged that the habit of assuming this posture, suggesting a resemblance to the Egyptian Sphinx, prompted the application of the name to these creatures. The larvas are not gregarious, but feed solitarily upon their appropriate food-plants. Some forms pupate in a cell deep under the soil, others spin a loose cocoon among damp fallen leaves and pupate at the sur- face. The pupae are as remarkable as the larvae. A few genera have the proboscis enclosed in a sheath which is separate along the greater portion of its course from the adjacent wall of the body. This is illustrated in Figure 22. Fig. 22. — Pupa of Protoparce qu us. (After Riley.) The Hawkmoths of the United States and Canada fall into five subfamilies, the Acherontiince, the Ambulicinaz, the Sesiince, the Philampclinx, and the Chcerocampiiuv. SUBFAMILY ACHERONTIIN^E Genus HERSE Oken (1) Herse cingulata Fabricius, Plate VI, Fig. 3, 3, (The Pinkspotted Hawkmoth.) Syn. convolvuli, var. Merian ; affinis Gccze; drurai Donovan; pungens Eschsholtz; dccolora Henry Edwards. This large and elegant hawkmoth, the larva of which feeds upon sweet-potato vines and various other Convolvtilacece, has been confounded by writers with H. convolvuli Linnaeus, which it resembles, but from which it is abundantly distinct. The latter species is confined to the old world. H. cingulata, the only species of the genus occurring in the western hemisphere, ranges from Canada to northern Patagonia, and is also found in the Galapagos and Sandwich Islands. I have a specimen taken at sea in the Atlantic, five hundred miles from the nearest land. 43 Sphingidae It settled in the cabin of a ship and was caught by the captain of the vessel. Genus COCYTIUS Hubner The genus Cocytius, which includes some of the largest hawkmoths which are known, contains five species, all of which are found in the tropics of the new world. They may easily be recognized by the fact that the third joint of the labial palpi is in both sexes prolonged into a small, sharp, conical, naked horn. The larvae, which feed upon the Anonacece, are covered with fine hairs. Only one of the species is found within the faunal limits covered by the present work. It occurs in southern Florida, and in southern Texas as a straggler. (i) Cocytius antaeus Drury, Plate VI, Fig. i, $ . (The Giant Sphinx.) Syn. caricw Muller (non Linnaeus) ; jatropha: Fabricius; hydaspus Cramer; medor Stoll; anonae Shaw; lapayusa Moore. The species is somewhat variable, specimens from the Antilles being often lighter in color than those from Central America, and the continental portions of its habitat. This lighter form is accepted by Rothschild & Jordan as typical, and the darker form is called by them Cocytius antcvus medor Stoll. The difference is hardly sufficiently constant to justify the separation into two subspecies. The insect ranges from Florida into southern Brazil. Genus PROTOPARCE Burmeister The head is prominent. The body is stout and heavy. The tongue in both sexes is at least as long as the body. The palpi are large, ascending, and appressed to the front, having the basal joint long, the second a little shorter, but broader, and the terminal joint minute. The eyes are large, feebly lashed. The tibiae are either without spines, or feebly armed with minute spinules. The mid tarsus is provided with a comb of long bristles. The venation of the wings is typically spongi- form. The outer margins of the primaries are evenly rounded. There is a slight projection of the secondaries at the extremity of vein i b. The prevalent colors of the wings are shades of gray, banded and mottled with darker and lighter lines and 44 Sphingidse spots. The abdomen is generally marked on the sides by rows of yellowish spots. The larva; are cylindrical with the head rounded. The anal horn curves downward and is granulose. The prevalent colors are shades of green. The segments, from four to eleven inclusive, are marked on the sides with whitish diagonal stripes. The pupa has the tongue-case free, curved, and nearly touching the pectus. This genus, which is confined to the two Americas, includes thirty species, of which four occur within our faunal limits. (i) Protoparce sexta Johanssen, Plate IV, Fig. 2, ?. (The Tomato Sphinx.) Syn. Carolina Linnaeus; nicotiana Men6tri6s; lyco persici Boisduvzl. This is one of our commonest hawkmoths. Its larva feeds upon the potato, tomato, and other Solanacece. It ranges over the United States and is represented in Central and South America by several subspecies or local races. (2) Protoparce quinquemaculatus Haworth, Plate IV, Fig. 1,9. See also text figures 20 and 22. (The Five-spotted Hawkmoth.) Syn. celeus Hubner; Carolina Donovan. Like the preceding species, this hawkmoth is very common. Its larva feeds upon the Solanacece and is particularly destructive to tobacco. It is familiarly known in the South as the "tobacco fly." (?) Protoparce occulta Rothschild & Jordan, Plate IV, Fig. 4, 9 • (The Occult Sphinx.) This hawkmoth is found in a number of American collections confounded with P. sexta = Carolina Linnaeus. It may readily be distinguished by the different markings of the hind wings, the absence of the two rows of small white spots on the back of the abdomen, and by the small but conspicuous whitish dot at the end of the cell of the fore wing. It occurs in Texas and Arizona and ranges southward to Central America. Its larval habits are not known. (4) Protoparce rustica Fabricius, Plate VII, Fig. 5, 9 . (The Rustic Sphinx.) Syn. chionanthi Abbot & Smith. The caterpillar of this hawkmoth feeds upon the fringe-bush 45 Sphingidae (Chionanthus) and the jasmine. It is a common species in the southern States and Central America, but is only occasionally found in the northern States. 1 have not infrequently taken specimens in southern Indiana, and it is now and then captured in Pennsylvania and even in New England. Genus CHLiENOGRAMMA Smith This genus, which is very closely allied to the preceding, may be distinguished from it by the fact that the comb of long bristles of the mid tarsus, which is characteristic of Protoparce, is wanting or reduced to at most one or two bristles. Pulvillus and paronychium present. The eyes are smaller than in Protoparce, and are not lashed. There are two species in the genus, one South American, the other found in the eastern portion of the United States. (i) Chlaenogramma jasminearum Guerin, Plate VII, Fig. 6, ? . (The Ash Sphinx.) Syn. rotundata Rothschild. The larva of this hawkmoth feeds upon the various species of ash (Fraxinus). It is found in the middle Atlantic States and southward, and ranges as far west as the Mississippi. Genus DOLBA Walker Head small; eyes small and lashed. The antenna; are fusiform with a short abrupt hook at the tip. The tibiae are not spinose. The mid tarsus has a comb. The genus, which contains but a single species, is differenti- ated from all those in which the eyes are lashed by the non- spinose tibiae. (i) Dolba hylaeus Drury, Plate VI, Fig. 4, ?. (The Papaw Sphinx.) This small, but neatly colored hawkmoth, may readily be distinguished by the figure given in our plate. Its larva, which is green, marked with lateral oblique red bands, commonly feeds upon the papaw, (Asimina triloba), and is generally abundant where that plant is common, as in the Valley of the Ohio. It is also said to feed upon Prinos. It ranges from Canada to the Gulf States and westward to Iowa and Missouri. 46 Sphingidae Genus ISOGRAMMA Rothschild & Jordan This genus has been erected by Rothschild & Jordan for the reception of the single species which we figure. The learned authors say: " In the shortness of the fore tibia and first segment of the fore tarsus the only species of this genus agrees with the species of Ceratomia, and in the preservation of the pulvillus with Chlcenogramma, while it differs from both genera in the fore tibia and the extreme apex of the mid tibia being armed with spines. The spinosity of the tibia is an advanced character, not acquired by Ceratomia, while the pulvillus is an ancestral structure already lost in Ceratomia." (i) Isogramma hageni Grote, Plate IV, Fig. 8, $ . (Hagen's Sphinx.) This obscurely colored hawkmoth, which is liable to be confounded with some of the species of Ceratomia, which it superficially resembles, may be distinguished at a glance by the slightly greenish shade of the primaries and by the absence of the dark-brown border of the hind wings, which is charac- teristic of all the species of Ceratomia. It occurs in Texas. Genus CERATOMIA Harris The tongue is reduced in size. The palpi are small. The eyes are small. The tibia; are unarmed. There is no comb of bristles on the mid tarsus, the pulvillus is absent, the paronychium is present. The primaries are relatively large with evenly rounded outer margin. The secondaries are slightly produced at the end of vein i b. The species have dissimilar larvae. In the case of amyntor the larva has four horn-like projections on the thoracic seg- ments ; in the case of the other two species of the genus the larvae are distinctly and normally sphingiform. The tongue-case of the pupa is not projecting. (i) Ceratomia amyntor Htibner, Plate IV, Fig 6, $. (The Four-horned Sphinx.) Syn. quadncomis Harris; ultni Henry Edwards. This common hawkmoth, which may be easily recognized by our figure, lives in the larval state upon the elm. It ranges from Canada to the Carolinas and westward through the Mississippi Valley, wherever its food-plant is found. 47 Sphingidae (2) Ceratomia undulosa Walker, Plate VI, Fig. 7, ? . (The Waved Sphinx.) Syn. repentuius Clemens; brontes Boisduval (non Drury). This hawkmoth, which may easily be separated from its congeners by its lighter color and the distinct wavy maculation of the fore wings, lives in the larval stage upon the ash and the privet. It ranges from Maine and Canada to the Carolinas and westward into the trans-Mississippi region east of the great plains. (3) Ceratomia catalpae Boisduval, Plate IV, Fig. 7, ? . (The Catalpa Sphinx.) The larva feeds upon various species of catalpa, and has in recent years been charged with doing considerable damage to these trees by denuding them of their foliage. The insect ranges from New Jersey and southern Pennsylvania southward to Florida and westward through the Mississippi Valley, wherever its food-plant occurs. Genus ISOPARCE Rothschild & Jordan Tongue short and weak. Palpi small. Tibiae without spines. The first protarsal segment is short. Hind tibia armed with long spurs. Comb on mid tarsus wanting ; pulvillus wanting. Paronychium without lobes. Veins 6 and 7 of the hind wing on a long stalk. (1) Isoparce cupressi Boisduval. (The Cypress Sphinx.) The insect is of an almost uniform brown color on the upper surface of the wings, and may be distinguished from other species by the two con- spicuous parallel dark markings on the limbal area of the fore wings. It is extremely rare in collections, only Fig. 23. — Isoparce cupressi three or four specimens being as yet Boisduval. known. It has been reported from Georgia and Florida. Genus DICTYOSOMA Rothschild & Jordan This genus has been erected by Messrs. Rothschild & Jordan for the reception of the single species originally described by Strecker as Sphinx elsa. 48 I Explanation of Plate III (When not otherwise indicated the specimens figured are contained in the collection of W. J. Holland.) i. Pholus vilis Linnaeus, cj1 ■ 2. Pholus fasciatus Sulzer, c?. 3. Darapsa pholus Cramer, c? . 4. Darapsa myron Cramer, c? ■ 5. Pholus achcmon Drury, $. 6. Pholus pandorus Hiibner, c? . 7. La para bombycoidcs Walker, cj1 ■ 8. Hemero planes parce Fabricius, J1. 9. Psychomorpha epimenis Drury, rj1. 10. Dysodia oculatana Clemens, J1. 1 1 . Pholus labrusca? Linnaeus, cj1 . 12. Pachylia ficus Linnaeus, $ . 13. Darapsa versicolor Harris, rj1. 14. Arctonotus lucidus Boisduval, cT ■ 15. Hamorrhagia gracilis Grote & Robinson, &. 16. Lapara coniferarum, Abbot & Smith, $ , U.S.N.M. The Moth Bcgk 4 ^§s^ TH E N EW YORK PUBLIC LIBRARY ASTOR, LENOX AND TILDEN FOUNDATIONS c u. Sphingidae (i) Dictyosoma elsa Strecker, Plate V, Fig. 14, $. (The Elsa Sphinx.) This peculiarly colored hawkmoth, which may easily be recognized by the figure in our plate, occurs in Arizona. A number of years ago Mr. Jacob Doll reared a large number of specimens from the larvae. Since then but few specimens have been obtained, and it is as yet comparatively rare in collections. Genus ATREIDES Holland The generic name Atreus proposed by Grote and adopted on structural grounds by Rothschild & Jordan for this genus, having been preoccupied by Koch in the Arachnida, 1 have given the name Atreides to the genus, which contains the single species named originally Sphinx plebeja by Fabricius. (1) Atreides plebeja Fabricius, Plate V, Fig. 6, $. (The Ple- beian Sphinx.) This common species feeds in its larval state upon the trumpet-vine (Tecoma). It ranges from Canada to the Gulf States and westward to the Mississippi, wherever its food- plant is found. It is double-brooded in the Middle States, one brood appearing in June, the second in August. Genus HYLOICUS Hubner This genus, which includes some thirty species, most of which are found in America, though a few occur in Europe and Asia, is represented in our faunal limits by sixteen species, of which eleven are figured in our plates. It corresponds largely with the genus Sphinx as defined by many recent writers. (1) Hyloicus eremitus Hubner, Plate VI, Fig. 6,$. (The Hermit Sphinx.) Syn . ■ ■' : : ia 1 ! arris. This hawkmoth, which is double-brooded, lives in the larval stage on spearmint {Mentha) and wild bergamot (Monarda). It ranges from New England southward to Georgia, and westward into the Mississippi Valley. It is not uncommon in western Pennsylvania, where it is double-brooded. (2) Hyloicus eremitoides Strecker. (The Hermit-like Sphinx.) Syn., lugens Grote {non Walker). 49 Fig. 24. — Hyloicus eremitoides. Sphingidae This species, which is allied to the preceding, may be easily recognized by its pale, silvery-gray color, by the almost entire absence of a dorsal stripe on the abdomen, and by the marking of the secondaries, which are grayish-white, having on the outer margin a broad band which is black inwardly, fading into darkish gray near the margin, a median irregularly curved black band, and at the insertion of the wing a black basal patch. The cut (Fig. 24) will enable the student to recognize the species, which is not common in collec- tions. The insect is found in Kansas and the southwestern States. (3) Hyloicus separatus Neumoegen, Plate VI, Fig. 10, $ . (Neumcegen's Sphinx.) Syn. andromeda Boisduval (partim.); higens Smith (partim.). This species has been confounded with others, but may easily be recognized from the figure which we give in our plate. It ranges from Colorado southward through New Mexico and Arizona into Mexico. (4) Hyloicus chersis Hiibner, Plate I, Fig. 1, larva ; Plate VII, Fig 8, ? . (The Chersis Sphinx.) This common and widely distributed species ranges from Canada to Florida, westward to the Pacific, and southward into Mexico. Several local races are recognized, that which occurs upon the Pacific coast having been named oreodaphne by Henry Edwards. The caterpillar feeds upon the wild-cherry, the ash, the privet, and other allied plants. The insect is double-brooded in the Middle States, appearing on the wing in the latter part of May, and again in August. (5) Hyloicus vancouverensis Edwards. Syn. vashti Strccker. Form albescens Tepper, Plate VI, Fig. 5, 3 (The Van- couver Sphinx.) There are two forms of this hawkmoth, one, Hyloicus van- 5° Sphingidae couverensis vancouverensis in which the middle of the thorax is pale gray, and the other, Hyloicus vancouverensis albescens, which has a very dark thorax, and which is figured on our plate. The moth is found from northern California to British Columbia, and eastward to Montana and Alberta. (6) Hyloicus insolita Lintner, Plate V, Fig. 4, $ . (Lintner's Sphinx.) This species, which is well represented on our plate, occurs in Texas. It is not common in collections. Rothschild & Jordan regard it as a form of H. libocedrus Henry Edwards, and apparently with reason. (7) Hyloicus perelegans Henry Edwards. (The Elegant Sphinx.) This hawkmoth may be distinguished by the even dark silvery-gray color of the fore wings, which are crossed by a dis- tinct submarginal whitish band. The maculation recalls a dark chersis with the dark thorax and the body of H. drupiferarum. It is found on the Pacific coast. (8) Hyloicus canadensis Boisduval. Syn. plota Strecker. This species, which is not common, is represented by the accompanying cut (Fig. 2s), drawn from a specimen in the Engel Collection in the Carnegie Museum, and taken in Massa- chusetts. It occurs in eastern Canada, northern New York, and New England. (9) Hyloicus kalmiae Abbot & Smith, Plate VI, Fig. 8, ? . (The Laurel Sphinx.) This hawkmoth feeds in the larval stage upon Kalmia, Chi- onanthus, and Fraxinus. It is not uncommon in the Middle States of the Atlantic coast region, ranging from southern Canada to Georgia. (10) Hyloicus gordius Cramer, Plate V, Fig. 13, &. (The Gordian Sphinx.) Syn. pactla Stephens. 51 Fig. 25. — Hyloicus 1 a Sphingidae The larva of this hawkmoth feeds upon various rosaceous plants, as the wild rose and the crab-apple. It ranges over the Atlantic region from southern Canada and New England to Georgia, and westward to Colorado. (11) Hyloicus luscitiosa Clemens, Plate V, Fig. I, $. (Clemens' Hawkmoth.) The caterpillar feeds upon various species of willow. The insect occurs from Canada to the Carolinas, and westward through the eastern portion of the valley of the Mississippi. (12) Hyloicus drupiferarum Abbot & Smith, Plate VII, Fig. 7, 3 . (The Wild-Cherry Sphinx.) This common and easily recognizable species ranges over the whole of temperate North America from the Atlantic to the Pacific. The caterpillar feeds upon various trees and shrubs, but seems in the Middle Atlantic States to prefer the wild-cherry as a food-plant. (13) Hyloicus dolli Neumoegen. Form coloradus Smith, Plate IV, Fig. 3, ? . (The Colorado Sphinx.) Rothschild & Jordan recognize two forms of this species, H. dolli dolli Neumoegen, and H. dolli coloradus Smith. The latter we figure. The former is prevalently lighter in color than the form coloradus. The insect ranges from Colorado to Arizona. (14) Hyloicus sequoiae Boisduval, Plate V, Fig. 8, S . (The Sequoia Sphinx.) Syn. conijerarum Walker (partim). The early stages of this insect we do not remember to have seen described. It occurs on the Pacific coast. Boisduval's type was found sitting on the trunk of a red-wood tree (Sequoia). (15) Hyloicus pinastri Linnaeus. (The Pine Sphinx.) Syn. saniplri Strecker. The late Dr. Strecker reported this species as having been found by him in the vicinity of Reading, Pennsylvania, on one or two occasions. No one else has taken it, so far as is known. It is common in Europe, and has often been figured by European writers. Besides the species above given, there are one or two other species of the genus found in our territory. 52 Sphingidae Genus LAPARA Walker. Head small. Palpi short and slender. Tongue very short, almost obsolete. Eyes small. Antennae slender. Thorax stout and short. Abdomen long and cylindrical, tapering. Legs weak. Fore and mid tibiae spinulose. The larva is without an anal horn, cylindrical, tapering slightly from the middle forward and backward, pale green, striped with white, and checkered with darker green. The caterpillars feed upon various species of pine, and are not at all sphingiform in appearance. There are reputed to be four species of the genus found in our fauna, two of which we figure. L. halicarnice Strecker, of which only one specimen is known, which I have recently examined, appears to be a somewhat hvpertrophied and, in consequence, aborted female of L. coniferarum Abbot & Smith. It is very doubtfully a valid species. (1) L. coniferarum Abbot & Smith, Plate III, Fig. 16, ?. (Abbot's Pine Sphinx.) Syn. can, 1 Martyn. This species is somewhat variable, especially in the size of the females and in the amount of marking upon the fore wings. It is a common insect in the foot-hills of the Alleghenies about the headwaters of the Potomac River. I found the larvae in great abundance upon pines at Berkeley Springs. West Virginia, in the summer of 1884. It ranges from Canada to Florida and west- ward into the basin of the Mississippi, but has never been reported from any point west of that river, south of Minnesota, so far as is known to the writer. (2) L. bombycoides Walker, Plate III, Fig. 7, t, . (The Bombyx Sphinx.) Syn. Iiiirrisi Clemens. This little hawkmoth, which may easily be recognized from the figure we give, has the same geographical distribution as the preceding species, and feeds upon the same forms of vegetation in the larval stage. Lapara pincum Lintner (Lintner's Pine Sphinx) is a species of which thus far only two specimens have turned up. They differ from the two species we have figured in being wholly devoid of discal streaks and markings upon the fore wings. It is believed by recent authorities that these 53 Sphingidse specimens represent an extreme variation of the very variable L. coniferarum. SUBFAMILY AMBULICIN/E Genus PROTAMBULYX Rothschild & Jordan This genus is represented in our fauna by a single species, which occurs as a straggler into the extreme southern limits of the United States, and is represented in Florida by a local race, to which Rothschild & Jordan have given the subspecific name of carteri in honor of Sir Gilbert T. Carter, the Governor of the Bahamas, an ardent lepidop- terist. From A. strigilis Lin- naeus, which is represented in the annexed cut, A. carteri may be distinguished by the fact that the fore wing is broader, less deeply excavated below the apex, and by the further fact that most of the lines and markings on the upper side of the wings and all the markings on the lower side of the wings are ob- solete. While strigilis has not yet been reported from our territory, except as represented by the form above men- tioned, it is highly probable that it will be found to occur in southern Florida. Genus SPHINX Linnaeus The type of the genus Sphinx of Linnaeus is unquestionably the well-known European species named by the immortal Swede Sphinx ocellata. With this species the following two species, which have for many years been referred to the genus Smerinthus Latreille, which sinks as a synonym, are strictly congeneric. (i) Sphinx cerisyi Kirby, Plate VII, Fig. 3, 2. (Cerisy's Sphinx.) The larva feeds upon different species of willows. There are several forms, or subspecies, which have received names, and 54 Fig. 26. — Protambulyx strigilis. (Somewhat reduced.) Sphingidae which run into each other to such an extent as to make it often impossible to distinguish them. These forms are Sphinx astarte Strecker, in which the outer margin of the fore wing is a little less dentate, and the brown markings of the same wing are a little narrower; Sphinx ophthalmica Boisduval, which has rather pale fore wings; Sphinx pallidulus Henry Edwards, in which the color of the fore wings is cinnamon-gray; and Sphinx saliceti Boisduval, in which the blue markings of the ocellus on the hind wing do not form a ring, but appear as two opposed crescents. The insect is comparatively rare in the eastern part of the continent, but is not uncommon in the western States. It ranges from Canada in the north to the upper portions of the Gulf States, and westward to the Pacific, extending its habitat southward along the high lands of Mexico. (2) Sphinx jamaicensis Drury. Normal form geminatus Say, Plate IV, Fig. 11, $. (The Twin-spot Sphinx.) This beautiful hawkmoth was originally named and described in error by Drury as coming from the Island of Jamaica. He also was so unfortunate as to have had for his type an aberrant speci- men in which the ocellus of the hind wing had but one blue spot. Such specimens now and then occur, and have been obtained by breeding from the normal form, to which Say gave the name geminatus. Specimens also sometimes occur in which there are three blue spots in the ocellus, and Mr. Grote gave to this aberrant form the name tripartitus. The caterpillar feeds upon willows, birches, and various species of wild-cherry. The insect is quite common in the Middle Atlantic States, and ranges from southern Canada to the Carolinas and northern Georgia, and westward to eastern Kansas and Iowa. Genus CALASYMBOLUS Grote The genus differs from Sphinx in the fact that the head is crested, and the hind wing is on its costal margin toward the apex produced into a somewhat broad lobe. There are three species recognized as belonging to the genus, all of which we figure. 55 Sphingidae (i) Calasymbolus excaecatus Abbot & Smith, Plate VII, Fig. 4, $ . (The Blinded Sphinx.) Syn. pavonina Gcyer. The larva feeds upon various plants of the order Rosacea, but does not strictly confine itself to these. It has been reported as found upon the willow, the hazel, iron-wood, and other allied plants. It is a common species, and in the region of Pennsyl- vania is double-brooded. It ranges from southern Canada to Florida and westward across the valley of the Mississippi to the borders of the great plains. (2) Calasymbolus myops Abbot & Smith, Plate IV, Fig. 12, 9 . (The Small-eyed Sphinx.) Syn. rosacearum Boisduval. The food-plants and the geographical distribution of this species are very much the same as those of the preceding species, though it seems to range a little further westward, examples having been received from Colorado. It is not nearly as common as C. exccecatus. (3) Calasymbolus astylus Drury, Plate IV, Fig. 10, $. (The Huckleberry Sphinx.) Syn to Gray; integerrima Harris. A rather scarce species, which is found from New England to Pennsylvania. The caterpillar feeds upon various species of Vaccinium and allied plants. The moth is easily distinguished by the fact that the outer margins of the fore wings are almost even, whereas in myops they are distinctly produced at the end of vein 3, and in excaecatus they are scalloped. The transverse lines on the limbal area of the fore wings, which are distinct in myops, are almost wanting in astylus, and the inner margin of the primaries is heavily margined with dark brown. Genus PACHYSPHINX Rothschild & Jordan The genus Pachysphinx has been erected for the reception of the single species, two forms of which we figure on our plates. It is very different from the oriental genus Marumba, into which Mr. Dyar, following Kirby, has put it in his recent List. Any one who is familiar with the peculiar style of coloration of the species of Marumba, as well as with the structural differences, which 56 Explanation of Plate IV (The specimens figured are contained in the collection of W. J. Holland.) Protoparce quinquemaculatus Haworth, 9 • Protoparce sexta Johanssen, 9 . Hyloicus dolli coloradus Smith, 9 . Protoparce occulta Rothschild & Jordan, 9 • 5. Hwmorrhagia senta Strecker, c? . 6. Ceratomia amyntor Geyer, 9 . 7. Ceratomia catalpce Boisduval, 9 . Isogramma hageni Grote, rj. Xylophanes pluto Fabricius, rj. ■ Calasymbolus astylus Drury, c? ■ Sphinx jamaicensis Drury, form geminatus Say, c? . Calasymbolus my ops Abbot & Smith, 9 . THE NEW YORK Public library ASTOR, LENOX AND TILDfcN FOUNDATIONS. c Sphingidae present themselves, will recognize the propriety of the separa- tion, which has been made. (i) Pachysphinx modesta Harris, Plate VII, Fig. i, $. (The Big Poplar Sphinx.) Syn. prince ps Walker. Form occidentalis Henry Edwards, Plate VII, Fig. 2, $ . (The Western Poplar Sphinx. ) Syn. imperator Strecker. This noble hawkmoth feeds in the larval stage upon various species of the genus Populus and upon willows. There are a number of local races or subspecies, two of which we give ; the common eastern form and the western variety. The latter may at once be distinguished by its generally paler coloration. It ranges over the United States and as far south as northern Mexico. Genus CRESSONIA Grote & Robinson There is but one species in this genus. The insect is easily recognizable, in spite of the fact that it varies considerably in the color of the wings. (1) Cressonia juglandis Abbot & Smith, Plate VI, Fig. 9, $ . (The Walnut Sphinx.) Syn. instabilis Martyn; pallcns Strecker; robinsoni Butler. The caterpillar feeds upon the black walnut, the. butternut, and the hop-hornbeam. Some of the larva; are green/ others are reddish, but the color of the larvae seems to have no relation to any variation in color of the perfect insects. The species is dis- tributed from Canada to Florida and westward to the eastern boundary of the great plains. SUBFAMILY SESIIN/E Genus PSEUDOSPHINX Burmeister There is but one species in this genus, which is structurally closely related to the species falling into the genus Erinnyis. It is a characteristic insect of the American tropics, and possesses a very wide range. (1) Pseudosphinx tetrio Linnaeus, Plate VI, Fig. 2, $. (The Giant Gray Sphinx.) Syn. plumeritB Fabricius; rustica Sepp; hasdrubal Cramer; asdrubal Poey; obscura Butler. 57 Sphingidse The larva of this hawkmoth has a long thread-like anal horn. It is very strikingly colored, the body being purplish black, girdled with yellow rings between the segments, and the head and anal claspers being bright red, of the coior of sealing wax. It feeds upon various Euphorbiaceous plants, preferably Plum- eria. The insect occurs not uncommonly in southern Florida. Genus ERINNYIS Hubner This is a moderately large genus, the species of which are all confined to the tropical or subtropical regions of the Western Hemisphere, though one species, as we shall see, occasionally occurs as a straggler far north of the metropolis of the genus. (i) Erinnyis alope Drury, Plate V, Fig. 12, 3 . (The Alope Sphinx.) Syn. flavicans Gceze; jasciata Swainson; edwardsi Butler. The caterpillar is brown on the upper side, and pale green on the lower side, the colors being separated by a dark brown inter- rupted lateral band on either side of the body. On the third segment from the head there is a dark spot relieved by a red Ting in the centre. The anal horn is quite short. The larva feeds upon Jatropha and Carica. The insect occurs in southern Florida and ranges southward as far as northern Argentina. (2) Erinnyis lassauxi Boisduval. Form merianae Grote, Plate V, Fig. 2, ?. (Madame Merian's Sphinx.) Syn. janiphes Boisduval. This hawkmoth, which is widely distributed through the tropics of the new world, displays considerable variation, and several forms, or local races, have been recognized. The one which occurs within our territory we have figured, and the student will have no difficulty in recognizing it. The larva, which is said to closely resemble that of the next species, is reported to feed upon Morrenia in the West Indies. It occurs in Florida. (3) Erinnyis ello Linnaeus, Plate V, Fig, 10, $ ; Fig. 3, $ . (The Ello Sphinx.) This is quite the commonest of all the hawkmoths of the American tropics, and becomes a perfect drug in collec- tions made by amateur naturalists, who venture into those Sphingidse regions, net in hand. It may at once be recognized by the figures we have given, which are taken from specimens bred on the Indian River by Mr. Wittfeld. The sexes are dissimilar, as the student may observe. It straggles north sparingly, even as far as Canada, and is common in the Gulf States. (4) Erinnyis cenotrus Stoll, Plate V, Fig. II, $ . (The CEnotrus Sphinx.) Syn. peiKBus Fabricius; melancholica Grote; pipcris Grote & Robin- son; picta Kirby. The sexes in this species are dissimilar, the female being as represented on our plate with light fore wings, marked with dark spots and lines, while the male is prevalently quite dark on the fore wings. The species may easily be recognized by the black spots on the under side of the abdomen. (s) Erinnyis crameri Schaus, Plate V, Fig 7, ? . (Cramer's Sphinx. ) This species, which has often been confounded with the pre- ceding, may easily be distinguished from it by the pale shoulder lappets, the absence of black spots on the under side of the abdomen, and the more evenly colored fore wings, which recall those of /:. meriance, from which it is at once distinguished by the absence of the white lateral markings on the abdomen. The species occurs in Florida and Texas. (6) Erinnyis obscura Fabricius, Plate V, Fig. 5, $ . (The Obscure Sphinx.) Syn. rustica Schaller; phalaris Kirby; stheno Hubner; pallida Grote; > 1 Grote & Robinson; rhcebus Boisduval. This small species is well represented in our plate by a speci- men which in the main conforms to the most usual style of marking. It can always be distinguished from E. ello, which it resembles in having a dark longitudinal shade through the fore wings, by its much smaller size, and by the absence of the white and black lateral stripes upon the abdomen, which are character- istic of the latter species. It is common in Florida. (7) Erinnyis domingonis Butler, Plate V, Fig. 9, 9 . (The Domingo Sphinx.) Syn. obscura Walker (non Fabricius); jesta Henry Edwards. This species, which occurs in Florida and the Antilles, may be distinguished from the preceding by the darker color of the 59 Sphingidae primaries and the absence of the pale color on the outer margin of the shoulder lappets, which is characteristic of E. obscura. It is also considerably larger than E. obscura. There remains one other closely allied species in this group, to which Cramer gave the name caicus, and which occurs occasionally in Florida. The body is marked like E. ello, the fore wings are dark with longitudinal paler stripes, the secondaries are red as in E. crameri, but almost wholly without the dark border found in that species, it being replaced by a series of dark stripes running inwardly from the border toward the middle of the wing. For this species, hitherto associated with the preceding in the genus Dilophonoia, Rothschild & Jordan have erected the genus Grammodia, upon structural grounds. Genus PACHYLIA Walker This is a small genus, containing four species, of which one occurs in our territory. It is not likely to be confounded with anything else. (i) Pachylia ficus Linnaeus, Plate III, Fig. 12, ?. (The Fig Sphinx.) Syn. crameri M£n6trie's; lyncea Clemens; venezuelensis Schaufuss; undaiifascia Butler; aterrima Bonninghausen. This great hawkmoth, which is very common in Central and South America, occurs sparingly in Florida and Texas. Genus HEMEROPLANES Hubner This small genus, the species of which may at once be detected by the silvery spots of the fore wings, being the only American genus of sphingids thus adorned, is characteris- tically neotropical. It is represented in our fauna by a single species. (1) Hemeroplanes parce Fabricius, Plate III, Fig. 8, $. (The Silver-spotted Sphinx.) Syn. licastus Stoll; galianna Burmcister. The figure given on our plate is sufficiently accurate to make a verbal description unnecessary. The insect occurs in southern Florida in the vicinity of Biscayne Bay, and ranges thence south- ward over the Antilles into South America. 60 Sphingidae Genus EPISTOR Boisduval Five species belong to this genus, the type of which is the species which we figure, and the only representative of the genus found in our territory. (i) Epistor lugubris Linnaeus, Plate II, Fig. 17, $. (The Mourning Sphinx.) Syn Cramer; Itt tuosus Boisduval. There can be no difficulty in identifying this well-marked but obscurely colored hawkmoth, which occurs in Florida and Georgia, and even straggles now and then as far north as New Jersey. It is very common in the Antilles and South America. In Florida it is double-brooded, appearing on the wing in May and September. The larva feeds on the Vitacta. Genus CAUTETHIA Grote There are three species of this genus, only one of which occurs within the limits of the United States. The figure we give will permit of its identification without difficulty. (i) Cautethia grotei Henry Edwards, Plate II, Fig. 21, $. (Grote's Sphinx.) The habitat of this species is southern Florida, where it apparently is not uncommon. Genus SESIA Fabricius The body is depressed, fusiform, without lateral tufts, but with a broad fan-shaped anal tuft, composed of coarse flattened scales. The abdomen is produced for more than half its length beyond the hind wings. The palpi are produced and appressed, forming a short snout-like projection beyond the head. The tongue is stout, but comparatively short. The antenna; are slightly thickened at the end, and have a sharp recurved tip. The mid tibiae have terminal spurs, and the hind tibiae two pairs of spurs. The fore wings have eleven veins. The venation is characteristically sphingiform, and is illustrated in Figure 21. The prevalent colors are black and dark brown with white spots and bands on the wings and in some species on the abdomen. The moths fly in the hottest sunshine. The type of the genus Sesia established by Fabricius is the species named tantalus by Linne. Rothschild & Jordan, in the 61 Sphingidse latest Revision of the Sphingidce, recognize five species as belonging to the genus, three of which occur within the limits of the United States, tantalus Linnaeus, fadus Cramer, and the species we figure upon our plate. All three have by some recent writers been regarded as practically identical. Into the somewhat vexed question of their specific relationship it is not our purpose to enter in these pages. (1) S. titan Cramer, Plate II, Fig. 16, 3 . (The White- banded Day-Sphinx.) The white spots of the fore wings are semi-transparent. On the under side the wings are whitish at the base and on the inner margin of the secondaries. They are crossed about the middle by two parallel distinct dark bands, which are quite close to each other. The moth sometimes strays as far north as Massachusetts. It is very common in southern Florida and throughout tropical America. Genus HiEMORRHAGIA Grote Moth. — Head small. Tongue as long as the bodv. Antennae clavate, two-thirds the length of the costa, with a minute recurved hook at the tip. Thorax smooth, strongly projecting before the insertion of the wings. Abdomen more or less flattened beneath, and, especially in the males, adorned with a broad fan-shaped anal tuft. The primaries have eleven veins. Both primaries and secondaries are transparent about the middle; the outer margin of the former is evenly rounded, and of the latter slightly excavated between veins i b and 2. Larva. — Characteristically sphingiform, provided with an anal horn. The epidermis in most species of the genus is more or less granulated. The caterpillars feed for the most part upon Symphoricarpus, Lonicera, Viburnum, Crataegus, and allied plants. Pupa. — The pupa, which is br^wn in color, is enclosed in a somewhat dense cocoon, formed on the surface of the ground under fallen leaves. (1) Haemorrhagia thysbe Fabricius, Plate I, Fig. 5, S. (The Humming-bird Clearwing.) Syn. pclasgus Cramer; ruficaudis Kirby; etolus Boisduval. 62 Explanation of Plate V (The specimens figured are contained in the collection of W. J. Holland.) Hyloicus luscitiosa Clemens, RARY ASTOR, LENOX AND TILDEU FOUNDATIONS. O Sphingidae Genus DEIDAMIA Clemens The head is small, narrow, retracted, crested. The eyes are small. The antennx are fusiform, with the tip bent back slightly, scarcely hooked. The thorax is stout, somewhat crested. The abdomen is conic, and in the male has a small anal tuft. The fore wings, which have twelve veins, are narrow, with the inner margin sinuate. The apex of the fore wings is truncated, and the outer margin is deeply excavated opposite the end of the cell and also just above the inner angle, which is distinctly produced. The hind wings are slightly crenulate on the outer margin. There is only one species belonging to the genus. (i) Deidamia inscriptum Harris, Plate II, Fig. 15, S. (The Lettered Sphinx.) The caterpillar feeds upon the wild grape-vine. The moth appears in the early spring. It is a common species in western Pennsylvania, but seems elsewhere to be regarded as quite rare. It ranges from Canada to Virginia and westward to the Mississippi. Genus ARCTONOTUS Boisduval This small genus, in which there are reputed to be two species, is very closely related to the genus Proserpinus, from which, as has been pointed out by Rothschild & Jordan, it differs in appearance " owing to the more woolly scaling." The chief structural difference is found in the fact that the antenna is not clubbed but fusiform, gradually curved, and the feet are without a pulvillus, and have only vestiges of the paronychium. (1) Arctonotus lucidus Boisduval, Plate III, Fig. 14, $. (The Bear Sphinx.) This insect, which hitherto has been rare in collections, appears to have a wide range along the Pacific coast, from southern California to British Columbia. It appears upon the wing very early in the spring of the year. The name Arctonotus tcrlooi is applied to a species, reported from northern Mexico by Henry Edwards, and described by him, in which the hind wings are wholly vinous red, and the green basal band of the fore wings is wanting. 7> Sphingidae Genus AMPHION Hubner Head small. Eyes small, hemispherical. Palpi rather short. Tongue nearly as long as the body. Antenna; fusiform with a long curved hook at the tip. Body plump, somewhat globose, the thorax projecting very little beyond the insertion of the primaries, and the abdomen terminating in a conspicuous fan-like tuft. The fore wings are comparatively short and narrow, exca- vated on the outer margin below the apex and above the inner angle, which is strongly produced. The inner margin is deeply sinuate. The hind wings are bluntly lobed at the anal angle. There is only one species in the genus. (i) Amphion nessus Cramer, Plate II, Fig. 18, $ . (The Nessus Sphinx.) This species, which may easily be recognized from the figure on the plate, is not uncommon in the Middle States. It ranges from Canada to Georgia and westward to Wyoming. It flies in the daytime on cloudy days and in the late afternoon before sun- set. The caterpillar feeds on Ampelopsis and the wild grape. Genus POGOCOLON Boisduval This small genus, which is closely related in many structural respects to Proserpinus, differs from it very decidedly in the form as well as in the habits of the insects belonging to it. In the structure of the antenna; and neuration of the wings the insects belonging to Pogocolon show a close relationship to the insects referred to the genus Proserpinus, but the form of the abdomen is wholly different, elongated, cylindrical, and not bombyliform. The moths, moreover, are crepuscular, whereas the moths re- ferred to the genus Proserpinus are diurnal in their habits, in this respect resembling the species of the genus Hcvmorrhagia. There are at least three species belonging to this genus. (i) Pogocolon gaurae Abbot & Smith, Plate II, Fig. n, $. (The Gaura Sphinx.) The upper side of this small species is sufficiently delineated in the plate to require no verbal description. On the under side the wings are vinous brown, shading on the outer third into olive-green, and reproducing the maculation of the upper surface. The hind wings are deep olive at the base, passing into yel- lowish green outwardly. 72 Sphingidae The insect feeds in the larval stage upon various species of Gaura, and ranges from Georgia to Texas and as far north as southern Kansas. (2) Pogocolon juanita Strecker, Plate II, Fig. 12, 6 . (Strecker's Day-sphinx.) The moth in the general style of its maculation is very much like the preceding species, but is considerably larger, and the colors are decidedly brighter. The caterpillar is quite different in its markings from the larva of L. gaurce. The habitat of this species is Texas, so far as is now known. One other species of Pogocolon, P. vega Dyar, occurs in our region. It is much darker in color than the two former species, which it otherwise somewhat closely resembles. Genus PROSERPINUS Hu'bner Head small ; proboscis moderate or long ; antenna; clavate ; body stout ; abdomen with or without lateral tufts, but always with a more or less well developed anal tuft. Anterior tibiae stout, armed with spines outwardly and at tip. Fore wings elongate, generally somewhat curved outwardly about the middle, and with the inner angle more or less distinctly produced ; more or less densely clothed with scales over their entire surface. The moths are diurnal in their habits, and mimic bumblebees in their appearance. (1) Proserpinus flavofasciata Walker, Plate II, Fig. 8, ?. (The Yellow-banded Day-sphinx.) The head and thorax are pale yellow, the latter obscured with brownish hairs about the middle. The abdomen is black with the basal segment about the middle and the preterminal segment on either side pale yellow. The fore wings on the upper side are blackish, crossed by an oblique whitish band. The hind wings are deep black, crossed by a broad orange-yellow band. The fore wings on the under side are bright orange-yellow at the base. This is always a rare insect in collections. It ranges, so far as is known, through British America, and southward and east- ward to Maine and Massachusetts. It is found in very early summer hovering over flowers. (2) Proserpinus clarkiae Boisduval, Plate II, Fig. 10, $. (Clark's Day-sphinx.) 73 Sphingidae Syn. victoria: Grote. The head, thorax and abdomen on the upper side are preva- lently pale olive-green, the fifth and the three anal segments of the abdomen being darker green. The fore wings are pale green with an oblique brownish median band, and a triangular paler brownish spot at the apex. There is a small black discal dot at the end of the cell. The hind wings are deep orange-yellow, margined with black. On the under side the wings are olive- green, darker at the base. The hind wings have a waved whitish band about their middle on the under side. The legs are greenish-white. This species is found from Oregon to northern California, and eastward to Utah and Montana. Genus EUPROSERPINUS Grote & Robinson This genus is discriminated by Rothschild & Jordan from Proserpinus by the fact that the antenna is more abruptly hooked and slenderer at its extremity than in Proserpinus, and by the absence of the pulvillus and paronychium, which are found in Proserpinus. Two species belong to the genus, both having white hind wings margined with darker color and the under side of the pectus and the wings also white. (i) Euproserpinus phaeton Grote & Robinson, Plate II, Fig. 9, $ . (The Phaeton Sphinx.) Syn. errato Boisduval. The head and thorax above are gray, the abdomen blackish. The preterminal segment has yellow lateral tufts. The anal tuft is black. The fore wings above are of the same color as the thorax. The hind wings are yellowish-white with a broad black marginal band. Expanse 32 mm. The habitat of this species is southern California. (2) Euproserpinus euterpe Edwards. (The Euterpe Sphinx.) This species, which is only known to the writer through an examination of the type, is discriminated from the preceding by the absence of pale tufts on the side of the abdomen and the fact that the marginal band of the hind wing is bowed inwardly and not straight as in E. Phaeton. 74 Sphingidae SUBFAMILY CH/EROCAMPIN/E Genus XYLOPHANES Hubner This genus, which is American, is verj t lining fifty species and many subspecies. Of these species two only are found, so far as is now known, within our territory, though it is possible that a thorough exploration of southern Florida may show that one or two of the species which are found in the Antilles also occur in that State. The student will have no diffi- culty in recognizing the species occurring within our borders by means of the figures which are given upon our plates. (i) Xylophanes pluto Fabricius, Plate IV, Fig. 9, $ . (The Pluto Sphinx.) Syn. bcerhavicB Fabricius; crasus Dalmai Walker This beautiful hawkmoth. which is very common in the Antilles, ranging southward to southern Brazil, occurs in southern Florida. The larva feeds upon Erythroxylon. (2) Xylophanes tersa Linnaau's, Plate II, Fig. 13, S. (The Tersa Sphinx.) This common and easily recognized species has a wide 1 occurring very rarely as far north as southern Canada, thence southward to Texas and Mexico, and as far south as northern Argentina. The larva feeds on Bouvardia, Spermacoce, and Marietta. Genus CELERIO Oken Head of moderate size. Eves hemispherical, not prominent. Antennae distinctly clavate, and armed at the tip with a minute hook. The thorax is stout, projecting for about one-third of its length beyond the insertion of the fore wings. The abdomen is conic, untufted, produced more or less at the tip, and project- ing for half its length beyond the hind margins of the secondaries. The fore wings, which have eleven veins, are produced at the apex. Their outer margin is slightly and evenly bowed out- wardly. Their inner margin is very slightlv sinuate. The hind wings have their outer margin evenly rounded, except at the extremity of vein 1 b, where they are slightly produced. The genus is well represented in the Old World, and there are several South American species. Only two species occur in our territory. 75 Sphingidae (i) Celerio lineata Fabricius, Plate II, Fig. 14, $ . (The Striped Morning Sphinx.) Syn. daucus Cramer. This is probably the commonest of all the North American Sphingidae. The larva feeds upon Portulaca. There is con- siderable diversity in the maculation of the larvae. The two figures here given represent the two most usual forms of the caterpillar. The insect ranges over the southern portions of Fig. 34. — Light form of larva of C. lineata. (After Riley.) British America to the Gulf of Mexico and southward to the Antilles and Central America. I have seen hundreds of the moths swarming about the electric lights in the streets of Denver, Cheyenne, and Colorado Springs. The moth flies con- Fig. 35. — Dark form of larva of C. lineata. (After Riley) stantly in bright sunshine on the Laramie Plains of Wyoming in the month of August, frequenting the blossoms of thistles. I have seen it busily engaged in extracting the sweets from dew- spangled beds of Soapwort (Saponaria), in the valleys of Virginia long after the sun had risen in the morning. (2) Celerio intermedia Kirby, Plate II, Fig. 20, ? . (The Galium Sphinx.) Syn. epilobii Harris (non Boisduval) ; chamainerii Harris; galii Walker; oxybaphi Clemens; canadensis Guen6e. This hawkmoth, which is the North American representant of Celerio gallii, which is found all over the north temperate regions of the Eastern Hemisphere, ranges from Canada to 76 Explanation of Plate VII (The specimens figured are contained in the collection of W. J. Holland.) Pachysphinx modesta Harris, (5\ Pachysphinx modesta occidentalis Henry Edwards, 9 . Sphinx certs yi Kirby, 9 • Calasymbolus excaecata Abbot & Smith, cj1. 5. Protoparce rustica Fabricius, 9 . 6. Chlcenogramma jasminearum Boisduval, 9. 7. Hyloicus dmpijerarum Abbot & Smith, c?. Hyloicus chersis Hiibner, 9 • rME Moth Book THE NEW YORK LIBRARY ASTOM, LENOX AND T1LDEN FOUNDATIONS. c World of the Dark Vancouver and southward through the mountains of the Appalachian System and along the higher plateaus and mountain ranges of the West as far as Central Mexico. I have specimens taken in the Sierra Madre of Chihuahua. The identification of the species may easily be made by means of the figure on our plate. THE WORLD OF THE DARK " Sorrowing we beheld The night come on; but soon did night display More wonders than it wild; innumerous tribes From the wood-cover swarm'd. and darkness made Their beauties visible." Southey. There are two worlds; the world of sunshine, and the world of the dark. Most of us are more or less familiarly acquainted with the first; very few of us are well acquainted with the latter. Our eyes are well adapted to serve us in the daylight, but they do not serve us as well in the dark, and we therefore fail to know, unless we patiently study them, what wonders this world of the dark holds within itself. There are whole armies of living things, which, when we goto sleep, begin to awaken; and when we awaken, go to sleep. The eyes of the creatures of the dark are adapted to seeing with less light than our eyes require. The broad daylight dazzles and confounds them. Sunshine has much the same effect upon them that darkness has upon us. Our twilight is their morning; our midnight is their noonday. This is true even of many of the higher vertebrates. The lemurs, which are a low family of simians, are nocturnal in their habits. So also is the Aye-Aye of Madagascar, and that curious little member of the monkey tribe known as the Specter (Tarsius spectrum). No one can see the great eyes of these creatures without realizing at a glance that they love what we call darkness better than what we call light, though they are far from being evil-doers. The great family of the cats are principally nocturnal in their habits. Their eyes are capable of being used in daylight, for the beautifully contracting and ex- panding iris modifies the amount of light admitted to the retina 77 World of the Dark far more delicately and instantaneously than any device, attached to the most perfectly constructed camera, regulates the amount of light transmitted through its lens. The tiger in the jungle sees what is going on about him in the starlight as well as we see what is happening in the noontide. I have studied the eyes of lions and tigers in the dark. The yellowish-green iris in the night almost entirely disappears from view, and shrinks down into a narrow ring. The windows of the eyes have the curtains drawn back wide, so as to let in ail the light which the darkness holds within itself. The great orbs then look like globes of crystal, framed in a narrow band of gold, lying on a background of the blackest velvet, while in their pellucid depths, fires, tinged with the warm glow of blood, play and coruscate. The eyes of many birds are adapted to the dark. This is true, as everybody knows, of the owls, and of their not distant relatives, the goat-suckers. I remember having, when a boy, dissected an owl, which 1 found dead after a long protracted period of intensely cold weather. The thermometer had stood at twenty degrees below zero for several nights in succession. The earth was wrapped deep in snow. Upon the sleety crust I found a great horned owl, lying dead, and frozen stiff. It may have died of old age, or it may have starved to death. The instinct of the child, who takes his toys to pieces in order to see how they are made, seized me, and, with a sharp penknife as a scalpel, and a few needles set in sticks of pine, 1 took my owl apart, and made drawings of what 1 found. I did not then know the names and functions of all the parts, but the drawing of the eye, which 1 made, I still have in an old portfolio, and there I saw it the other day. The eye of an owl is a wonderful piece of mechanism. It is a wide-angle lens of beautiful powers of adjustment. It is adapted to taking in all the light there is, when the light is almost all gone; and it is so contrived as to shut out light, when too much of its splendor would dazzle and hurt. Among the insects thousands and tens of thousands of species are nocturnal. This is true of the great majority of the moths. When the hour of dusk approaches stand by a bed of evening primroses, and, as their great yellow blossoms suddenly open, watch the hawkmoths coming as swiftly as 78 World of the Dark meteors through the air, hovering for :m instant over this blossom, probing into the sweet depths of another, and then dashing off again so quickly that the eye cannot follow them. My friend, Henry Pryer, had a great bed of evening primroses in his compound on the Bluff in Yokohama. Well I remember standing with him before the flowers, and, as the light began to fade upon the distant top of Fuji-no-yama, with net in hand capturing the hawkmoths, which came eagerly trooping to the spot. When it grew quite dark O-Chi-san held a Japanese lantern aloft to help us to see where to make our strokes. A dozen species became our spoil during those pleasant evenings. Ah! those nights in Japan! Can I ever forget them? Did you ever reflect upon the fact that the wings of many moths, which lie concealed during the daytime, reveal their most glorious coloring only after dark, when they are upon the wing? Take as an illustration, the splendid moths of the great genus Catocala, the Afterwings, as we familiarly call them. The fore wings are so colored as to cause them, when they are quietly resting upon the trunks of trees in the daytime, to look like bits of moss, or discolored patches upon the bark. They furnish, in such positions, one of the most beautiful illustrations of protective mimicry which can be found in the whole realm of nature. The hind wings are completely concealed at such times. The hind wings are, however, most brilliantly colored. In some species they are banded with pink, in others with crimson; still others have markings of yellow, orange, or snowy white on a background of jet-black. One European species has bands of blue upon the wings. These colors are distinctive of the species to a greater or less extent. They are only displayed at night. The conclusion is irresistibly forced upon us that the eyes of these creatures are capable of discriminating these colors in the darkness. We cannot do it. No human eye in the blackness of the night can distinguish red from orange, or crimson from yellow. The human eye is the greatest of all anatomical marvels, and the most wonderfu piece of animal mechanism in the world, but not all of power is lodged within it. There are other allied mechanisms which have the power of responding to certain forms of radiant energy to a degree which it does not possess. Let me commend to the study of my readers this world of the 79 dark of which I have been speaking. Some of the pleasantest excursions afield which can be made are those which the naturalist takes, when he has only moonlight or starlight to guide his steps. Always take a dark lantern with you. Without it you cannot see, and even with it you will not see much which it might be delightful to behold. But without a lantern you will not see a great deal, and you may in the thick wood get deeply mired in a boggy hole, or even break a limb. Your eyes are not made like those of the owl and the cat. Do not be afraid of the "night air." The air of the night has the same chemical com- position as the air of the day. It is cooler, of course, and some- times it has fog in it, but cool and even foggy air is not un- healthful. Scotchmen live half their lives in fog, but are healthy. The only things to be dreaded are the mosquitoes, carrying with them the germs of malaria, as we call it. These may be kept off if you only know how to anoint yourself with a properly prepared lotion. FAMILY SATURNI1D/E " When, hypocritically clad in dressing-gown and slippers, I stopped at my guest's inner door and Fontenette opened it just enough to let me in, I saw, indeed, a wonderful sight. The entomologist had lighted up the room, and it was filled, filled ! with gorgeous moths as large as my hand and all of a kind, dancing across one another's air)* paths in a bewildering maze, or alighting and quivering on this thing and that. The mosquito- net, draping almost from ceiling to floor, was beflowered with them, majestically displaying in splendid alternation their upper and under colors, or, with wings lifted and vibrant, tipping to one side and another as they crept up the white mesh, like painted and gilded sails in a fairies' '-egatta." — G. W. Cable. This family is composed of moths, which are for the most part medium-sized or large. The larvae are cocoon-makers. The perfect insects have vein 8 of the hind wings diverging from the cell from the base of the wings. The frenulum is wanting. The tongue is aborted, being at most extremely rudimentary. There are no tibial spurs on the legs. The antennae are either singly or doubly bipectinated to the tips in the case of the males, and often in the case of the females. Bipectination of the antennae occurs also in the family Ceratocampidcv, but in the latter family it never extends to the tip of the organ. The family falls into three subfamilies: the Attacince; the Saturniince; and the Hemi- 80 leucince. These subfamilies may be discriminated by the help of the following Key: Hind wines with one distinct internal vein. Discal cell of both wings open ... Attaiitue. Distal cell of both wings closed - SatumiitUB. Hind wings with two distinct internal veins - 11 cmileucxna . Fig. 36. — Philosamia cynthia. a. Eggs; b. Larva; c. Cocoon; d. Pupa; e. Moth. (After Riley.) 81 SUBFAMILY ATTACIN7E Genus PHILOSAMIA Grote This genus, which may be distinguished from all others in our fauna by the tufted abdomen of the perfect insect, is represented by a single species, which, originally imported from the eastern parts of Asia, has become thoroughly acclimatized on the Atlantic seaboard in the vicinity of the larger cities, from which, as centres, it has spread to some extent to the surrounding country. (i) Philosamia cynthia Drury, Plate IX, Fig. 2, S. (The Ailanthus Silk-moth.) Syn. aurotus Fabricius; insularis Vollenhoven; vesta Walker; canningi Walker; walkeri Felder; pryeri Butler. The cut (Fig. 36) and the representation on our plate obviate all necessity for mere verbal description of the species. The in- sect which was originally introduced into Europe about the middle of the last century was first introduced into America in the year 1861. It was hoped that it would prove a valuable silk- bearing species, but although a good grade of coarse silk may be made from it by the process of carding, and strong and service- able fabrics are manufactured from it in China, no method of successfully and economically reeling the cocoons has yet been invented. The caterpillar feeds upon the ailanthus, and these shade trees in some places have been known to be completely defoliated by the worms. Genus ROTHSCHILDIA Grote This characteristically neotropical genus may always be rec- ognized by the large more or less triangular translucent spots of the wings, and the general likeness to the species we figure upon our plate. The abdomen is without tufts. The antennae of both sexes are doubly bipectinated. The fore wings are generally considerably produced at the apex. Two species occur within our faunal limits. (1) Rothschildia orizaba Westwood, Plate X, Fig 1, $. (The Orizaba Silk-moth.) From Rothschildia jorulla Westwood, the other species found in our territory, this is easily separated by its generally lighter color and the much larger size of the translucent spots 82 upon the wings. Both species occur in Arizona, where they are not, however, nearly as common as they are in Mexico. Genus SAMIA Hubner In this genus, composed of quite large moths, characterized, as are the moths of the two preceding and the next succeeding genera, by having the discal cells open, we find that the spots on the middle of the wings are opaque, not hyaline, as in the genus Rothschildia ; and, furthermore, the fore wings are more rounded and less produced than in that genus. (i) Samia cecropia Linnaeus, Plate VIII, Fig. I, : ; Plate I. Fig. 8, larva. (The Cecropia Moth.) This splendid moth, which is very common, is one of a small number of our native silk-moths, which attract more or less Fig 37. — Cocoon of > ropia. I popular attention, and the spring of the year in our museums is always regarded as a period in which a certain portion of the time of the entomological staff will be consumed in replying to the letters of persons who, having for once opened their eyes to the wonders of the insect world, have sent in old matchboxes through the mails specimens of this insect, generally adding the information that the species is probably "new to science" or "excessively rare," they having for the first time in their lives noticed the moth. The larva feeds upon a great variety of deciduous trees and shrubs, though manifesting a predilection for the Rosacece, willows, maples, and the lilac. The cocoon is a familiar object. The insect is found over the whole Atlantic seaboard, and ranges westward to the eastern margin of the great plains. (2) Samia gloved Strecker, Plate XII, Fig. 4, $ . (Glover's Silk-moth.) This species, which may be distinguished from the preceding by the more obscure, purplish color of the outer band, which in 5. cecropia is bright red, ranges over the region of the Rocky Mountains from Arizona in the south to Alberta and Assiniboia in the north. A small dwarfed form has been taken upon the high mountains of Colorado, to which Neumoegen gave the sub- specific name reducta. (3) Samia Columbia Smith, Plate VIII, Fig. 8, £ . (The Columbian Silk-moth.) This species, which is well represented in our plate, may be discriminated from its allies by its smaller size, and by the absence of the reddish outer shading of the transverse white line which crosses the wings about their middle. It ranges from Maine to Wisconsin, never, so far as is known at present, rang- ing south of the forty-first parallel of north latitude. While closely allied to S. gloveri, it is much smaller, and the larva shows marked differences. The caterpillar feeds upon the larch. (4) Samia rubra Behr, Plate VIII, Fig. 2, $ . (The Ceano- thus Silk-moth ) Syn. ceanothi Behr; euryalus Boisduval; calijornica Grote. The species which is easily separated from its congeners by its small size and prevalently redder cast of coloration, is found on the Pacific coast, ranging eastward to Utah and Wyoming. The larva feeds upon Ceanothus thyrsiflorus. Genus CALLOSAMIA Packard The structure of the moths of this genus is much like that of the preceding genus, but the species composing it may invari- ably be discriminated from others by the fact that the pectinations of the antennae of the females in the anterior pair on each joint are shorter than the posterior pair. The genus contains several species, two of which are common in portions of our territory, and the other is a straggler into our fauna from Mexico. (1) Callosamia promethea Drury, Plate I, Fig. 2, larva; Plate XI, Fig. 11, $, Fig. 12, ?. (The Spice-bush Silk-moth.) Every country boy who lives in the Atlantic States is familiar with the cocoons, which in winter and spring he has found 84 hanging from the twigs of the spice-bush, the sassafras, and other trees. As they dangle in the wind they are easily de- tected, though they are often wrapped in the dead leaf in which the caterpillar originally spun them. The larva of which, in addition to the figure given in Plate I, we furnish a cut herewith, is a rather striking object, the coral-red tubercles on the second and third anterior segments showing conspicuously against the bluish-green epidermis. The insect subsists in the larval stage upon a great variety of deciduous shrubs and trees, showing a Fit;. 38. — C ■ rig larva; b, front view of magnified view of a seg- in. m ..!' voung larva; J, mature larva. (Alt. • Rile; ) special predilection for the Lauracece, Liriodendron, Liquidambar, and the wild-cherry. It ranges over the Atlantic States from Florida to New England into southern Canada, and thence westward through the valley of the Mississippi to the eastern boundaries of the great plains. Whether the silk produced by this common and easily reared species could be utilized in such a way as to make its production commercially profitable is a problem to be solved in the future. No one up to 8=; Fig. 39. — Cocoon of C. promethea. (After Riley.) Saturniidae the present time has succeeded either in reeling or carding the silk of the cocoons. (2) Callosamia angulifera Walker, Plate VIII, Fig. 3, $ , Fig. 4, $ . (The Tulip-tree Silk-moth.) This species may easily be discriminated from the last named by the fact that the males are not without discal spots as in that species, but have large angular white spots, causing them to resemble in this respect the females of C. promethea. The larva feeds commonly on the tulip-poplar (Liriodendron). The cocoon is not suspended from the twigs, as in the case of C. promethea. The only other species of the genus, which occurs in our fauna, is Callosamia calleta Westwood, which may be differentiated from the two foregoing species by the fact that it has a whitish band on the collar and at the base of the thorax. SUBFAMILY SATURNIIN/E The discal cells are closed. The antennae are pectinated in both sexes to the tip. The hind wings have but one internal vein distinctly developed. But four genera representing this sub- family are found within our territory. Genus AGAPEMA Neumcegen & Dyar The antennae of both sexes are doubly bipectinated, those of the female having both the anterior and posterior pectinations of equal length. Only one species is known. (1) Agapema galbina Clemens, Plate IX, Fig. ■}, $ . (The Galbina Moth.) This interesting insect occurs in southern Texas, Arizona and Mexico. The larval stages have been described by Henry Edwards (see "Entomologica Americana," Vol. IV, p. 61). The specimen figured is considerably darker than the figures given by Strecker. Specimens as light as those he depicts have never fallen into the hands of the author. Genus ACTIAS Leach The species of this genus may easily be discriminated by their pale green color, and the tailed hind wings. The pectinations of t^e antennae in the female sex are shorter in the anterior pair on 86 each joint than the posterior pair. The genus is quite large, but only one species occurs in temperate North America. It is better represented in the Old World. (i) Actias luna Linnaeus, Plate XII. Fig. 7, $. (The Luna Moth.) This common and well-known insect has an extensive range from Canada to Florida and westward to Texas and the trans- Mississippi States as far as the region of the great plains. The larva, of which we give a representation, feeds upon the various species of walnut and hickory, the sweet-gum (Liqui- dambar), the persimmon (Diospyros), and other trees. In North Caro- lina it appeared to be particularly fond of the persimmon. The cocoon is thin and papery, spun among leaves, and falls to the ground in autumn. In consequence it is not nearly as often found as those of some other species, which have been described in the preceding pages. Genus TELEA Hu'bner This is a very small genus, including only two or three species. It is confined to the New World. The only represen- tative in our faunal limits is the well-known species, which we figure. (1) Telea polyphemus Cramer, Plate IX, Fig. 1, $. (The Polyphemus Moth. ) Syn. papkia Linnteus; fenestra Perry; oculca Ncumoegcn. This very common moth feeds in the larval stage upon a great variety of trees and shrubs. I have found the caterpillar upon various species of oaks, upon the two species of Juglans, which grow in the Eastern States, upon hickory, basswood, elms, maples, birches, chestnuts, the sycamore (Platanus), wild- 87 -Larva of A. luna. (Aftei 1 Saturniidae roses, and the beech. Other observers have reported the larva as found upon a great variety of other trees. The caterpillar, Fig. 41. — Larva of Telea polyphemus. (After Riley.) which is of a beautiful shade of green, is ornamented on the sides by raised lines of silvery white, and is altogether a beauti- ful object, so far as coloration is concerned. The cocoon is in form like that of Delias luna, but is much more dense, and, after it has been spun up, is injected by the larva with a fluid, which appears to precipitate a white chalky matter through the fibers after it has dried. Efforts to reel the silk have hitherto amounted to but little. The insect is double-brooded in the southern States. In Pennsylvania and north- ward it is single-brooded. The moth ranges across the entire continent and into Mexico in the South. We have given in Figure 5 a representation of the us. pupa, in Figure 10 a cut of the antenna greatly en- larged, and in Figures 41 and 42 are shown the larva and the cocoon. The latter, as is illustrated in the cut, is spun among leaves, and falls in the autumn to the ground. A number of aberrant forms and local races have been described, and there is considerable variety in the depth of the ground-color of the wings 88 Fig. 42. — Cocoon of Telca poly phi (After Riley.) Explanation of Plate X (Except when otherwise indicated the specimens figured are in the collection of W. J. Holland.) i. Rothschildia orizaba Wcstwood, 9- , 2. Basilona imperialis Drury, 9 • 3. Citheronia regalis Fabricius, cj~ 4. Citheronia mexicana Grote & Robinson, o1. 5. Adelocephala bicolor Harris, c? . 6. Adelocephala bicolor Harris, 9 . 7. Syssphinx albolineata Grote & Robinson, rj1. 8. Coloradia pandora Blake, c? . 9. Malacosoma disstria Hiibner, <5\ U. S. N. M. 10. Malacosoma erosa Stretch, cT ■ 11. Malacosoma calif arnica Packard, c? ■ 12. Malacosoma americana Fabricius, 9 ■ U. S. N. M. ftSluC LIBRARY , lX AND iC Saturniidae in a long series of specimens collected in the same locality. I have one or two fine melanic specimens, in which the wings are almost wholly black on the upper side. Albino specimens are also occasionally found. Genus SATURNIA Schrank This genus is represented in our fauna by a single species. (i) Saturnia mendocino Behrens, Plate XII, Fig. 6, $. (The Mendocino Silk-moth.) The insect inhabits northern California, where it is not uncommon. The larva feeds upon Arct tomentosa. Genus AUTOMERIS Hubner Four species of this genus occur within our borders. Three of them we figure on our plates. The other, Automeris [elleri Grote & Robinson, may be distinguished from those we give by its much greater size, the female expanding fully five inches across the wings, and having three broad brown bands parallel to the margin of the hind wing, a large blind ocellus in the middle of that wing, and the fore wings purplish brown, marked with darker brown spots at the base, the end of the cell, and on the limbal area. (i) Automeris pamina Neumocgen, Plate IX, Fig. 6, $. (The Pamina Moth.) The figure we give is taken from an example of the form called aurosea by Neumoegen, in which the hairs along the inner margin of the hind wings are somewhat more broadly rosy red than in the specimens which he indicated as typical. The specimen was labeled by, and obtained from, the author of the species. (2) Automeris zephyria Grote, Plate VIII, Fig. 5, $ . (The Zephyr Silk-moth.) This beautiful insect which is found in New Mexico, is well delineated in our plate, and may easily be discriminated from other species by the white transverse lines of the fore wings. (}) Automeris io Fabricius, Plate IX, Fig. 4, $ , Fig. 5, $ . (The Io Moth. ) Syn. corollaria Perry; varta, Walker; fabricii, Boisduval; argus Neumcegen & Dyar. Saturniidae This common insect, which ranges from Canada to Florida, and westward and southward to Texas and Mexico, subsists in the larva! stage upon a large variety of trees and shrubs; in fact, the caterpillar is almost omnivo- rous. The larva is a beautiful object, the body being green, ornamented with a lateral stripe of pink and creamy white and covered with clusters of branching spines. These are possessed of sting- ing properties, and the cater- pillar should be handled with extreme care, if painful con- sequences are to be avoided. In spite of this defense the arvae are greatly liable to the attack of ichneumon wasps, which destroy multi- tudes of them. Fig 43 Genus HYLESIA Hiibner This is a neotropical genus of small size, one species of which, common enough in Mexico, is occasionally found in Arizona. It is a true Saturnian, the secondaries having but one inner vein and the discal cells in both wings being closed. (1) Hylesia alinda Druce, Plate VIII, Fig. 12, & . (The Alinda Moth.) The specimens I have were taken on the Mexican border of Arizona. So far as I remember, nothing has been written upon the life-history of the species. SUBFAMILY HEMILEUCIN^. The moths of this subfamily may be structurally differentiated from their near allies by the fact that the hind wings have two distinct internal veins, 1 a and 1 b. The antennae of the male insect in the genus Coloradia are doubly bipectinated. In the 90 SaturniidsE genera Hemileuca and Pseudoha^is, the antenna; of the males are singly bipectinated. In the former genus the females have bipectinated antennae; in the latter the females have the antennae serrate, or very feebly pectinated. Genus COLORADIA Blake (i) Coloradia pandora Blake, Plate X, Fig. 8, $. (The Pandora Moth.) The range of this insect is from the eastern foot-hills of the Rocky Mountains to the Cascades, and from Montana to Mexico. Genus HEMILEUCA Walker Eight species of this genus are known from our territory, four of which we figure. H. electra Wright has the hind wings more or less red with a black border. H. grotci is a black species with a white collar, and a series of narrow white spots covering the middle of the wings, three on the fore wing, and those on the hind wing composing a narrow median band. H. neumcegeni is a beautiful insect with snowy white thorax and reddish brown abdomen. The wings are snowy white with orange discal marks crossed by two black bands on the pri- maries and one on the secondaries, the inner line of the primaries being relieved externally by an orange spot bordered with black. H. hualapai Neumoegen has the wings dull pink, either without markings, or crossed by two pale lines. The form with the pale transverse lines has been dubbed sororius by Henry Edwards. (l) Hemileuca maia Drury, Plate XI, Fig. i, $. (The Buck-moth.) Syn. proserpina Fabricius. In the fall of the year, when the leaves are falling and the days are still mellow and warm, the Buck-moths may be seen flitting through the air at noonday. They especially frequent the edges of groves of oaks. Upon the twigs of these trees, as well as occasionally upon willows, wild cherry-trees, and hazels, they deposit their eggs in clusters, as represented in Figure 44. The larvae, which are gregarious and have stinging spines or bristles upon the somites, hatch in the latter part of April or in May, according to latitude, and after undergoing five molts, pupate in 9' Fig. 44. — Eggs of Buck-moth. (After Riley.) Saturn iidse the ground. The moths emerge in the fall, though a few winter over in the soil until the next spring, when they emerge, or they may even remain dormant until the following fall. The wings are semi-translucent, and in some specimens are apparently almost devoid of scales. The insects are diurnal, or semi-crepus- cular in their habit, and 1 have never known them to be attracted to artificial light. The name " Buck-moths " is said to have been given to them because they fly at the time when deer- stalking is in order. The insect ranges from Maine and Nova Scotia to Florida and westward to the eastern edge of the great plains. In the Carolinas it is very common, especially in groves of the Black-jack which grow on barren up- lands. (2) Hemileuca neva- densis Stretch, Plate XI, Fig 2, $ . (The Nevada Buck-moth.) Syn. califoniica Wright; artemis Packard. This species, which closely resembles the pre- ceding, may be distin- guished from it by the much wider expanse of the transverse discal bands in both wings, and the much redder tuft of anal hairs. It may be a mere local race of Hemileuca authors have recently accorded it specific rank. (3) Hemileuca juno Packard, Plate XII, Fi Juno Moth.) Syn. yavapai Neumcegen. 92 Fig. 45. — Buck-moth; a, mature larva; b, pupa; c-d, bristles on larvae in first stage; e, thoracic spine in second stage; /, spine in third stage; g, spine in fifth stage. (After Riley.) maia, but most (The Explanation of Plate XI (The specimens figured are contained in the collection of W. Holland.) i . Hemileuca maia Drury, c? . 2. Hemileuca neyadensis Stretch, S1. 3. Pseudohazis hera pica Walker, rj1. 4. Pseudohazis hera pica Walker, 9 . 5. Pseudohazis eglanterina nuttalli Strecker, c?. 6. Ctenucha brunnea Stretch, cf. 7. Tolype vellcda Stoll, J1. 8. Tolype velleda Stoll, 9 . 9. j4 nisota stigma Fabricius, cf. 10. .4 nisota stigma Fabricius, 9- 11. Callosamia promethea Drury , rj. 12. Callosamia promethea Drury, 9- 13. Basilona impcrialis Drury, cT- 14. Syssphinx hciligbrodli Harvey, 9 • 15. Cargida pyrrha Druce, c? . 16. Fenaria longipes Druce, cT- 17. Xanthopastis timais Cramer, 9- 18. Euchtztias murina Stretch, 9 • 19. Copidryas cosyra Druce, c? ■ 20. A panic sis intermedia Stretch, cf. |T~ YORK BRARY Saturniidse This beautiful moth occurs in Arizona and northern Mexico. (4) Hemileuca tricolor Packard, Plate XII, Fig. 9, $ . (The Tricolor Buck-moth.) This species, like the preceding, is found in Arizona and in New Mexico. The larva? feed upon the Grease-wood, according to report. Genus PSEUDOHAZIS Grote & Robinson This is a small genus of rather striking and exceedingly vari- able insects, the life histories of which have not been as thor- oughly studied as is desirable. The moths appear to be diurnal >n their habits, and may be found in vast numbers in the morn- ing hours on bright days in their favorite haunts in the region of the Rocky Mountains. I have found them particularly abundant about Laramie Peak in Wyoming 111 the latter part of June and July. They appear to frequent flowers in company with diurnal Iepidoptera, as the various species of Argynnis, and they may then be easily taken. Their flight is rapid. They are character- istic of the country of the sage-brush, and the ranges of the western sheep-herder. (1) Pseudohazis eglanterina Roisduval. Form nuttalli Strecker, Plate IX, Fig. 7. 1 ; Plate XI, Fig. 5, $ . (Nutt.ill's Sheep-moth.) Syn. shastaensis Behr; denudata Vim 0 The two figures given on our plates show two forms of this well-known insect. Whatever the amount of black or purple upon the fore wings the specimens may always be distinguished from others by the presence just beyond the discal spot of the fore wings of a longitudinal dash of Indian yellow. This is characteristic, and I have never failed to find it in a long series of specimens, no matter how the other markings varied. (2) Pseudohazis hera Harris, Plate IX, Fig. 8, S. (The Hera Moth.) Form pica Walker. Plate XI, Fig. 3, <* ; Fig. 4, ? . (The Magpie Moth.) This extremely variable moth is represented by the typical form in the figure given upon Plate IX, and in the figures given upon Plate XI by two specimens showing the form, which is 93 Ceratocampidse most common in Colorado and Wyoming, in which the wings are greatly suffused with black. To this form Walker's name pica properly applies. FAMILY CERATOCAMPIDSE " In Nature's infinite book of secrecy A little I can read." — Shakespeare. This family contains moths of large or medium size, the larvae of which do not produce cocoons, but undergo transforma- tion in the ground. The larvae are generally more or less orna- mented with spines and bristly protuberances. The moths have the tongue developed, but nevertheless feebly. The tibial spurs are present. The frenulum is lacking. The genera belonging to this family are American, and only five of them occur within our faunal limits. Genus ANISOTA Hubner Of the five species, recognized as belonging to this genus and occurring within our borders, we have selected three for repre- sentation. Anisota senatoria, a common species found in the Atlantic States, is distinguished from its very near ally, Anisota virginiensis, not only by marked differences in the larval stage, but by the fact that the females are almost exactly like the female of Anisota stigma, profusely covered with black spots or freck- lings on the wings, while the females of virginiensis, as shown in the plate, are almost wholly destitute of such spots. The males of these two species are almost alike, the only difference being that the male insect in the case of virginiensis is somewhat darker than in the case of Anisota senatoria, and less ochreous. (i) Anisota stigma Fabricius, Plate XI, Fig. 9, $ ; Fig. 10, $ . (The Stigma Moth.) The caterpillar feeds upon various species of oak. It is orna- mented with short spines upon the segments, arranged in rows, those on the second segment from the head being long and recurved. The color of the larvae at maturity is a dull reddish brown, marked with small creamy-white and gray punctulations. The insect occurs in the Appalachian faunal region, from Canada to the Carolinas, and westward to Kansas and Missouri. 94 Ceratocampidse (2) Anisota virginiensis Drury, Plate VIII, Fig. 9, $ ; Fig. 10, ? . (The Virginian Anisota.) Svn astymone Olivier; pellucida Herrich-Schaeffer. The male insect has the fore wings almost transparent about the middle, as is the case with Anisota senatoria. as has already been pointed out, but the female is not heavily spotted, as is the case in that species. The caterpillar feeds upon oaks. The moth has the same geographical distribution as the preceding species. (3) Anisota rubicunda Fabricius, Plate VIII, Fig. II, 8. (The Rosy Maple-moth.) The larva of this beautiful moth feeds commonly upon the silver-maple, which in many of our western cities has been extensively planted as a shade-tree. The depredations it commits upon the foliage have subjected it to the indignation of arbori- culturists. It was formerly very com- mon in the city of Pittsburgh, but for many years past it has almost entirely disappeared, so that it is now regarded as a rather rare insect by local collectors. The disappearance of the moth is due no doubt to the combined influ- ence of the electric lights, which annually destroy millions of insects, which are attracted to them, and to gas-wells, and furnaces, which lick up in their constantly burning flames other millions of insects. Perhaps the English sparrow has also had a part in the work of extermination. In Kansas the insect is very common. I recently saw in the city of Atchison numerous maples, which had almost been stripped of their leaves by these larvae. The range of the insect is practically the same as that of the other species of the genus. Fig. 4'. i : la n leu 1 a larva; b. I tie moth. (After Riley.) 95 Ceratocampidae Genus ADELOCEPHALA Herrich-Schgeffer As in the preceding genus, vein 1 1 of the fore wing is stalked with veins 6-8, but the outer margin of the wing is not straight as in that genus, and longer than the internal margin, but it is convex and shorter than the inner margin. There are a number of species belonging to the genus, which are indigenous in Central and South America, but only one occurs within our borders. (i) Adelocephala bicolor Harris, Plate X, Fig. 5, $ ; Fig. 6, $ . (The Honey-locust Moth. ) Syn. disiigma Walsh. The larva feeds upon the Honey-locust (Glediischia) and the Kentucky Coffee-tree (Gytnnocladus). It is a rather common insect in the valley of the Ohio, and ranges from the region of the Great Lakes southward to Georgia and Kansas. Genus SYSSPHINX Hu'bner The insects assigned to this genus by recent writers do not differ greatly in structure from those referred to the preceding genus. The principal structural differences consist in the fact that the antennae of the females are somewhat shorter and less strongly pectinated, and the abdomen is generally longer, in some species greatly exceeding the hind margin of the hind wings. The genus is well represented in Mexico and Central America. Only four species occur in our territory, two of which we figure. (1) Syssphinx albolineata Grote & Robinson, Plate X, Fig. 7, $. (The White-lined Syssphinx.) Syn. raspa Boisduval. The figure we give is sufficient to enable the student to iden- tify this species which is common in Mexico, and also occurs in southern Arizona. (2) Syssphinx heiligbrodti Harvey, Plate XI, Fig. 14, $. (Heiligbrodt's Syssphinx.) This very pretty moth, which may easily be determined by the help of the figure we give, is not uncommon in southern Arizona. The caterpillar feeds, it is said, upon Grease-wood bushes. Explanation of Plate XII (Except when otherwise indicated the specimens figured are in the collection of W. J. Holland.) Cossus centerensis Lintner, J1 , U. S. N. M. Hypopta bertholdi Grote, 9 . Hypopta henrici Grote, tf , U. S. N. M. Samia gloveri Strecker, rj1 ■ 5. Artace punctistriga Walker, J1, U. S. N. M. 6. Saturnia mendocino Behrens, cj1 ■ Actias luna Linn;eus, cT- Hemileiica juno Packard, c?- Hemileuca tricolor Packard, rj1. The Moth Book BRARY Ceratocampidae Genus CITHERONIA Hubner This genus of large and showy moths is characteristically neotropical, having its metropolis in Central America. Three species occur in our territory, two of them having an extensive northern range. (1) Citheronia regalis Fabricius. Plate 1. Fig. .1, larva ; Plate X, Fig. 3, 6 . (The Royal Walnut-moth.) Syi ' 11 Abbot & Smith. The caterpillar, which is known by bovs as the "Hi Horn-devil," feeds upon a great variety of trees and shrubs, showing a decided preference for the walnut and butternut, the persimmon, and several species of arborescent sumac {R/ias). (2) Citheronia sepulchralis Grote & Robinson, Plate XLI, Fig. s, $ . (The Fine-devil Moth.) The larva, which is smaller and more obscurely colored than that of the preceding species, feeds upon various species of pine, and the insect ranges from the Carolinas northward to Massa- chusetts along the coast. It is not uncommon in the valley of the Potomac, and at Berkeley Springs 1 have found it abundant in the larval state in the months of Jul v and August. (3) Citheronia mexicana Grote & K Plate X, Fig. 4, $. (The Mexican Walnut-moth.) This species, which is in many respects very closely allied to C. regalis, occurs in Arizona, and southward. Genus BASILONA Boisduval The only representative of this genus within the limits of the United States is the species which is illustrated on our plates. There are a number of other species, which are Mexican or South American. (1) Basilona imperialis Drury, Plate X, Fig. 2, ?; Plate XI, Fig. 13, 6*. (The Imperial Moth.) Syn. imperatoria Abbot & Smith; punctatissima Neumo The larva feeds upon a vast number of trees and shrubs, and may almost be described as omnivorous. The larvae are either brown or green, the color having nothing whatever to do with the character of the perfect insects, which emerge from the .pupae. Such cases of dichromatism among larvas are not at all uncommon. 97 Syntomidae FAMILY SYNTOMID/E " Whoever looks at the insect world, at flies, aphides, gnats, and innumerable parasites, and even at the infant mammals, must have remarked the extreme content they take in suction, which constitutes the main business of their life. If we go into a library or news-room, we see the same function on a higher plane, performed with like ardor, with equal impatience of interruption, indicating the sweetness of the act." — Emerson. This family, which quite recently has been monographed by Sir George F. Hampson, consists of moths which are small, or at most of medium size. They are diurnal in their habits, and frequent flowers. At first glance, they often are mistaken for wasps and other hymenoptera, which they mimic. The following characterization of the family is quoted from the learned author, to whom reference has just been made: " Proboscis usually well developed, but sometimes aborted; palpi short and porrect, long and downcurved, or upturned; frons rounded; antennas simple, ciliated, or bipectinate, usually with short branches dilated at extremity in both sexes; tibia; with the spurs short. Fore wing usually with the terminal area broad; vein \a forming a fork with \b, \c absent; 5 from below middle of discocellulars; 7 stalked with 8, 9. Hind wing small; vein \a often absent; \c absent; 8 absent, rarely rudimentary and not reaching costa; frenulum present; retinaculum bar- shaped." Hampson, Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalcence, Vol. I, p. 20. Eleven genera comprised within this family are recognized by recent writers as holding place in the fauna of the United States and Canada. Most of these are southern, and represent a northern movement of the great complex of genera and species referable to the family, which inhabits the hot lands of equa- torial America. Genus COSMOSOMA Hubner This is a large genus, including at least eighty species, which are found in Central and South America. Only one species is, at present, known to occur within our faunal limits. (1) Cosmosoma auge Linnaeus, Plate XIII, Fig. 1, <5 • (The Scarlet-bodied Wasp-moth.) Syn. omphale Hubner; melitta Moschler. Syntomidae This beautiful little insect occurs throughout the tropics of the New World, and is not rare in southern Florida. The larval stages have been described by Dyar (see "Psyche," Vol. VII, p. 414). The caterpillar feeds upon Mihania scandens. Genus SYNTOMEIDA Harris The type of this genus is Syntomeida ipometz. Six species have thus far been assigned to it, two of these occuring in the extreme southern portions of our territory. (1) Syntomeida ipomeae Harris, Plate X1U, Fig. 3 $. (The Yellow-banded Wasp-moth.) 1 1 W ilki 1 . ■ 1 1 ■ rrich-Schaeffer. This species is confined to the southern States along the borders of the Gulf of Mexico. The caterpillar, which according to report feeds upon the Convolvulacece, remains to be fully described. (2) Syntomeida epilais Walker, Plate XIII, Fig. 2, $. (The Polka-dot Wasp-moth.) The larva has been described by Dyar (see Journal New York Entomological Society, Vol. IV. p. 72, and " Insect Life," Vol. II, p. 360). The caterpillar feeds upon Nerium odorum. Genus PSEUDOMYA Hubner This is a small neotropical genus, including, so far as is known, but eight species, one of which occurs in the extreme southern part of Florida. (t) Pseudomya minima Grote, Plate XIII, Fig. 6, $ , (The Lesser Wasp-moth. ) The caterpillar, which has been described by Dr. H. G. Dyar in " Psyche," Vol. VIII, p. 42, feeds upon Myginda ilia folia. Genus DIDASYS Grote Only one species has hitherto been referred to this genus. It is found in Florida. (1) Didasys belae Grote, Plate XIII, Fig. 7, $, Fig. 8 $. (The Double-tufted Wasp-moth.) As shown in our plate, the male has the end of the abdomen ornamented by two tufts, while the female is devoid 99 Syntomidae of these appendages. The insect is found on the Indian River in Florida, and southward. Genus HORAMA Hubner Ten species compose this genus, of which only one is found within the limits of the United States. (i) Horama texana Grote, Plate XIII, Fig. 9, $. (The Texan Wasp-moth.) No difficulty should be experienced in identifying this moth by the help of the figure which is given. Genus EUCEREON Hubner Sixty-two species, all inhabiting the hot lands of North and South America, are assigned by Hampson to this genus. The only one thus far known to occur within the limits of the United States is figured on our plate. (1) Eucereon confine Herrich-Schaeffer, Plate XIII, Fig. 10, ? . (The Floridan Eucereon.) Syn. Carolina Henry Edwards. This interesting little moth, which was described by Henry Edwards under the name Nelphe Carolina, had been figured by Herrich-Schseffer under the specific name above cited thirty-two years before. It is rare in Florida, but is common in the Antilles, Mexico, and Central America. Genus LYMIRE Walker This is a small genus comprehending only five species. Its only representant within our borders was originally assigned by Grote to the genus Scepsis, which it superficially resembles. (1) Lymire edwardsi Grote, Plate XIII, Fig. II, $, (Edwards' Wasp-moth.) The larval stages, thanks to the labors of Dr. H. G. Dyar, are known. The caterpillar feeds upon Ficus pedunculata. The insect, when pupating, spins a small cocoon of hair and silk. For fuller knowledge upon the subject the reader is referred to "Insect Life," Vol. II, p. 361. Genus SCEPSIS Walker Three species of this genus, which does not range far into tiie Mexican territory, are recognized. Two of these we figure; 100 Syntomidae the third, Scepsis packardi Grote, =matthewi Grote, is a trifle larger in size, than the other two, much paler in color, and inhabits Washington, Oregon, and British Columbia. (i) Scepsis fulvicollis Hubner, Plate XIII, Fig. 12, $. (The Yellow-collared Scape-moth.) 1 Harris. This common insect, the larva of which fe^ds upon grasses, has a wide range from Canada to the Gulf States, and westward to the Rocky Mountains, and southward to Chihuahua in Mexico. The moths frequent the blossoms of the golden-rod (Solidago) in the late summer. (2) Scepsis wrighti Stretch, Plate XIII. Fig. n, J. (The White-collared Scape-moth.) The habitat of this species is southern California. The speci- men figured was sent me by Mr. Wright, labeled "Type," and may be accepted as typical of the species. Genus LYCOMORPHA Harris A small genus of moths, diurnal in their habits, having a preference for the flowers of the Composite, upon which they may frequently be found in their habitats. (1) Lycomorpha grotei Packard, Plate XIII, Fig. 14. ?. (Grote's Lycomorpha.) Syn. This pretty little insect occurs in Colorado and thence south- ward to Texas. So far as recalled by the writer its larval stages have not as yet received attention from any of our American students of the lepidoptera. (2) Lycomorpha pholus Drurv, Plate XIII, Fig. 15, &. This common insect, but not the less beautiful because it is common, is widely distributed throughout the United States. The larva is said to feed upon lichens. Genus CTENUCHA Kirby This genus, which includes about twenty species, is quite well represented in our fauna. Figures of all the species occur- ring within our territory are given in the plates. (1) Ctenucha venosa Walker, Plate XIII, Fig. 20,8. (The Veined Ctenucha.) Syntomidac From Ctenucha cressonana, its nearest ally, this species may be distinguished by its smaller size, the reddish tint of the stripes upon the fore wings and the edges of the shoulder lappets, and the fact that the fringe opposite the end of the cell on both wings is marked by fuscous, and not uniformly white throughout as in C. cressonana. The species ranges from Colorado to Mexico (2) Ctenucha cressonana Grote, Plate XIII, Fig. 21, $ . (Cresson's Ctenucha.) This species, which is one of the largest in the genus, may easily be recognized by the figure we give and the remarks made in connection with what has been said in regard to the preceding species. (3) Ctenucha brunnea Stretch, Plate XI, Fig. 6, $ . (The Brown-winged Ctenucha.) Easily recognized by the pale brown color of the primaries, upon which the veins stand forth in a darker shade of brown. (4) Ctenucha multifaria Walker, Plate XIII, Fig. 19, $. (The Californian Ctenucha.) This species, which is closely allied to the next, may be dis- criminated by the fact that the fore wings are lighter in color, the collar is black, not orange spotted with black, as in C. rubroscapus, and the costal margin of the primaries is nar- rowly edged with white. (5) Ctenucha rubroscapus Menetries, Plate XIII, Fig. 22, 9 . (Walsingham's Ctenucha.) Syn. walsinghami Henry Edwards. This species, which may be distinguished by the aid of what has been said under the preceding species, as well as by our figure, may have the edges of the shoulder lappets either red, as in our figure, or orange yellow. It is found in the Pacific States. (6) Ctenucha virginica Charpentier, Plate XIII, Fig. 18, $ . (The Virginian Ctenucha.) Syn. latreillana Kirby. This moth, which is not at all uncommon in the northern portions of the Appalachian faunal region, may be found in the latitude of New York City and Pittsburgh frequenting the blos- soms of blackberries at the end of May and in June. The larva feeds, as do the larvae of the other species, upon grasses. Genus DAHANA Grote Only one species, the type of the genus, is known. (i) Dahana atripennis (irote, Plate XIII, Fig. 23, $. (The Black-winged Dahana.) The habitat of this species is southern Florida. The insect does not appear to be common in collections. FAMILY LITHOSIID/E "You would be another Penelope: yet. they say. all the yarn she spun in Ulysses's absence did but fill Ithaca full of a — Shakespeare, Coriolanus, I, 3. The moths belonging to this family have the larvae of the usual form displayed by the Arctiidae, with all of the prolegs present. They feed principally upon lichens. They pupate in cocoons spun up of silk, in which the hairs of the larva are mingled. The perfect insects, or imagoes, are of medium size or small. As a family, they present many variations in structure, both as to the venation of the wings and secondary sexual characteris- tics. The following general characterization of the group is taken from Hampson, "Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalaenae," Vol. II, p. 80: " Proboscis usually well developed, but often aborted; palpi usually short and porrect, sometimes reaching well beyond the frons, often upturned, rarely reaching above the vertex of the head; antennae of male usually with bristles and cilia, often bipec- tinate, sometimes dilated or with tuft of scales on upper side of shaft; ocelli absent; tibiae with the spurs usually moderate, some- times long or absent. Fore wing typically long and narrow, but in a large section, short and broad, the narrow winged genera having vein 5, and often vein 4, absent. Hind wing with vein 8 coincident with the cell from base to one-third or to near end of cell." About a dozen genera have thus far been recognized as represented in the fauna of the region of which this book treats. 103 Fig. 47. — Crambidia pallida, $ Genus CRAMBIDIA Packard This small genus, consisting of moths displaying delicate shades of slaty-gray, pale yellow, or pearly white upon their wings, is represented in our fauna by six species, three of which we figure, one of them being hitherto undescribed. The genus falls into two sec- tions, in the first being included those species in which there is no areole in the fore wing, and in the second those which have the areole developed. The first section is represented by Crambidia pallida, and contains, in addition, the species named lithosioides and uniformis by Dyar ; the second section is represented by Crambidia casta, and con- tains, in addition, the species named cephalica by Grote & Robinson, and the species herein described and named allegheni- ensis. The structure of the insects is sufficiently well set forth in the two cuts we give, which have been kindly furnished by Sir George F. Hampson, with the permission of the Trustees of the British Museum. (1) Crambidia pallida Packard. (The Pale Lichen-moth.) The moth is uniformly brownish-grey, with the hind wings a trifle paler than the fore wings. The wings on the under side are lighter than on the upper side. The species occurs in the northern Atlantic States. (2) Crambidia casta Sanborn, Plate XIII, Fig. 30, $. (The Pearly-winged Lichen-moth.) On the under side the fore wings and the costal area of the hind wings are fuscous, and in some specimens the upper side of the wings is also slightly touched with pale fuscous. The insect appears to be not uncommon in Colorado and ranges thence south and north toward the Pacific coast. (3) Crambidia allegheniensis, sp. nov., Plate XIII, Fig. }i, $ . (The Alleghenian Lichen-moth.) 104 Fig. 48 The head and anterior portions of the thorax are pale yellow. The patagia are of the same color. The thorax and the abdomen on the upper side are pale slaty-gray- The legs and the tip of the abdomen on the under side are ochreous, the middle of the abdomen on the under side being dark slaty-gray. The fore wing on the upper side is slaty-gray, with the costa evenly edged with How. The hind wings are translucent white. On the under side the wings are marked as on the upper side, but paler. The insect is slightly smaller than casta. It occurs in western Pennsylvania. The type, which is in the collection of the author, was taken by him in East Pittsburgh. Genus PALPIDIA Dyar The genus is represented by only one species, so far as is now known. (i) Palpidia pallidior Dyar. (Dyar's Palpidia. ) This insect, a drawing of the type of which is given in the annexed has the fore wings pale ochreous, with the interspaces between the veins stro irrorated with dark scales. The hind wings are whitish. It is as yet a rare pallidior, ? . {. insect in collections, and has onlv been recorded from Cocoanut Grove, in Dade County, Florida. Genus LEXIS Wallengren The genus Lexis is of moderate size, all of the species referred to it, with the single exception of the one figured on our plate, being inhabitants of the Old World. The metropolis of the genus appears to be southern Asia and the adjacent islands. One species is recorded from Australia, and the species, which is the type of the genus, is found in East Africa. (i) Lexis bicolor Grote, Plate XIII, Fig. 29, 3. (The Yellow-edged Lexis). Syn. argillacca Packard. The moth is pale slaty-grey, with the head, patagia, and anal tuft yellow. The fore wings are bordered on the costa 105 Lithosiidae with pale yellow, the band of this color running out to nothing before it quite reaches the apex. The specimen figured on the plate came from Colorado. It is also said to occur in Canada and the northern portions of the United States. Genus HYPOPREPIA Hubner A small genus of North American moths, all the species of which occur within the territory covered by this book. The insects closely resemble each other, and the student who has learned to recognize one of them cannot fail to refer the others correctly to their genus. It is not, however, so easy to discrimi- nate the species. The following little key, which is taken from Hampson's Catalogue, Vol. II, page 515, may help the student in making correct specific references : 1. Ground-color of the fore wing wholly scarlet miniata 2. Ground-color of the fore wing yellow and crimson fucosa 3. Ground-color of the fore and hind wings yellow cadaverosa 4. Ground-color of the fore wing fuscous brown, of the hind wing whitish inculta (1) Hypoprepia miniata Kirby, Plate XIII, Fig. 41, $. (The Scarlet-winged Lichen-moth.) Syn. viltata Harris ; subornata Ncumoegen & Dyar. This rather common insect ranges from Canada to the Carolinas and westward in the region of the Great Lakes to Minnesota. It comes freely, as do all the species of the genus, to light, and I have found it very abundant at times about the lamps in the village of Saratoga, New York. I have taken it at Asheville, North Carolina, and at the White Sulphur Springs in West Virginia, but have never received specimens from low altitudes on the Virginian and Carolinian coasts. (2) Hypoprepia fucosa Hubner, Plate XIII, Fig. 42, $ . (The Painted Lichen-moth.) Syn. tricolor Fitch ; plumbea Henry Edwards. This species, which may be (jlj) easily distinguished from the .. 1 preceding by the fact that the Fig. 50. — Hypoprepia fucosa, 5 ■ T- f. . (After Hampson.) tip of the abdomen is not marked by a dark fuscous spot, and by the narrower marginal band of the secondaries, 106 as well as by the difference in the color of the wings, is a com- mon species in the Atlantic States, and ranges westward into the basin of the Mississippi. Genus H^EMATOMIS Hampson This little genus includes, so far as is now known, but two species, both of which are Mexican, but one of which ranges into southern Arizona. The species are separated as follows by Hampson : i. Fore wing with yellowish streaks, on costa, through cell, and on inner margin 2. Fore wing with pale streak on the costa only uniformis ( i ) Haematomis mexicana Druce, Plate XIII, Fig. 34, $ . ( The Mexican Lichen- moth.) With tiie help of the illus- trations we have given the student should have no great difficulty in identifying this little moth. Fig. 51. — Haematomis mexicana, $ (After Hampson.) I Genus COMACLA Walker This genus is represented in our fauna by two species. One other occurs in Europe and northern Asia, and another in tropical Africa. The two American species are very much alike in appearance, and it is difficult to distinguish worn or rubbed specimens. The following key will be of some assistance: 1. Wings pale mouse gray, translucent; collar and abdomen ochreous; apex of fore win.us rounded simplex Walker 2. Wings and body uniformly pale mouse gray, wings trans- itu nit only about the mid- dle, sprinkled with blackish scales and marked by an obscure discal dot, apex of fore wings less rounded and more nearly square than in preceding species. jtiscipes Grote (1) Comacla simplex Walker, Plate XIII, Fig. 34, $ . (The Mouse-colored Lichen-moth.) Syn. murina Walker; clarus Grote & Robinson; texana French. 107 Fig. 52. — Comacla simplex, 8 (After Hampson.) Fig. 53. — Bruceia pulverina, 6 . -J-. (After Hampson.) The species is common in Texas. C. fuscipes occurs in Arizona. Genus BRUCEIA Neumcegen One species is reckoned in this genus, the structural char- acters of which are well shown in the cut we give. (1) Bruceia pulverina Neumcegen, Plate XIII, Fig. 33, & . (The Powdered Lichen-moth.) Syn. hubbardi Dyar. The insect named hub- bardi by Dyar seems to be only a smaller form of B. pulverina. Genus CLEMENSIA Packard To this genus Sir George F. Hampson refers a dozen species. AH of these are inhabitants of the hot lands of America, except the species we figure. Cistheue lactea Stretch is by Hampson referred to the genus Mice. Dr. Dyar places it in the genus Clemensia. The species is unknown to the writer, and does not exist in any collection which he has examined, so that we shall not attempt to discuss the vexed question of its proper location. (1) Clemensia albata Pack- ard, Plate XIII, Fig. 38, $ . (The Little White Lichen-moth.) Syn. albida Walker ; cana Walker ; umbrata Packard ; irrorata Henry Edwards ; patella Druce ; philodina Druce. The insect ranges from New England to Mexico and westward to the Pacific coast. Genus ILLICE Walker This is a moderately large genus comprising nearly thirty species, the most of which are found in tropical America. It has been subdivided into three sections, or subgenera, by Hampson. In the second section, equivalent to O^onadia, a genus erected by Dyar, are placed those species, in which 108 Fig. 54. — Clemensia albata, (After Hampson.) Explanation of Plate XIII (Unless otherwise indicated, the specimens figured are contained in the collection of W. J. Holland.) i. Cosmosoma auge Linnaeus, cT ■ 2. Syntomeida epilais Walker, cf . 3. Syntomeida ipomece Harris, 9 • 4. Triprocris rata Henry Edwards, 5. Triprocris latercula Henry Ed- wards, <5\ U. S. N. M. 6. Pseudomya minima Grote, (J1, U. S. N. M. 7. Didasysbelce Grote, JVU.S.N.M. 8. Didasys bela Grote, 9 . 9. Horama texana Grote, c?. 10. Eucereon confine Herrich- Schaeffer, $ , U. S. N. M. 11. Lymire cdwardsi Grote, $ . 12. Scepsis fulvicollis Hubner, $. 13. Scepsis wrighti Stretch, cj1 , type. 14. Lycomorpha grotei Packard, 9. 15. Lycomorpha pholus Drury, tf, 16. Triprocris constans Henry Ed- wards, c? ■ 17. Lycomorpha jalgens Henry Ed- wards, 9 • 18. Ctenucha virginica Charpentier, 9- 19. Ctenucha multij aria Walker, 9 > U. S. N. M. 20. Ctenucha venosa Walker , (J1. 21. Ctenucha cress 0 nana Grote, J1. 45. Kodiosoma fulva Stretch, J1. 22. Ctenucha rubroscapus Menetries, 9, U. S. N. M. 23. Dahana atripennis, Grote, <3> . 24. Afo/a ovilla, Grote J1. 25. Celama triquetrana Fitch, J1. 36. Celama pustulata Walker, c?, U. S. N. M. 27. Rwselia fuscula Grote, 9 . 28. Plychoglene phrada Druce, tf . 29. Lexis bicolor Grote, rj1. 30. Crambidia casta Sanborn, tf ■ 31. Crambidia allegheniensis Hol- land, t? > 32. Nigetia formosalis Walker, (J1. 33. Bruceia pulverina Neumoegen, d1- 34. Comacla simplex Walker, J1 . 35. Illice subjecta Walker, J1. 36. Illice unifascia Grote & Robin- son, ci1- 37. Illice nexa Boisduval, c? . 38. Clemensia albata Packard, (51 , U. S. N. M. 39. Hcematomis mexicana Druce, cT . 40. Pygoctenucha funerea Grote, 9 , Acad. Nat. Sc. Phila. 41. Hypoprepia miniata Kirby, 9. 42. Hypoprepia fucosa Hubner, J1. 43. Kodiosoma eavesi Stretch, rj1. 44. Kodiosoma tricolor Stretch, c?- The Moth Book *r . >* rv* 26 £ .- J .v—* . I " ••• V ■^ 38 c;'/r 39 | y V THE NEW YORK PUBLIC LIBRARY ASTOR, LENOX AND TILUlN HjUNOaTIONS. c Lithosiidae the hind wing is slightly produced at the anal angle. Here come two of the species found in our fauna, /. schwar^iorum and /. unifascia. In the third section, typical lllice, fall the species in which the anal angle is not produced. Here are placed five species. The student may find the following key helpful in determining his specimens: A. Hind wing slightly produced at the anal angle. Lappets and markings of fore wing yellow, hind wings crimson, fuscous at apex, i. Fore wing with the band across the wing crimson on the inner margin 2. Fore wing with the band across the wing not crimson on the inner margin in::, IS Hind wing not produced at the anal angle. Abdomen crimson ; fore wing slaty-gray in ground color. i. Fore wing with crimson patch on thecosta subjecta Walker 2 Fore wing without crimson patch on costa, and with a pink streak on the inner margin at the base. . ..striata Ottolcngui 3. Fore wing with whitish pab h about the middle of the inner margin phtmbca Stretch Abdomen orang ■ y< Uowish, 1. Hind wing pale yellow, with 1 Boisduval 11 ■• faustinula Boisduval (1) lllice unifascia Grote & Robinson, Plate XIII. Fig. j6, i . (The Banded Lichen- moth.) S\ ii. lenuifasi ia Harvey. The insect ranges from the Ohio Valk-v southward to Texas, and from Virginia to Florida. The transverse band is often interrupted in the middle of the wing, and there is variation in the color of the hind wings, which, while usually red or crimson, may Fig. 55 —lllice unifasi ia, $ . }. (After Hampson.) Fig. 56. — lllice subjecta, $ (After Hampson.) orange, also be yellow. (2) lllice subjecta Walker, Plate XIII, Fig. 35, $ . Subject Lichen-moth.) Syn. packardi Grote. (The 109 The distribution of this species is much the same as that of the preceding. Its range is slightly more northern than that of /. unifascia. (3) Mice nexa Boisduval, Plate XIII, Fig. 37, $ . (The Yellow-blotched Lichen-moth.) Syn. grisea Packard; deserta Felder. This species is found upon the Pacific coast, and is not uncommon in southern California. Genus PTYCHOGLENE Felder A small genus confined to the southwestern portions of our territory. The four species occurring within our fauna may be briefly characterized as follows: 1 . Head, thorax, base of abdomen, basal two-thirds of prima- ries and basal half of secondaries bright carmine ; black marginal borders of both wings strongly dentate inwardly coccinea Henry Edwards 2. Head, thorax, and abdomen black; fore wings crimson, narrowly edged with black on inner margin, and with a black marginal band covering the wing for about one- fifth of its length, dentate inwardly opposite end of cell. Hind wing blackish-brown, more or less broadly laved with crimson on costal margin phrada Druce 3. Head, thorax, and abdomen black; fore wing crimson, with the costal margin narrowly edged with black; terminal black band of the same width as in the preceding species, but not dentate inwardly. Hind wing pale yellowish crimson, with the outer marginal band strongly toothed inwardly on vein i sanguineola Boisduval 4. Head, thorax, and abdomen, deep black; patagia crimson; fore wings deep crimson, very narrowly edged on external margin with black, extending on costal margin a short distance from the apex toward the base. Hind wings deep blue-black, very narrowly edged on the costa with crimson, the crimson fascia not quite reach- ing the apex tenuimargo sp. nov. (1) Ptychoglene phrada Druce, Plate XIII, Fig. 28, $. (Druce's Lichen-moth.) Syn. flammans Dyar. (2) Ptychoglene tenuimargo sp. nov., Plate XIII., Fig. 7, ? . (The Narrow-banded Lichen-moth.) 110 The type of this species, which I have received in recent years from Arizona and in great abundance from the State of Chihuahua in Mexico, is figured upon our plate. Genus PYGOCTENUCHA Grote A small genus containing three species, two of which are found within the limits of the United States. They may be discriminated as follows: i. Uniformly black, collar-lappets and tip of abdomen ochre- yellow; size small f uttered Grote 2. Head, thorax, and abdomen black shot with brilliant : fore coxae, tegulas, patagia, and anal tuft scarlet, the latter white in the female; fi .re- wings black shot with green; hind wings black shot with blue. Fully one- third larger than preceding species terminalis Walker (') Pygoctenucha funerea Grote, Plate XIII., Fig. 40, $. (The Funereal Lichen-moth.) The specimen figured on our plate was kindly loaned for the purpose by the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. The insect occurs in New Mexico. (2) Pygoctenucha terminalis Walker. (The Blue-green Lichen-moth.) Syn. harrisi Boisduval; pyrrhoura Hulst; votiva Henry Edwards. This insect, referred by Hampson to his genus Protosia. must be placed here, Pygoctenucha having priority over Protosia, which falls as a synonym. Genus LERINA Walker Only one species belongs to this genus. It was originally named by Walker, and made the type of the genus. Subse- quently it was redescribed by Boisduval as Ctenucha robinsoni, under which name it has passed current in American collections until recently. (1) Lerina incarnata Walker. ( The Crimson- bodied Lichen-moth.) Fig. 57.— Lerina incarnata. S . f Syn. robinsoni Boisduval. (Alter Hampson.) The head, tegulae, and patagia, with the terminal half of the abdomen are deep crimson. The rest of the body and 11 1 " Splitters " and " Lumpers " its appendages are black. The wings are bronzy-green. The insect inhabits Mexico and southern Arizona. "SPLITTERS" AND "LUMPERS" Every true naturalist is called upon to exercise the faculty of discrimination and the faculty of generalization. His work trains him to detect dissimilarities on the one hand and like- nesses on the other. His judgments as to likeness are expressed in the genera, the famiies, the orders, which he proposes. His judgment as to dissimilarities is most frequently expressed in his views as to species. When the two faculties of discrimination and generalization are well balanced and accompanied by the habit of patient observation, ideal conditions are reached, and the work of the naturalist in classification may be expected to stand the test of time. Bat where, as is often the case, one of these faculties is exalted at the expense of the other, there are certain to result perversions, which will inevitably cause trouble to other students. When a man cultivates the habit of discrimination to excess, he is apt to become, so far as his labors as a systematist are concerned, "a splitter." A "splitter" magnifies the importance of trivial details; he regards minute differences with interest; he searches with more than micro- scopic zeal after the little things and leaves out of sight the lines of general resemblance. Huber, the celebrated naturalist, said that by patient observation he had come to be able to recognize the different ants in a hill, and, as one by one they emerged from their subterranean galleries, he knew them, as a man living upon a certain thoroughfare in a great city comes at last to know by sight the men and women who are in the habit of daily passing his windows. No doubt the critical eye can detect as great individual differences in the lower animal world as are to be detected among men. A student comes to apply himself with great zeal to searching out and describing these differences, and when he undertakes to say that because of them one form should be separated specifically from another he becomes "a splitter." I recall an entomologist whose chief weapon of research was a big microscope. He would take a minute insect and study it until he was able to number the hairs upon its head. Then he would describe it, giving it a specific name. The next " Splitters " and " Lumpers " specimen he would subject to the same critical process, and if the number of hairs was not just the same, or a small wart was detected here or there, or a bristle grew in a place where a bristle did not grow in the specimen previously examined, it too, was described and a specific name was given it. It was as if a man, sitting and looking out on the throng upon Broadway, should resolve to give every individual a specific name and should declare he had seen as many species of men as he had seen men passing his window. The labors of such naturalists may be highly entertaining to themselves, but they are, to say the least, provocative of unpleasant feelings in the minds of others who come after them and are compelled to deal with and review their labors. The " lumper," on the other hand, is a man who detects no differences. "All cocoons look alike to me!" he says. Any two moths which are of approximately the same size and the same color, are, by him, declared to belong to the same species. Questions of structure do not trouble him. Gener.il re- semblances are the only things with which he deals. No matter if eggs, larvae, legs, veins, and antennae are different it is "all one thing" to him. His genera are " magazines," into which he stuffs species promiscuously. The "lumper" is the horror of the "splitter," the "splitter" is anathema to the " lumper"; both are the source of genuine grief and much hard- ship to conscientious men, who are the possessors of normally constituted minds and truly scientific habits. Nevertheless, we are certain to have both "splitters" and "lumpers" in the camps of science until time is no more. "This kind goeth not forth " even for "fasting and prayer." " Look at this beautiful world, ami read the truth In herfair | won brings New change to bu r of everlasting youth — - Stil'. tli 1, with joyous living things Swarms — the wide air is full of joyous wings." Bryant. 113 FAMILY ARCTIID/E "All diamonded with panes of quaint device, Innumerable of stains, and splendid dyes, As are the Tiger Moth's deep damask wings." Keats. "There is another sort of these caterpillers, who haue no certaine place of abode, nor yet cannot tell where te find theyr foode, but, like vnto superstitious Pilgrims, doo wander and stray hither and thither (and like Mise), consume and eat vp that which is none of their owne ; and these haue purchased a very apt name amongst vs Englishmen, to be called Palmer-worms, by reason of their wandering and rogish life (for they neuer stay in one place, but are euer wandering) , although by reason of their roughnes and ruggednes some call them Beare-wormes. They can by no means endure to be dyeted, and to feede vpon some certaine herbes and flowers, but boldly and disorderly creepe ouer all, and tast of all plants and trees indifferently, and hue as they list." — Topsell, History of Serpents, -p. 105 (160S). This is a large family including many genera and reckon- ing, according to recent lists, over two thousand species. The family is represented in our fauna by thirty-eight genera, and at least one hundred and twenty species. The following characterization of the family is adapted from Hampson, with special reference to the genera occurring within our territory: Proboscis more or less aborted in the typical genera Arctia, Diacrisia, and allies, fully developed in most neotropical genera, and in Utetheisa and its allies; palpi slight and porrect, or well developed and upturned; ocelli present; eyes rarely hairy; antennae pectinate or ciliate; tibial spurs typically small, but often well developed, the hind tibiae with the medial spurs absent in a few genera and the fore tibiae in others with curved apical claw, the mid and hind tibiae rarely spined. Wings usually well developed. Fore wing with vein \a separate from lb; 5 from near lower angle of cell or well below angle of discocellulars; 6 from or from near upper angle; areole present in many genera. Hind wing with vein \a present; ic absent; 114 4 often absent; 5 from near lower angle of cell or well below angle of discocellulars; 6, 7 sometimes coincident; 8 coin- cident with the cell from or almost from base to near middle, or extremity of the cell and even in some genera beyond the extremity of the cell. In the genus Halisidota vein 8 is obsolete. The larvae have all the prolegs and are generally profusely clothed with hairs. They pupate in cocoons woven of silk mixed with the hairs which are shed during the process of spinning. The caterpillars of some species have received the common appellation of "woolly bears," and the moths are familiarly known as "tiger-moths." Genus HOLOMELINA Herrich-Schaeffer The names Eubaphe and Crocota, proposed by Hubner, and applied recently by some writers to this group of insects, being what are known to students as notnina nuda, cannot stand. It may be said in passing that this genus from a classi- ficational standpoint is in a very unsatisfactory condition, so far as some of the species are concerned. The "Splitters" and the "Lumpers" have been hard at work upon it, and inasmuch as the insects show very little purely structural variation, and vary greatly in color and size, there has resulted great con- fusion. Within the limits of the space assigned to us in the present compendium we have not the opportunity to discuss these questions, but suggest to our readers that there is here an opportunity to use both eyes and mind to advantage in solving some of the vexed points. The test of breeding should be rigorously applied, and the larval stages of the insects should be critically observed. (1) Holomelina ostenta Henry Edwards, Plate XIV, Fig. 17, $ . (The Showy Holomelina.) This conspicuous and very beautifully colored insect ranges from Colorado through New Mexico and Arizona into Mexico. (2) Holomelina opella Grote, Plate XIV, Fig. 23, $ . (The Tawny Holomelina.) Syn. obscura Strecker; rubricosi 1 Khrman. This species is rather common in Pennsylvania and the Atlantic States as far south as Georgia. 115 Arctiidee Form belmaria Ehrman, Plate XIV, Fig. 24, $ . (Ehrman's Holomelina.) This insect, a paratype of which is figured as above cited, is regarded by Dr. Dyar as a varietal form of H. opella. The author is inclined to question the correctness of this determi- nation, because all specimens of the moth so far seen, and a considerable series has come under observation, appear to be structurally different from H. opella, in so far forth that the fore wings are narrower, longer and more produced at the apex. The mere fact that they are always black in itself could hardly constitute a valid ground for specific discrimination. (5) Holomelina immaculata Reakirt, Plate XIV, Fig. 20, $. (The Plain-winged Holomelina.) The range of this species is the same as that of the preceding. (4) Holomelina diminutiva Graf, Plate XIV, Fig. 22, $ . (The Least Holomelina.) Very common in Florida, and apparently quite constant in size and markings. It is sunk as a synonym of aurantiaca, form rubicundaria, by Dyar, but the writer is not willing to admit that this is correct. (5) Holomelina brevicornis Walker, Plate XIV, Figs. 19, 21, ?. (The Black-banded Holomelina.) Syn. belfragei Stretch. This species has also been sunk as a synonym of aurantiaca by recent writers, but with doubtful propriety. It is common in the Gulf States and particularly in Louisiana and Texas. (6) Holomelina quinaria Grote, Plate XIV, Fig. 18, 5 • (The Five-Spotted Holomelina.) Syn. choriona Reakirt; bimaculata Saunders. Characterized by the creamy white spots upon the fore wings. The depth of color of the primaries varies much, from dark brown to pale ferruginous, the specimen figured being representative of the latter form. The spots also vary much in size. " Ami there's never a blade nor a leaf too mean To be some happy creature's place." — Lowell. Il6 Explanation of Plate XIV (Unless otherwise indicated, the specimens figured are contained in the collection of W. J. Holland.) i. Eiipseudosoma involutum Sepp, d\U. S. N. M. 2. Bertholdia irigona Grote, c? . 3. Pareuckastes insulata Walker, 9 • 4. Pareuchateseglenensis, Clemens, 9. 5. Opharus astur Cramer, c?- 6. Hemihyalea edwardsi Packard, 9. 7. Hemihyalea labecula, Grote, cf ■ 8. Halisidota argentata Packard, 9. Halisidota argentata Packard, 9. 10. Halisidota car yw Harris, c?. 11. Halisidota macidata Harris, rf 12. Halisidota tessellaris Abbot & Smith, cj . 13. Halisidota cinctipes Grote, cJ1. 14. ALmilia roseata Walker, 9 ■ 15. ALmilia ambigua Strecker, c? . 16. Halisidota longa Grote, (J1. 17. Holomelina ostenta Henry Ed- wards, (?. 18. Holomelina quinaria Grote, c?. 19. Holomelina brevicornis Walker 9. 20. Holomelina immaculala Reakirt cT- 21. Holomelina brevicornis Walker 9 , var. 22. Holomelina diminutiva Greet, c? 2 3 . Holomelina opella Grote , cf ■ 24. Holomelina belmaria Ehrman 9 , paratype. 25. Leptarctia California Walker, 9 26. Leptarctia dimidiaia Stretch, J1 27. hep iarctia decia Boisduval, cj1 . 28. Leptarctia lena Boisduval, c? ■ 29. Neoarctia bcani Neumcegen, 9 , U. S. N. M. 30. Neoarctia brucei Henry Ed- wards, cf . 31. Phragmatobia fnliginosa Lin- nasus, 9 • 32. Diacrisia rubra Neumcegen, $ . U. S. N. M. 33. Diacrisia vagans Boisduval, c?. 34. Diacrisia vagans Boisduval, 9 ■ The Moth Book. ^IJf ^k ^/S-J^HJ .74 ^ 32 30 THE NEW YORK ;;;ary TOR, LENOX AND TILQtN t-oUND.*TION6. c Genus DODIA Dyar Onlv one species has thus far been assigned to this genus. It was named Dodia albertse by Dr. Dyar in the year iqoi. The description both of the genus and the species will be found in the Journal of the New York Entomologi- cal Society, Vol. IX, p. 85. The an- nexed cut (Fig. 58) is taken from /''IK^ the type of the species in the United „'..,' Ti ■ Fie. 58. — D States National Museum. I he in- sect has thus far only been found in the Territory of Alberta. Genus UTETHEISA Hubner A genus of small extent, represented both in the Old World and the New by nine species, two of which occur within our territory. (1) Utetheisa bella Linnaeus, Plate XV, Fig. 27, ?. (The Beautiful Utetheisa.) Syn. hybrida Butler; interm dia Butler; term '. This common moth, which frequents the blossoms of the golden-rod (Solidago) in the late summer and fall, is widely distributed in the States of the Atlantic seaboard, and shows some tendency to local variation. (2) Utetheisa ornatrix Linnaeus, Plate XVII, Fig. 8, $ . (The Ornamented Utetheisa.) ./Butler; pura Butler. This species may easily be distinguished from the preceding by the washed-out ap'pearance of the primaries. In the form named pura by Butler the fore wings are white, immaculate, except for the red costal streak. The species is common in the Antilles, and occurs in southern Florid. 1. Genus HAPLOA Hubner The genus Haploa, which is confined to our territory, has furnished a great deal of amusement to classificationists, who have busied themselves with the spots and markings on the wings of the species, which are very variable. In a long series of specimens of any one of the species it will be found 117 that scarcely two are exactly alike in the amount of black or white displayed upon the fore wings. The reader will do well in this connection to consult the Proceedings of the United States National Museum, Vol. X, pp. 338-353, where Prof. John B. Smith has written upon the subject, the Canadian Entomologist, Vol. XIX, p. 181 et seq., where Mr. H. H. Lyman has presented his views, and the Plate given by Mr. F. A. Merrick in the Entomological News for 1903, in which the extreme variability of H. lecontei in a given locality is illustrated. (1) Haploa clymene Brown, Plate XVII, Fig. 7, $ . (The Clymene Moth.) Syn intcrruptomarginata De Beauvois; comma Walker. This is one of the most constant species of the genus, and may easily be recognized by the figure we have given upon the plate. It ranges from southern New England to Georgia, and westward to the Mississippi. The larva feeds upon Eupatorium it is said, and the writer believes that the state- ment, which has been called in question, is correct, for, although he has never reared the larvae to maturity himself, he has observed the female moth ovipositing upon this plant in southern Indiana. It is also said to feed upon willows. (2) Haploa colona Hiibner, Plate XVII, Fig. 2, ? . (The Colona Moth.) Syn. Carolina Harris. Form consita Walker, Plate XVII, Fig. 5, S . Syn. laciata Smith. This species, which is the largest of the genus, is very variable in the amount of the black shown upon the fore wings. We give two extremes. Other forms arc recognized. The insect has its metropolis in the southwestern States, though it occurs also very sparingly in the northern Atlantic States, and more commonly in the southern Atlantic States. It is common in Texas. (3) Haploa lecontei Boisduval (Leconte's Haploa). Form dyari Merrick, Plate XVII, Fig. 9, $ . Form militaris Harris, Plate XVII, Figs. 4, 10, $ ; Fig. 1, ?. Form vestalis Packard, Plate XVII, Fig. 3, $ . 118 Fig. 59. — Haploa ■ This is a protean species, of which a half dozen, or more, forms have been recognized, named, and described. We give in our cut (Fig. S9), a figure of the wings of a specimen, which agrees in its markings with the specimen figured by Boisduval, the author of the species, in his Plate given in the Regne Animal. Such specimens come in the form of their maculation very near the next species, which has been differentiated by Lyman under the name confusa. Haploa lecontei ranges from New England to Georgia and westward to the Mississippi. It is a very common insect in western Pennsylvania. The cater- pillar feeds upon Triosteum perfoliatum, and in localities where this plant is abundant the moths may be found in swarms at the end of May and the beginning of June. (4) Haploa confusa Lyman, Plate XVII, Fig. 6, $ . (Lyman's Haploa.) This form, or species, is well represented in our plate. It appears to be constant, and is indigenous to the New En States. The specimen figured came from the neighborhood of Claremont, New Hampshire. (=,) Haploa contigua Walker. (The Neighbor.) The cut we give (Fig. 60), shows the maculation of the wings of this species sufficiently well to enable it to be separated at once from its congeners. It occurs in the Atlantic region from New England northward and westward. It is found in the Catskills and the Adiron- dacks, and probably occurs in the mountains of northern Pennsylvania, although I do not recall any reference to its having been taker in that State, nor have I seen it on the Alleghenies, where I have passed several Fig. 60. — Haplo 1 contigua, $ summits of the summers. Genus EUERYTHRA Harvey There are two species of this genus known, Euerythra phasma Harvey, which is represented in the accompanying cut 119 (Fig. 61), and Euerythra trimaculata, which is figured on Plate XVI, Fig. 4. The insects occur in Texas and Arizona. They are not common in collections as yet, and so far as the Fig. 61. — Euerythra phasma, $ . J. (After Hampson.) writer recalls, their larval habits have not been described. The student who desires to study the structure of the genus should consult Hampson's Catalogue, or Prof. Smith's Paper pub- lished in the Proceedings of the United States National Museum, Vol. X, p. 335 et scq. Genus ECPANTHERIA Hubner This is a large genus, well represented in the tropics of America. Only two species occur within the limits of our fauna, Ecpantheria muzina Oberthur, which is found in Texas as a straggler from the Mexican territory, and Ecpan- theria deflorata Fabricius, which is more commonly known by its synonymical name, scribonia, given to it by Stoll. The larva of this handsome moth is itself a beautiful object, it is deep black, clothed with black hairs, and at the junction of the somites, or segments of the body, it is banded with rings of crimson. The male of the perfect insect is figured on Plate XVI. Fig. 16, and in the accompanying cut we give a figure of the larva. The Eyed Tiger-moth ranges from southern New England, where it is rare, through the southern parts of the United States into Mexico. It is quite common in the Carolines, and in my boyhood 1 derived much pleasure from rearing the larvae, which fed very freely upon the plantain (Plantago). Fig. 62. — E. deflorata; a larva b magnified hair of larva. (After Riley.) Genus TURUPTIANA Walker There are eight species in this genus, but only one of them occurs within the limits of the United States. (i) Turuptiana permaculata Packard, Plate XVI, Fig. 15, 3. (The Many-spotted Tiger-moth.) Syn. reducta Grote; cieco, Strecker. Fig. 63. — Turuptiana permaculata, $ . {. (After Ilnmpson.) This neat moth is found in Colorado and thence southward as far as Arizona and Mexico. Genus LEPTARCTIA Stretch There is only one species in this genus, but the single species by assuming protean colors has caused a great multi- plication of names. We have figured a few of the varietal forms. (1) Leptarctia californiae Walker, Plate XIV, Fig. 25, 9. Form lena Boisduval, Plate XIV, Fig. 28, $. Form decia Boisduval, Plate XIV, Fig. 27, $ . Form dimidiata Stretch, Plate XIV, Fig. 26, $ . The moth is found in southern California, where it is quite common. The student will have little trouble in recognizing the commoner varieties by the help of the figures we have given, but these are only a few of the forms which occur. 1 And with childlike credulous affection We behold those tender wings expand, Emblems of our own great resurrection. Emblems of the bright and better land." — -LoXGFELLOW. Arctiidae Genus SEIRARCTIA Packard (i) Seirarctia echo Abbot & Smith, Plate I, Fig io, larva; Plate XVI, Fig. 23, 9 . (The Echo Moth.) Syn. niobe Strecker. This beautiful moth, the caterpillar of which feeds upon the and Moth.) Fig. 65. — Alexicles aspcrsa, 6 ■ Fig. 64. — Seirarctia echo, 8 . £. sabal palmetto, occurs in Florida, Mississippi. Genus ALEXICLES Grote (1) Alexicles aspersa Grote. (The Alexicles This moth is referred by Hampson to Hyphantria. It may belong there, but I leave it in the genus erected for it by Grote. The abdomen is vermilion-colored, with black dorsal spots. The wings are dark brown, the primaries somewhat lighter than the secondaries and showing obscure darker spots, arranged in transverse bands. Genus ESTIGMENE Hiibner There are reputed to be four species of this genus found within the United States. Albida Stretch is possibly only an extreme white varia- tion of E. acrcva. E. prima Slosson is represented in Fig. 66. It is found in the New England States, northern New York, Fig. 66.— Estigmene and Canada. The three species just named prima, , U. S. N. M. 30. Apantesis oithona Strecker, o\ Engel Collection. 31. Apantesis blakei Grote, c? , U. S. N. M. 32. Apantesis proximo var. autholea, Boisduval, c? . .h Book v S ,j'< I ' \ '• fl^ f 30 »iWv^ ^W*>», -A 41 v YORK 2 LIBRARY ASTOd, LENOX AND TILD6N FOUN0ATION8. Arctiidx This species occurs in the Carolinas and southward. Pareuchcetes tenera is found in the Atlantic States and is not uncommon in Pennsylvania. Genus EUCH^TIAS Lyman The following key based upon that of Hampson may enable the student to differentiate the species in his collection: Abdomen red above. Fore wing with costal fascia. Fore wing with the costal fascia yellow antic 1 Walker Fore wing with the costal fascia white albicosta Walker Fore wing without costal fascia. Hind wing with crimson patch on inner area perlevis Grote Hind wing without crimson patch on inner area. Fore wing uniform brownish murina Stretch Fore wing white tinged with fuscous boltcri Stretch Abdomen orange above. Fore wing gray- brown egle Drury Fore wing brownish white with the veins white . .oregonensis Stretch Abdomen whitish above pudens Henry Edwards (i) Euchaetias murina Stretch, Plate XI, Fig. 18, ?. (The Mouse-colored Euchaetias.) The habitat of this species is Texas. (2) Euchaetias egle Drury, Plate I, Fig. 5, larva; Plate XVI, Fig. 21, 9. (The Milk-weed Moth.) Fig. 75. — Euchaetias (After Hampson.) The figure given above in the text and those given on the plates will suffice for the identification of this common insect, which ranges from the Atlantic to the Mississippi and beyond. The larva feeds upon Milk-weed (Asclepias). (i) Euchaetias oregonensis Stretch, Plate XVI, Fig. 19, 6*. (The Oregon Euchaetias.) This insect is found throughout the northern portions of the United States and Canada. '35 Fig. 76. — Pygarctia clcgans, 6 (After Hampson.) Genus PYGARCTIA Grote A small genus containing four species all found within our territory. The following table taken from Hampson will serve for the identification of the species, taken in connection with the cut and the figures we give: A. Fore wing with scarlet fasciae on costa and inner margin spraguei B. Fore wing with orange fasciae on costa and inner margin a. Abdomen scarlet vivida b. Abdomen orange abdominalis C. Fore wing without fasciae elcgans (1) Pygarctia elegans Stretch, Plate XVI, Fig. 17,3. (The Elegant Pygarctia.) The neuration and struc- tural characteristics of the genus are sufficiently well displayed in the accom- panying cut of this species to make any verbal de- scription unnecessary. The insect occurs in southern California, Texas, Arizona, and Mexico. (2) Pygarctia abdominalis Grote, Plate XVI, Fig. 27, ? . (The Orange-bodied Pygarctia.) The habitat of this species is Florida. (3) Pygarctia spraguei Grote, Plate XVI, Fig. 18, $. (Sprague's Pygarctia.) The home of this insect is Kansas, Colorado, and adjoining States. Genus HYPOCRISIAS Hampson A small genus of which a single representant is found within our limits, occurring as a straggler from the Mexican fauna. (1) Hypocrisias minima Neumcegen. (The Least Hypocrisias.) Syn. armillata Henry Edwards. The prevalent tints of the body and fore wings are ochreous and brown. The hind wings are yellowish white. The annexed cut will help the student to recognize the insect, when a specimen comes into his possession. The habitat of the species is Mexico, but it is occasionally taken in southern Arizona. .36 Fig. 77 — Hypocri- sias minima, $ • Genus ^EMILIA Kirby A small neotropical genus, represented in our fauna by two species. The insect named occidentalis by French is a form of A. roseata, in which the red of the wings has been replaced by ochreous. (i) Emilia ambigua Strecker, Plate XIV, Fig. 15, &. (The Red-banded /Emilia.) Syn. bolteri Henry Edwards; syracosia Druce. This beautiful insect is found in the Rocky Mountains of Colorado, and thence southward to northern Mexico. (2) Emilia roseata Walker, Plate XIV, Fig. 14. 9. (The Rosy /Emilia.) Syn. cinnamomca Boisduval; sanguivenosa Neumoegen; significans Henry Edwards; occidentalis French. This rather rare insect occurs on the Pacific coast, and, according to report, ranges from British Columbia to Mexico. The specimen figured on the plate came from the latter country. Genus HALISIDOTA Hiibner An extensive genus, well represented in Central and South America, and containing about a dozen species, which are found within our faunal limits. Of these we figure a number of species, enough to enable the student to recognize the genus, and the commoner species, which he is likely to encounter. (1) Halisidota tessellaris Abbot & Smith, Plate XIV, Fig. 12, <5 . (The Tessellated Halisidota) Syn. antiphola Walsh ; harrisi Walsh. The form named Harrisi does not differ from tessellaris in the imaginal stage. The sole difference is in the color of the pencils of hairs in the larva?, which are orange in color, while in tessellaris they are black. This is scarcely sufficient ground upon which to establish a species. (2) Halisidota cinctipes Grote, Plate XIV, Fig. 13, *, . (The Gartered Halisidota.) Syn. davisi Henry Edwards. This species, which is southern in its habitat, and larger than its close northern ally, tessellaris, has the markings on the fore wings much more distinct than is the case in the latter »37 species. The tarsi are annulated with black bands, marked with small gray points. The insect occurs in the Gulf States and in South and Central America. (5) Halisidota maculata Harris, Plate XVI, Fig. 11, $. (The Spotted Halisidota.) Syn. fulvoflava Walker; guttifera Herrich-Schaeffer. This species, which occurs in the northern portions of the Atlantic coast region, ranges westward to California. Several forms from the western territory have been discriminated by writers, and varietal names have been given to them. They are mere color forms. (4) Halisidota longa Grote, Plate XIV, Fig. 16, ?. (The Long-streaked Halisidota). This species, which may easily be determined by the help of the figure we have given, occurs in Florida. The specimen delineated by the writer was taken by him at light in Jacksonville in the month of February. (5) Halisidota caryae Harris, Plate XIV, Fig. 10, $ . (The Hickory Halisidota.) Syn. annulifascia Walker; porphyria Herrich-Scha?ffer. This well-marked and easily identified species is common in the northern Atlantic coast region, and ranges westward into the valley of the Mississippi. (6) Halisidota argentata Packard, Plate XIV, Fig. 8, 3 , Fig. 9, ?. (The Silver-spotted Halisidota.) This pretty species is found in Colorado, and thence west- ward and northward to the Pacific coast. A number of sub- species have been named in this connection, but it is doubtful whether the sexes of the insects on meeting each other would recognize any specific differences themselves. Genus HEMIHYALEA Hampson Two species of this genus occur within the limits of the United States. Edwardsi is distinguished from labecula most easily by the fact that the inner margin of the secondaries in the former is crimson, while in the latter it is not. (1) Hemihyalea edwardsi Packard, Plate XIV, Fig. 6, ?. (Edwards' Glassy-wing.) Syn. translucida Walker; quercus Boisduval. This is a Californian species. ■ 38 Arctiidae (2) Hemihyalea labecula Grote, Plate XIV, Fig. 7, $ . (The Freckled Glassy-wing.) This insect is not uncommon in Colorado. It occurs in early summer about Manitou, and among the mountains generally. Genus OPHARUS Walker An extensive neotropical genus, represented within the limits of the United States by but one species. (1) Opharus astur Cramer, Plate XIV, Fig. 5, 3. (The Astur Moth.) Syn. albicans, Walker; maculicolhs Walker; pustulata Packard. The insect is common in Mexico and South America, and occasionally occurs in Arizona. Genus CALIDOTA Dyar A neotropical genus containing a dozen species or more, two of which are found within our limits. We figure one of these; the other, C. muricolor Dyar, has the wings mouse-gray, semihyaline, the secondaries paler than the primaries. The head is gray in front, yellowish above; the thorax is gray, the collar edged inwardly with ochreous; the abdomen is reddish buff, with a series of black dorsal spots and broad lateral bands of the same color. The pectus and coxae are ochreous, the legs gray. The type of the species came from Arizona. (1) Calidota strigosa Walker, Plate XVI, Fig. 24, $ . (The Streaked Calidota.) Syn. cubensis Grote; laqueata Henry Edwards. This insect occurs in Florida, and is abundant in the Antilles. Its life-history has been described by Dyar in the Proceedings of the United States National Museum, for 1900. p. 268. The food-plant is Guettarda elliptica. Genus EUPSEUDOSOMA Grote Three species are attributed by Hampson to this genus, one of which, the type of the genus, we figure. It is the only species of the genus occurring within our territory. (1) Eupseudosoma involutum Sepp, Plate XIV, Fig. 1, $ . (The Snowy Eupseudosoma.) Syn. nivea Herrich-Schaeffer; flortdum Grote; immaculata Graf. 139 Agaristida* The life-history of this species has been given by Dyar, I. c., p. 258. The food-plants are Eugenia buxi folia, Eugenia procera, and Psidium pyrifera. The insect has a wide range in tropical America, occurring from Florida to southern Brazil. Genus BERTHOLDIA Schaus A small neotropical genus represented in our fauna by one species. (1) Bertholdia trigona Grote, Plate XIV, Fig. 2, $. (Grote's Bertholdia.) The moth flies in Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, and northern Mexico. FAMILY AGARISTID/E "Ye lovers of marvel and fairy lore. Say not that the days of enchantment are o'er, That the well-springs of Fancy and Fable fail. There are streamlets yet where the river-sprite With his Harlequin changes bewilders the sight; There are castles yet of ivory and gold, Hung with floral fabrics by sunshine unroll'd, Within whose luxurious recesses recline Fays of exquisite form, quaffing exquisite wine; Some in gossamer veiled of ethereal dyes, Which have only their match in the rainbow'd skies; Some in richest and softest of velvets arrayed, Or in mail that does shame to the armourer's trade. These are haunting us ever for ill, or for good, Through earth and through air, field, forest, and flood: To transport our thoughts, as by magic spell, From the sordid objects whereon they dwell, To a land of the Marvellous dimly displayed, Where the light-winged Fancy, by wonder stayed, Still delighteth to hover, and joyously say: 'Oh ! my darling elves, ye 're not chased away, There's a region still where ye have a place — The mysterious world of the Insect race.' " Acheta Domestica. Episodes of Insect Life. The Agaristidae compose a family of moderate size. The moths are day-flying in their habit, and in the tropics both 140 Explanation of Plate XVII (Except when otherwise indicated, the specimens figured are con- tained in the collection of W. J. Holland.) i. Haploa militaris Harris, 9 . 2. Haploa colona Hubner, 9 . 3. Haploa vestalis Packard, (?. 4. Haploa militaris Harris, cT . 5. Haploa consita Walker, cj1 ■ 6. Haploa conjusa Lyman, J1. 7. Haploa clymene Brown, c? . 8. Utethcisa ornalrix Linnreus, <$ ■ 9. Haploa dyari Merrick, cj , Merrick Collection. 10. Haploa militaris Harris, c? , Merrick Collection. 11. Copidryas gloveri Grote & Robinson, cT . 12. Fenaria sevorsa Grote, 9- 13. Androloma maccullochi Kirby, cf . 14. Alypia ridingsi Grote, cT . 15. Alypia mariposa Grote & Robinson, 9 ■ 16. Alypia langtoni Couper, cf . 17. Alypia langtoni Couper, 9 ■ 18. Alypia wittjeldi Henry Edwards, d? . 19. Alypia wittjeldi Henry Edwards, 9 • 20. Alypia octomaculata Fabricius, c? . 21. Alypia octomaculata Fabricius, 9- 22. Alypiodes bimaculata Herrich-Schaeffer, c^. 23. Euthisanotia grata Fabricius, cT- 24. Euthisanotia unio Hubner, c? ■ 25. Baileya ophthalmica Guenee, 9 • 26. Baileya doubledayi Guenee, c? . 27. Baileya australis Grote, c?. 28. Aleptina inca, Dyar cj1 . 29. Charadra decora Morrison, c? . 30. Panthea porilandia Grote, J1, U. S. N. M. 31. Panthea furcilla Packard, c? , U. S. N. M. 32. Feralia jocosa Guenee, r? . l\^-<4 r: v % y fcwf ,~t*^ -1 3 ■>■■■-■ ■,->;V^"^-L: ;RARY ASTOS, LENOX AND TILDE.N HoU'lO-TlONS. Agaristidx of the Old World and the New reckon in their number some of the most resplendently colored insects found upon the globe. They are regarded as being an offshoot of the Noctuidae. The following description of the characteristics of the family is adapted from Hampson with reference to the forms found within our faunal limits: 'Proboscis fully developed; palpi upturned and well devel- oped, the third joint usually naked and porrect; frons with a rounded, conical, or corneous process; antennae cylindrical, almost simple, with slight bristles at the joints, not ciliated, and more or less distinctly dilated toward the extremity. Ocelli present; eyes sometimes hairy; tibial spurs well devel- oped, the tibia; rarely spined; the male claspers often very large; wings large and strongly formed. Fore wing with vein \a separate from \b; \c absent; 5 from or from close to angle of cell; the areole present in nearly all the genera. Hind wing with vein \a present; \c absent; 5 obsolescent from angle of discocellulars; 6, 7 from upper angle or shortly stalked; 8 free at base, then bent downward to anastomose with the cell at a point only. All the species have silvery blue scales on the fore wings. The larvae are noctuiform and have all the prolegs present. The pupa is naked.' Genus COPIDRYAS Grote Two species belonging to this genus occur within the limits of the United States. We give illustrations of both of them. (1) Copidryas gloveri Grote & Robin- son, Plate XVII, Fig. [I, $. (Glover's Purslane-moth.) The life-history of this rather pretty moth has been well worked out by Professor C. V. Riley and from his article published in " Insect Life." Vol. I, p. 104, we have taken the cuts which are here- Fig. 78.— Egg of Co- _, , . piJryas gloveri great.lv with given. The drawings of the egg, enlarged. pupa, and cocoon were made by Mr. C. L. Marlatt. The excellent account given by Professor Riley is drawn upon for the following quotations: "The eggs are laid 141 of from two to five. Fig. 79. — Pupa and cocoon cell of Copidryas gloveri. Agaristidae on the under side of the purslane leaf, either singly or in clusters The larva hatches in two or three days, and is at first light green or yellowish green with darker shading across the middle of the body. In eight or nine days it attains full growth after having passed through four molts. The full grown larva is light gray or dull white with black dashes on the sides of each seg- ment, and with the shadings of salmon pink." "The full-grown larvae enter the ground for pupation, excavat- ing a tubular burrow in the sur- face soil, gumming the lining and closing the opening with a thin layer of particles of soil. . . . The insect remains in this state in the neighborhood of twelve days." In the accompanying figures we show the egg, the pupa, and the adult larva and moth. The insect is very abundant at certain times in Nebraska, Kansas, and the southwestern States generally, and ranges into northern Mexico. It appears to feed exclusively upon purs- lane, and as this plant is of no particular economic value, but is justly accounted as a trouble- some weed, we may wish bless- ings upon Copidryas gloveri. (2) Copidryas cosyra Druce, Plate XI, Fig. 19, $ . (The Cosyra Moth.) This pretty insect, which belongs to the same genus as the preceding, though assigned by the author of the species to the genus Euthisanotia, is found in Arizona and in Mexico. Its habits are undoubtedly very much 142 Fig. So. — Copidryas gloveri. a. moth; b. larva. (After Riley.) Agaristidae the same as those of Glover's Purslane Moth, though up to the present time no one has described them. Genus TUERTA Walker Only one species of this genus, which is better represented in Africa than in America, is found within our binders. (i) Tuerta sabulosa Boisduval. (The Sand-dune Moth.) Syn. noctuiformis Mocschler. The moth has the primaries grayish-brown marked with white at the insertion of the \\f\ \ ^^' wings. The secondaries are bright on yellow, with a wide black marginal border, . ... _, c . Fig. 81 — Tu as represented in the cut. The habitat of the ju/0M $ . insect is Arizona and Mexico. Genus ALYPIA Hubner This genus is well represented within our territory. The following synopsis of the species is adapted from Hampson: I. (AnJroloma.) Fori i le with a dilation of costa and a groove of ribbed membrane below it from base i x- ding beyond middle mac-cullochi II. Fore wing of male with a postmedial dilation of costa and groove of ribbed membrane below it; wing elongated. a. Fore wing with the markings yellow disparata b. Fore wing with the markings white brannani III. (Alypia.) Fore wing of male without dilation of costal area or grove. A. Fore and mid tibicc, orange; hind wings marked with white. a. Discal spot of fore wing longitudinal octomaculata b. Discal spot of fore wing transverse wittjeldi Hind wings marked with yellow. c. Hind wing with subbasal yellow spot dipsaci d Hind wing without subbasal yellow spot langtoni B. Mid tibiae only orange. a. Wings with the spots not traversed by black veins . .mariposa b. Wings with the spots traversed by black veins . . . .ridingsi (i) Alypia mac-cullochi Kirby, Plate XVII, Fig. 13, 6. (MacCulloch's Forester. ) Syn. lorquini Grote & Robinson; similis Stretch; edwardsi Boisduval. The habitat of this species is Canada and the Rocky Mountains northward to Alaska. 143 Henry Edwards. (The Mexican Fig. 82 — Alypia disparata, $ , (After Hampson.) Agaristidae (2) Alypia disparata Forester.) Syn. gracilenta Grasf ; dcspcrala Kirby. The structural features of this species are shown in the accompanying cut, for the use of which we tare indebted to the kind- ness of Sir George F. Hampson. The insect occurs in southern Texas, Arizona, and Mexico. The writer has a large series collected for him in the neighborhood of Jalapa, where it is apparently more common than farther north. (3) Alypia octomaculata Fabricius, Plate XVII, Figs. 16, 20, $, Fig. 21, ?. (The Eight-spotted Forester.) Syn. biinaculata Gmelin; quadrigullalis Hiibner; matuta Henry Edwards. This very common insect, which sometimes proves a veritable plague by the depredations which it commits upon the foliage of the Ampelopsis, which is extensively grown in our cities as a decorative vine, is found everywhere in the northern Atlantic States, and ranges westward beyond the Mississippi. One good thing which can be set down to the English sparrow is the work, which he has been observed by the writer to do in devouring the larvae of this moth from the vines with which his home is covered. (4) Alypia wittfeldi Henry Edwards, Plate XVII, Fig. 18, $ , Fig. 19, $ . (Wittfeld's Forester.) Sir George F. Hampson sinks this species as a synonym of A. octomaculata, but the writer cannot agree with him in this. The form of the spots on the primaries, the white at the Fig. 83. — Alypia octomaculata. a. larva; b. enlarged somite, showing markings ; c. moth. (After Riley.) '44 Agaristidae base of the abdomen, and the white annulus near its extremity, are at all events marks quite as characteristic as those by which some other species in the genus are separated. Its habitat is southern Florida. (5) Alypia langtoni Couper, Plate XVII, Fig. 17, $. (Langton's Forester). Syn. sacramenti Grote & Robinson; hudsonica Henry Edwards. This species ranges from Canada westward through British Columbia into California in the south and Alaska in the north. (6) Alypia mariposa Grote & Robinson, Plate XVIII, Fig. 15. (The Californian Forester.) This, undoubtedly the handsomest species of the genus, is confined to the Pacific coast. (7) Alypia ridingsi Grote, Plate XVII, Fig. 13, $, Fig. 14, ? . (Ridings' Forester.) A common species in the Rocky Mountain region at high elevations, and ranging northward to Sitka and the valley of the Yukon. Genus ALYPIODES Grote Two species of this genus are Mexican, the third is found in our fauna, though also occurring south of our boundary. (1) Alypiodes bimaculata Herrich-Schasffer, Plate XVII, Fig. 22. (The Two- spotted Forester.) Syn. 1 Bois- The figure in the plate represents the typi- cal form, the figure in the cut shows the aberration named crescens by Walker, in which the hind wing has a yellow spot about the mi the wing. The insect is fairly common in southern Ca New Mexico, and Arizona. Fig. 84. — Alyfnodes bimaculata, 1 Hampson.) ddle of ifornia, " The entomologist need not relax his endeavors day or night. Moth- ing is night employment." — A. S. Packard. '45 SUGARING FOR MOTHS The day has been hot and sultry. The sun has set behind great banks of clouds which are piling up on the northwestern horizon. Now that the light is beginning to fade, the great masses of cumulus, which are slowly gathering and rising higher toward the zenith, are lit up by pale flashes of sheet-lightning. As yet the storm is too far off to permit us to hear the boom of the thunder, but about ten or eleven o'clock to-night we shall probably experience all the splendor of a dashing thunder- shower. Along the fringe of woodland which skirts the back pastures is a path which we long have known. Here stand long ranks of ancient beeches; sugar maples, which in fall are glorious in robes of yellow and scarlet; ash trees, the tall gray trunks of which carry skyward huge masses of light pinnated foliage; walnuts and butternuts, oaks, and tulip-poplars. On either side of the path in luxuriant profusion are saplings, sprung from the monarchs of the forest, young elm trees planted by the winds, broad-leaved papaws, round-topped hawthorns, viburnums, spreading dogwoods, and here and there in moist places clumps of willows. Where the path runs down by the creek, sycamores spread their gaunt white branches toward the sky, and drink moisture from the shallow reaches of the stream, in which duckweed, arrow-weed, and sweet pond-lilies bloom. The woodland is the haunt of many a joyous thing, which frequents the glades and hovers over the flowers. To-night the lightning in the air, the suggestion of a coming storm which lurks in the atmosphere, will send a thrill through all the swarms, which have been hidden through the day on moss-grown trunks, or among the leaves, and they will rise, as the dusk gathers, in troops about the pathway. It is just the night upon which to take a collecting trip, resorting to the well-known method ot "sugaring." Here we have a bucket and a clean whitewash brush. We 146 Sugaring for Moths have put into the bucket four pounds of cheap sugar. Now we will pour in a bottle of stale beer and a little rum. We have stirred the mixture well. In our pockets are our cyanide jars. Here are the dark lanterns. Before the darkness falls, while yet there is light enough to see our way along the path, we will pass from tree to tree and apply the brush charged with the sweet semi-intoxicating mixture to the trunks of the trees. The task is accomplished! Forty trees and ten stumps hive been baptized with sugar-sweetened beer. Let us wash our sticky fingers in the brook and dry Ihem with our handkerchiefs. Let us sit down on the grass beneath this tree and puff a good Havana. It is growing darker. The bats are circling overhead. A screech-owl is uttering a plaintive lament, perhaps mourning the absence of the moon, which to-night will not appear. The frogs are croaking in the pond. The fireflies soar upward and flash in sparkling multitudes where the grass grows rank near the water. Now let us light our lamps and put a drop or two of chloro- form into our cyanide jars, just enough to slightly dampen the paper which holds the lumps of cyanide in place. We will retrace our steps along the path and visit each moistened spot upon the tree-trunks. Here is the last tree which we sugared. There in the light of the lantern we see the shining drops of our mixture clinging to the mosses and slowly trickling downward toward the ground. Turn the light of the lantern full upon the spot, advancing cautiously, so as not to break the dry twigs under foot or rustle the leaves. Ha! Thus far nothing but the black ants which tenant the hollows of the gnarled old tree appear to have recognized the offering which we have made. But they are regaling themselves in swarms about the spot. Look at them! Scores of them, hundreds of them are congregat- ing about the place, and seem to be drinking with as much enjoyment as a company of Germans on a picnic in the wilds of Hoboken. Let us stealthily approach the next tree. It is a beech. What is there? Oho! my beauty! Just above the moistened patch upon the bark is a great Catocala. The gray upper wings are spread, revealing the lower wings gloriously banded with M7 Sugaring for Moths black and crimson. In the yellow light of the lantern the wings appear even more brilliant than they do in sunlight. How the eyes glow like spots of fire! The moth is wary. He has just alighted; he has not yet drunk deep. Move cautiously! Keep the light of the lantern steadily upon him. Uncover your poisoning jar. Approach. Hold the jar just a little under the moth, for he will drop downward on the first rush to get away. Clap the jar over him! There! you have done it! You have him securely. He flutters for a moment, but the chloroform acts quickly and the flutterings cease. Put that jar into one pocket and take out another. Now let us go to the next tree. It is an old walnut. The trunk is rough, seamed, and full of knotted excrescences. See what a company has gathered! There are a dozen moths, large and small, busily at work tippling. Begin with those which are nearest to the ground. When I was young my grandfather taught me that in shooting wild turkeys resting in a tree, it is always best to shoot the lowest fowl first, and then the next. If you shoot the gobbler which perches highest, as he comes tumbling down through the flock, he will startle them all, and they will fly away together; but if you take those which are roosting well down among the branches, those above will simply raise their heads and stare about for a moment to find out the source of their peril, and you can bag three or four before the rest make up their minds to fly. I follow the same plan with my moths, unless, perchance, the topmost moth is some unusual rarity, worth all that suck the sweets below him. Bravo! You have learned the lesson well. You succeeded admirably in bottling those Taraches which were sucking the moisture at the lower edge of the sweetened patch. There above them is a fine specimen of Strenoloma lunilinea. Aha! You have him. Now take that Catocala. It is amasia, a charm- ing little species. Above him is a specimen of cara, one of the largest and most superb of the genus. Well done! You have him, too. Now wait a moment! Have your captives ceased their struggles in your jar? Yes; they seem to be thoroughly stunned. Transfer them to the other jar for the cyanide to do its work. Look at your lantern. Is the wick trimmed? Come on then. Let us go to the next tree. This is an ash. The moist spot 148 Sugaring for Moths shows faintly upon the silvery-gray bark of the tree. Look sharply! Here below are a few Geometers daintily sipping the sweets. There is a little Eustixis pupula, with its silvery-white wings dotted with points of black. There is a specimen of Harrisimemna, the one with the coppery-brown spots on the fore wings. A good catch! Stop! Hold still! Ha! 1 thought he would alight. That is Catocala coccinata — a fine moth — not overly common, and the specimen is perfect. Well, let us try another tree. Here they are holding a general assembly. Look! See them fairly swarming about the spot. A dozen have found good places; two or three are fluttering about trying to alight. The ants have found the place as well as the moths. They are squabbling with each other. The moths do not like the ants. 1 do not blame them. I would not care to sit down at a banquet and have ants crawling all over the repast. There is a specimen of Catocala relic/a, the hind wings white, banded with black. How beautiful simple colors are when set in sharp contrast and arranged in graceful lines! There is a specimen of Catocala neo ama, which was originally described by Abbot from Georgia. It is not un- common. There is a good Mamestra, and there Pvrophila pyramidoides. The latter is a common species; we shall find scores of them before we get through. Do not bother with those specimens of Agrotis Ypsiton; there are choicer things to be had. It is a waste of time to take them to-night. Let them drink themselves drunk, when the flying squirrels will come and catch them. Do you see that flying squirrel there peeping around the trunk of the tree? Flying squirrels eat insects. 1 have seen them do it at night, and they have robbed me of many a fine specimen. Off now to the next tree! And so we go from tree to tree. The lightning in the west grows more vivid. Hark! 1 hear the thunder. It is half-past nine. The storm will be here by ten. The leaves are beginning to rustle in the tree-tops. The first pulse of the tornado is beginning to be felt. Now the wind is rising. Boom! Boom! The storm is drawing nearer. We are on our second round and are coming up the path near the pasture-gate. Our 14Q Sugaring for Moths collecting jars are full. We have taken more than a hundred specimens representing thirty species. Not a bad night's work. Hurry up! Here are the draw-bars. Are you through? Put out the light in your lantern. Come quickly after me. I know the path. Here is the back garden gate. It is beginning to rain. We shall have to run if we wish to avoid a wetting. Ah! here are the steps of the veranda. Come up! My! what a flash and a crash that was! Look back and see how the big trees are bowing their heads as the wind reaches them, and the lightning silhouettes them against the gray veil of the rain. We may be glad we are out of the storm, with a good roof overhead. To-morrow morning the sun will rise bright and clear, and we shall have work enough to fill all the morning hours in setting the captures we have made. Good-night! "It is interesting to contemplate a tangled bank, clothed with many plants of many kinds, with birds singing on the bushes, with various insects flitting about, and with worms crawling through the damp earth, and to reflect that these elaborately constructed forms, so different from each other, and dependent upon each other in so complex a manner, have all been produced by laws acting around us. These laws, taken in the largest sense, being Growth with Reproduction; Inheritance, which is almost implied by reproduction; Variability, from the indirect and direct action of the conditions of life, and from use and disuse; a Ratio of Increase so high as to lead to a Struggle for Life, and as a consequence to Natural Selection, entailing Divergence of Character and the Extinction of less improved forms. Thus, from the war of Nature, from famine and death, the most exalted object which we are capable of conceiving, namely, the production of the higher animals, directly follows. There is a grandeur in this view of life, with its several powers, having been originally breathed by the Creator into a few forms or into one, and that, whilst this planet has gone cycling on according to the fixed law of gravity, from so simple a beginning endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful have been and are being evolved." — Darwin. I50 FAMILY NOCTUID/E " Shall mortal man be more just than God ? Shall a man be more pure than his Make] ? Behold He put no trust in His servants; And His angels He charged wit 1 How much less in them that dwell in houses of clay, Whose foundation is in the dust, Which are crushed befure the moth ? " Job, Chapter IV, 17-19. The Noctut'Jit are a huge complex of genera and species, the genera being reckoned by hundreds, and the species by thousands. Within the faunal limits intended to be covered by this book there are already known to occur in the neighborhood of three hundred and seventy-five genera, and many more than two thousand species which are referable to this family. In the arrangement of the genera and the species the author has in the main followed Dyar's Catalogue, which is based upon that of Prof. J. B. Smith, published in 1893 as "Bulletin 44 of the United States National Museum." The moths are nocturnal in their habits. The neuration is very constant, and is described as follows by Hampson ("Moths of India," Vol. II, p. 160) : " Fore wing with vein \a slight and not anastomosing with \b; \c absent; 2 from middle of cell; 3, 4, 5 from close to lower angle; 6 from upper angle; 8 given off from 7 and anastomosing with 9, which is given off from 10 to form an areole; 11 from cell; 12 long. Hind wing with \a and b present; \c absent; 2 from middle of cell; 3 and 4 from lower angle; 5 from near lower angle or middle of discocellulars, rarely absent, but more or less aborted in the Acontiince and Trifince. Frenulum always, proboscis almost always, present." The larvae are generally naked, or at most pubescent. In some of the subfamilies the larvae are semiloopers, some of the prolegs being absent. Pupation generally takes place under '51 ground without a cocoon, the earth being fashioned in some cases into a cemented cell about the pupa. Genus PANTHEA Hiibner (1) Panthea furcilla Packard, Plate XVII, Fig. 31, $. (The Eastern Panthea.) Closely allied to the following species, from which it may be distinguished by the absence of the reniform spot at the end of the cell. (2) Panthea portlandia Grote, Plate XVII, Fig. 30, $ . (The Western Panthea.) Transverse markings less diffuse than in the preceding species, and reniform spot always present. P. furcilla occurs on the northern Atlantic, and P. portlandia on the northern Pacific coast. (For the other two species consult Proceedings U. S. Nat. Museum, Vol. XXI, p. 13) Genus DEMAS Stephens (1) Demas propinquilinea Grote, Plate XIX, Fig. 3, $. (The Close-banded Demas.) The caterpillar feeds on various deciduous trees, making a case for itself by drawing two leaves together with strands of silk. It occurs in the Atlantic States. (For the other two species of genus see Proceedings U. S. Nat. Museum, Vol. XXI, p. 22.) Genus CHARADRA Walker (1) Charadra deridens Guenee, Plate X VIII, Fig. 4, ?. (The Laugher.) Syn. circuiijer Walker; contigna Walker. A rather rare moth, the habitat of which is the Atlantic States, and the larva of which makes a case for itself, very much as done by the preceding species. (2) Charadra illudens Walker, Plate XVIII, Fig. 5, I, , Fig. 2, ? . (The Sport.) Syn. pythion Druce. A Mexican species, which I admit to the fauna of our territory on the authority of George Franck of Brooklyn, who reports its occurrence in Florida. 152 Noctuidse (}) Charadra decora Morrison, Plate XVII, Fig. 29, which is contained in the angelica, $ . j. National Museum at Washington. Genus ALEPTINA Dyar This genus has been erected by Dyar to accommodate the species named inca by him in the "Canadian Entomologist," Vol. XXXIV, p. 104. The male is figured on Plate XVII, Fig. 28. The insect is found in Arizona and Texas. Genus BAILEYA Grote A small genus, the species in which have been commonly referred hitherto to the genus Leptina, but erroneously. (1) Baileya ophthalmica Guenee, Plate XVII, Fig. 25, $ . Not an uncommon species in the Appalachian Subregion. It comes freely to sugar, and is rather abundant in the forests of southern Indiana. (2) Baileya australis Grote, Plate XVII, Fig. 27, $ . This is smaller than the preceding species, and generally lighter in color, with a very pronounced blackish apical shade on the fore wings. It occurs in the Gulf States from Florida to Texas. (3) Baileya doubledayi Guenee, Plate XVII, Fig. 26, $, . Of the same size as ophthalmica, but differently marked. From australis it may readily be distinguished by its larger size, and by the different marking of the apex of the fore wings. Genus HADENELLA Grote (1) Hadenella pergentilis Grote, Plate XIX, Fig. 24, ? . This inconspicuous, but neatly marked little insect, belongs to the region of the Pacific coast, and ranges eastward as far as Colorado. (2) Hadenella subjuncta Smith, Plate XIX, Fig. 25, & . 162 NoctuidjE The identification of this insect with minuscula Morrison, made by Dr. Dyar, is open to question. The range of this species is from the Atlantic to the mountains of Colorado, north of the Gulf States. Genus ACOPA Harvey (i) Acopa carina Harvey, Plate XIX, Fig. 16, . \. Fig. 93. — Platypirigea discistriga, £ . \. This is a very common species in the Atlantic States and is freely attracted to light. Genus PLATYPERIGEA Smith This genus has been erected by Prof. J. B. Smith for the reception of three species, two of which we figure in the annexed cuts, which have been made for me from the types through the courtesy of Dr. H. G. Dyar, o f Washington. All of the species have been re- corded from Colorado. They also occur in Wyoming, and I have specimens col- lected for me in the Freeze-out Mountains in that State. They probably have an extensive range in the Rocky Mountains. Genus ANORTHODES Smith (1) Anorthodes prima Smith, Plate XIX, Fig. 19, $. This inconspicuous insect is quite common in central Ohio, and its range extends thence southward into the Southern States. It occurs in Kentucky, Tennessee, the Carolinas, and Georgia. Genus CARADRINA Ochsenheimer This is a genus of moderate extent, represented both in the Old World and the New. We have chosen a few species, familiarity with which will enable the student to recognize others. (1) Caradrina meralis Morrison, Plate XIX, Fig. 22, $ . (The Mooned Rustic.) Syn. bilunata Grote. The moth is distributed from the Atlantic seaboard to the interior of New Mexico. It is common in Texas. (2) Caradrina multifera Walker, Plate XIX, Fig. 29, ¥ ■ (The Speckled Rustic.) Syn. fidicularia Morrison. The habitat of this species is the Atlantic Subregion. 164 Explanation of Plate XIX (Except when otherwise indicated, in the collection of W. J. Holland.) i. Apatela jragilis Guenee, cT ■ 19- 2. Ciris wilsoni Grote, tf . 20. 3. Demas pro pinquilinea Grote, 21. 9, U. S. N. M. 22. 4. Harrisimemna trisignata 23. Walker, 9 . 24. 5. Apatela interrupta Guenee, 9 • 6. Apatela hasta Guenee, 9 • 2S- 7. Jaspidea lepidula Grote, r?- 26- 8. Jaspidea teratophora Herrich- 27. Scha;ffer, & ■ 28. 9. Microccelia diphtheroides 2 9 . Guenee, r]1 . 30. 10. Microccelia diphtheroides var. 31. obliterata, Grote, c? ■ 32. 11. Poly gram mate hebraicum 33. Hubner, J1. 34- 12. Cyathissa pcrcara Morrison, rf , 35- U. S. N. M. 36- 13. Chytonix palliatricula Guen6e, 37. d1. 38. 14. Chytonix palliatricula Guenee, 39. var., J1. 4°- 15. Catabena lineolata Walker, cj . 41. 16. Acopa carina Harvey, c? , U. S. N. M. 42- 17. Crambodes talidiformis Guenee, 43. cT- 44- 18. Balsa malana Fitch, c?. 45- the specimens are contained Anorthodes prima Smith, cj1 . Orthodes vecors Guenee, cT . Platyse.nta videns Guenee, 9 • Caradrina meralis Morrison, $ Platysenta albi puncta Smith, 3 Hadenella pergentilis Grote, $ U. S. N. M. Hadenella subjuncta Smith, $ Caradrina extimia Walker, o1 Caradrina punctivena Smith, cj Caradrina spilomela Walker, c? Caradrina multifera Walker, 9 Perigea xanthioides Guenee, cT Perigea vecors Guenee, 9 ■ Oligia festivoides Guenee, cj . Oligia grata Hubner, c? . Oligia fuscimacula Grote, cj1 . Hillia algens Grote, c? ■ Hadena passer Guenee, which is gen- ^Jfe? erallv referred to the genus Aporophila Guenee, is placed here on the authority of Prof. J. B. Smith. In addition to the figure given in the plate Fig. 94. — Fishea yosemiia, ? • t we have inserted a cut drawn from the type. By the help of these the student will no doubt be able to identify the species. The insect is found in California. 170 Genus POLIA Hubner A moderately large genus, which includes about twenty species in our fauna. Of these we have selected two for illustration. (i) Polia theodori Grote, Plate XX, Fig. 21, I . (Theodore's Folia.) The home of this species is the southwestern portion of the region of the Rocky Mountains. (2) Polia diversilineata Grote, Plate XX. Fig. 22, * . (The Varied-banded Polia. ) Syn. illcpida Grotc. Like the preceding species thi^ is in inhabitant of the Rocky Mountains. Genus DRYOBOTA Lederer (1) Dryobota illocata Walker, Plate XX, Fig. 24, ?. (The Wandering Dryobota.) Syn. stigmata Grote. A native of the Atlantic Subregion wandering as far west as Colorado. Genus HYPPA Duponchel The genus is found in both hemispheres. Four species are credited to North America. (1) Hyppa xylinoides Guenee, Plate XX, Fig. 23, 9. (The Common Hyppa.) Syn. contraria Walker; ai u Morrison. A very common species in the Atlantic Subregion. It is freely attracted to light in the spring of the year. Genus FERALIA Grote A small genus containing four species in our territory. The insects are generally found in groves of pine. (1) Feralia jocosa Guenee, Plate XVII, Fig. 32, $. (The Joker.) Found in suitable localities throughout the northern Atlantic States. 171 Genus MOMOPHANA Grote The only species of this genus known is a very rare insect so far as has been ascertained. The cut we give was drawn from a unique specimen in the Neumcegen Collection at the Brooklyn Institute. The type is at Cornell University. All the specimens which Fig. 95.— Momophana have been .taken have occurred in New comstocki Grote. \. York and Canada. Genus VALERIA Germar This genus occurs on both sides of the Atlantic. The only species in our fauna is Valeria opina Grote, the male of which is figured in Plate XX, Fig. 25. It is found in California. Genus EUPLEXIA Stephens But one species of this genus, which is also found in Europe, occurs in North America. English entomologists call the moth "The Small Angle Shades." The scientific name is Euplexia lucipara Linnseus, and it is depicted on Plate XX, Fig. 26. It occurs all over the United States and Canada. Genus TRACHEA Hubner This genus is also found in both hemispheres. Only one species is found in America, and is confined to the Atlantic Subregion. It is known as Trachea delicata Grote, and the male is shown on Plate XX, Fig. 27. Genus DIPTERYGIA Stephens The genus Dipterygia is represented in the New World by the species named scabriuscula by Linnceus, which also occurs in Europe. There are several Asiatic species. It is shown on Plate XX, Fig. 28. It ranges from the Atlantic westward to the Rocky Mountains. Genus ACTINOTIA Hubner This small genus is represented in the United States and Canada by the insect to which Guenee applied the specific name 172 ramosula, and which is delineated on Plate XX, Fig. 29. It is very common in Pennsylvania. Genus PYROPHILA Hubner This genus is better represented in Europe and Asia than in America. (1) Pyrophila glabella Morrison, Plate XX, Fig. }2, £. (The Gray Pyrophila.) Not nearly as common as the next species, but widely distrib- uted throughout the United States and Canada. (2) Pyrophila pyramidoides Guenee, Plate XX, Fig. 30, $ . (The American Copper Underwing.) Tnis insect, which is one of the commonest moths in the Atlantic Subregion, and ranges westward as far as Colorado, conceals itself under the loose bark of trees during the daytime, and comes forth at night. It sometimes fairly swarms at sugar, and becomes a veritable pest to the collector, who desires rarer things. The caterpillar does a ^ good deal of damage to vegetation. I have re- _ . ^„ ... b Fig. 96. — Larva of Pvropnti.i pyi wu cently been annoyed by (After Riley.) the ravages inflicted by the larvae in the spring of the year upon the foliage of imported rhododendrons, for which they seem to have a partiality in my garden. They feed freely on a great variety of shrubs and herbaceous plants. (3) Pyrophila tragopoginis Linnaeus, Plate XX, Fig. 31, $ . (The Mouse-colored Pyrophila.) Syn. repres :i Grote. A circumpolar species ranging throughout the temperate zone. Genus HELIOTROPHA Lcderer The genus is represented in the Atlantic States by a species, of which a light and a dark form occur. The typical, or light form, was named reniformis by Grote, and is depicted on Plate XX, Fig. }}, while the dark form, named atra by the same author, is shown on the same plate by Figure 34. 173 Genus PRODENIA Guenee A small but widely distributed genus found in all parts of the globe. Illustrations of two of the three species found in our fauna are given. ( i ) Prodenia commelinae Abbot & Smith, Plate XX, Fig. 36, 9. This species, which occurs in the Atlantic Subregion, is common in the southern portion of its range. (2) Prodenia ornithogalli Guenee, Plate XX, Fig. 35, $ . Not as common as the preceding species, but ranging over the entire United States. Genus LAPHYGMA Guenee A small but widely distributed genus, represented in our fauna by but one species. (1) Laphygma frugiperda Abbot & Smith, Plate XX, Fig. 37, $ . (The Fall Army Worm.) Syn. macro Guenee ; signifera Walker; plagiataWaUksx ; autwm nalis Riley. This destructive insect, which is found all over the Atlantic States, the Mississippi Valley, and thence southward through Fig. 97. — Laphygma frugiperda. a. full grown larva; b. head, mag- nified; c segment of body, viewed from above; d. viewed from side, enlarged. (After Riley.) Fig. 98. — Laphygma frugiperda. a. typical form of moth ; b. c. vari- eties. (After Riley.) Central and South America, feeds in its larval state upon a great variety of succulent plants, showing, however, a decided prefer- ■74 ence for the cereals. It does considerable damage to garden crops, and attacks cotton. It is said to inflict damage upon winter wheat, blue-grass, and timothy. The moth is variable in its markings. The typical form is represented on Plate XX, and by the upper figure in the annexed cut. It has frequently been mistaken by observers for the true Army Worm {Leucania uni- puncta). Because its ravages are generally committed in the fall of the year it was named The Fall Army Worm by the late Prof. C. V. Riley. A very excellent account of the insect is given by this distinguished authority in the "Eighth Annual Report" of the State Entomologist of Missouri, p. 48, et seq., which the student will do well to consult. It is from this article that the two accompanying figures have been taken. Genus LUSSA Grote (i) Lussa nigroguttata Grote, Plate XX, Fig. 38, $ . This little moth is found in Florida. Not much is as yet known in regard to its life-history. Genus MAGUSA Walker (1) Magusa dissidens Felder, Plate XXI, Fig. 2, $ . Syn. divai icata Grote; Moesi hlcr. The sole species of the genus found within our territory, ranging from the southern Atlantic States into South America. Genus PSEUDANARTA Henry Edwards We figure three of the five species attributed to this genus and reported to occur within the limits of the United States. ( 1 ) Pseudanarta flava Grote, Plate XX, Fig. 39, $ . (The Yellow Pseudanarta.) Syn. crocea Henry Edwards. The range of this species is from Colorado and Arizona to the southern portions of British Columbia. (2) Pseudanarta singula Grote, Plate XX, Fig. 40, $ . (The Single Pseudanarta.) The habitat of this species is the southwestern United States. (3) Pseudanarta falcata Neumcegen, Plate XX, Fig. 41, <5 • (The Falcate Pseudanarta.) The species occurs in Arizona and Mexico. 175 Genus HOMOHADENA Grote A considerable genus, one species of which we represent. (i) Homohadena badistriga Grote, Plate XXI, Fig. I, 6. This is the only species of the genus, which occurs in the northern Atlantic States. Most of them are western and southern. The range of badistriga is from the Atlantic to Colorado. Genus ONCOCNEMIS Lederer An extensive genus, in which are included over forty species, most of which are found in the western and southwestern States. We have selected for representation seven of their number. (i) Oncocnemis dayi Grote, Plate XXI, Fig. 4, $. (Day's Oncocnemis. ) Not an uncommon species in Colorado and Wyoming. (2) Oncocnemis tenuifascia Smith, Plate XXI, Fig. 5, 3 . (The Narrow-banded Oncocnemis.) The distribution of this species is the same as that of the last mentioned. (3) Oncocnemis occata Grote, Plate XXI, Fig. 8, ? . (The Harrow-moth.) This species occurs in Texas, Colorado, and the States lying westward of these, as far as the Pacific. (4) Oncocnemis chandleri Grote, Plate XXI, Fig. 7, ? . (Chandler's Oncocnemis.) Indigenous to the Rocky Mountains. (5) Oncocnemis atrifasciata Morrison, Plate XXI, Fig. 3, ? . (The Black-banded Oncocnemis.) This fine species is found in the northern portions of the Atlantic Subregion. The specimen figured was taken in Maine. (6) Oncocnemis iricolor Smith, Plate XXI, Fig. 6, ? . (The Iris-colored Oncocnemis.) So far this species has only been reported from Colorado and Wyoming. (7) Oncocnemis cibalis Grote, Plate XXI, Fig. 9, $ . (The Gray Oncocnemis.) The only specimens so far found have been taken in Colorado. 176 Explanation of Plate XX (Unless otherwise indicated, the specimens figured are contained in the collection of W. J. Holland.) i. Fishia yosemitce Grote, c?. 2. Hadena bridghami Grote & Robinson, (J1. 3. Hadena characta Grote, cj~ ■ 4. Hadena versuta Smith, cf ■ 5. Hadena lignicolor Guen6e, c?. 6. Hadena claudens Walker, cT ■ 7. Hadena transfrons Neumoegen, 9- 8. Hadena mactaia Guenee, 9 . 9. Hadena basilinea Fabricius, cj1 ■ 1 o . Hadena fractilinea Grote , cj . 11. Hadena vultuosa Grote, J*. 12. Hadena violacea Grote, 9- 13. HadenachlorostigmaHa.rvey, c? ■ 14. Hadena modica Guenee, c?. 1 5 . Hadena miseloides Guenee , 9 • 16. Hadena turbulenta. Hubner, $ . 17. Calophasia strigata Smith, 9 , U. S. N. M. 18. Macronoctua onusta Grote, 9 < U. S. N. M. 19. Hadena vinela Smith , cj1 ■ 20. Hadena occidens Grote, d\ U. S. N. M. 21. Polia theodori Grote, <5V 22. Polia diversilineata Grote, (J1. 23. Hyppa xylinoides Guenee, 9 • 24. Dryobota illocata Walker, 9 • 25. Valeria opina Grote, cT , U. S. N. M. 26. Euplexia lucipara Linnaeus, 9 ■ 27. Trachea delicata Grote, cT ■ 28. Dipterygia s c abriu s cula Linnaeus, 9 • 29. Aciinoiia ramositla Guenee, 9 • 30. Pyrophila pyramidoides Guenee, 3 1 . Pyrophila iragopoginis Linnaeus, d1- 32. Pyrophila glabella, Morrison, c? ■ 33. Helotropha reniformis Grote, 9 ■ 34. Helotropha reniformis var. air a. Grote, 9 . 35. Prodenia ornithogalli Guenee, 9- 36. Prodenia commelinte Abbot & Smith, 9 . 37. Laphygma jrugiperda Abbot & Smith, <5\ 38. Lttssa nigroguttata Grote, r? , U. S. N. M. 39. Pseudanarta flava Grote, c?. 40. Pseudanarta singula Grote, cj1. 4 1 . Pseudanarta falcata Neumcegen , - ffrj?"**. ming. Through the Lindn. s:V \?-^Jv^.T^^*'i of Dr. Dyar a drawing of the ^jSBBB&Mm type was made for me the A^^^l^fl^^H United States National Museum /\ i':M a^ and it is reproduced in the an- ^=¥s& ^f nexed cut (Fig. 104). 1 1 . . ic \. Pi m tua typica. Genus CHORIZAGROTIS Smith Eight species are attributed to this genus by Dyar in his recent Catalogue of the moths of the United States. We figure three of them. (1) Chorizagrotis introferens Grote, Plate XXII, Fig. 1-. . (The Interfering Dart.) This insect is not scarce in Texas and Colorado, and thence ranges westward to California. (2) Chorizagrotis inconcinna 1 larvey, Plate XXII, Fig. 22, J . (The Inelegant Dart.) An obscurely colored species occuring in the southwestern States. (3) Chorizagrotis balanitis Grote, Plate XXII, Fig. 17. ' (The Acorn Dart.) The range of this insect is from Colorado to British Columbia. Genus RHIZAGROTIS Smith About a dozen species have been assigned to this genus by recent writers. We figure one of them, to which Prof. J. B. Smith has applied the name proclivis. It is represented by a female specimen on Plate XXII, Fig. 16. The insect occurs in Arizona and northern Mexico. 185 Genus FELTIA Walker This is a considerable genus, represented by species in the northern portions of both hemispheres. (i) Feltia subgothica Haworth. (The Subgothic Dart.) Of this common species, which is found in the northern portions of the United States and also in Canada, and which likewise occurs in Europe, we give a figure on Plate XXII. We also have re- produced a cut of the species taken from Prof. C. V. Riley's First Missouri Report. The larva is one of the com- monest cut-worms, found more abundantly, how- ever, in the West than in range over the northern Fig. 105. — Feltia subgothica. Moth with wings expanded; moth with wines closed. the East. The species has a wide portions of the United States and through southern Canada (2) Feltia herilis Grote, Plate XXII, Fig. 20, $ . (The Master's Dart.) The insect ranges from the Atlantic to the Rocky Mountains. (3) Feltia gladiaria Morrison, Plate XXII, Fig. 19, ? . (The Swordsman Dart.) Syn. morrisoniana Riley. The distribution of this species is the same as that of the previous. (4) Feltia venerabilis Walker, Plate XXII, Fig. 26, 8 . (The Venerable Dart. ) Widely distributed throughout the United States. (5) Feltia vancouverensis Grote, Plate XXII, Fig. 42, 9. (The Vancouver Dart.) Syn. hortulana Morrison; semiclarata Grote; agilis Grote. I have given the above name to the specimen figured on the Plate as cited upon the authority of Prof. J. B. Smith, who has kindly examined the figure. The specimen came from Labrador. (6) Feltia volubilis Harvey, Plate XXII, Fig. 23, 9. (The Voluble Dart. ) Syn. stigmosa Morrison. Found throughout our entire territory. (7) Feltia annexa Treitschke, Plate XXII, Fig. 28, ? . (The Added Dart.) Syn. decernens Walker. Found throughout the southern Atlantic and Gulf States and ranging into South America. (8) Feltia malefida Guenee, Plate XXII, Fig. 32, ? . (The Rascal Dart.) This species has the same range as that of the last mentioned form. Genus POROSAGROTIS Smith Eleven species are assigned by Dr. Dyar in his Catalogue to this genus. As representatives of these we have chosen five for illustration. (1) Porosagrotis vetusta Walker, Plate XXII, Fig. 25, $. (The Old Man Dart.) Syn. murcemtla Grote & Robinson. This pale-colored species extends in its range from the Atlantic to Colorado. (2) Porosagrotis fusca Boisduval, Plate XXII, Fig. 31, $. (The Fuscous Dart.) Syn. septentrionalis Mceschler; patula Walker. The specimen figured was taken at Nain, Labrador. The insect is said also to occur in the Rocky Mountains. (3) Porosagrotis tripars Walker, Plate XXII, Fig. 24, 3 ; Fig. 37, ? . (The Tripart Dart.) Syn. w ■ . ■ i Grotc. The specimens figured came from Colorado. (4) Porosagrotis rileyana Morrison, Plate XXII, Fig. 33, $ . (Riley's Dart.) This species is spread from the Atlantic to the Rocky Mountains. (5) Porosagrotis daedalus Smith, Plate XXII, Fig. 29, $. (The Daedalus Dart.) The insect is peculiar to the region of the Rocky Mountains. Genus EUXOA Hubner This great genus, including nearly two hundred species, which are found in the region, with which this book deals, has .87 in recent years been ranged under the name Carneades after the teaching of Grote, but as Carneades, which was erected by Bates, includes a different concept, this name was abandoned by Dr. Dyar, and the name Paragrotis Pratt was substituted for it. This name, however, must yield to the older name proposed bv Hubner, and which we have adopted at the suggestion of Prof. J. B. Smith. ( i ) Euxoa quadridentata Grote & Robinson, Plate XXII, Fig. 30, $ . (The Four-toothed Dart. ) This insect is distributed from Colorado to Oregon. (2) Euxoa brevipennis Smith, Plate XXII, Fig. 27, 9 . (The Short- winged Dart.) The range of this species is the same as that of the preceding. (3) Euxoa olivalis Grote, Plate XXII, Fig. 34, $ . (The Olive Dart.) The species occurs in Colorado and Utah. (4) Euxoa flavidens Smith, Plate XXII, Fig. 38, $ . (The Yellow-toothed Dart.) This moth is spread through the region of the Rocky Mountains from Colorado to northern Mexico. The specimen figured came from the Sierra Madre of Chihuahua. It has been compared with the type in the National Museum at Washington. (5) Euxoa perpolita Morrison, Plate XXII, Fig. 36, I . (The Polished Dart.) It ranges from the States of the northern portion of the Atlantic Subregion to the mountains of Colorado. (6) Euxoa velleripennis Grote, Plate XXII, Fig. 35, $ . (The Fleece-winged Dart.) It has the same range as the preceding species. It may at once be distinguished from it by its slighter build, and by the whiter hind wings. (7) Euxoa detersa Walker, Plate XXII, Fig. 39, $ . (The Rubbed Dart.) Syn. pityochrous Grote; personata Morrison. A pale and inconspicuously colored insect, which has the same distribution as the two preceding species. (8) Euxoa messoria Harris, Plate XXII, Fig. 40, S ■ (The Reaper Dart.) Explanation of Plate XXII (Except when otherwise indicated the specimens figured are con- tained in the collection of W. J. Holland.) i. Noctua c -nigrum Linnasus, 9- 22. 2. Noctua phyllophora Grote, ? . 3. Noctua oblata Morrison, c? ■ 23. 4. Noctua fennica Tauscher, c?. 24. 5. Noctua jucunda Walker, 9- 2S- 6. Noctua plecta Linnaeus, cj ■ 26. 7 . Noctua c o liar is Grote & 27. Robinson, c?. 28. 8. Noctua lubricans Guen6e, cJ1. 29. 9. Noctua haruspica Grote, 9 • 3°- 10. Noctua subsirigata Smith, rj1. 1 1 . Noctua atricincta Smith , c? . 31. 12. Noctua juncta Grote, rj1. 13. N octua calgary Smith, &. 32. 14. Noctua clandestina Harris, 9 • 33- 15. Chorizagrotis introjerens Grote, 9- 34. 16. Rhizagrotis proclivis Smith, 9 • 35 17. Chorizagrotis balanitis Grote, 36 (?■ 37 18. Noctua havilce Grote, cj1. 38 19. Feltia gladiaria Morrison, 9 • 39 20. Feltia herilis Grote, c? ■ 40 zi. Feltia subgothica Ha worth, c? . 41 Chorizagrotis inconcinna Harvey, 9 ■ Feltia volubilis Harvey, 9 • Porosagrotis tripars Grote, cT ■ Porosagrotis veiusta Walker, J1. Feltia venerabilis Walker, c? . Euxoa brevipennis Smith, 9 • Feltia annexa Treitschke, 9 • Porosagrotis dcrdalus Smith, c? Euxoa quadridentata Grote & Robinson, <5V Porosagrotis jusca Boisduval, rj. Feltia male fid a Guen6e, $ . Porosagrotis rileyana Morrison, 9. Euxoa olivalis Grote , c? ■ Euxoa velleripennis Grote, tf . Euxoa perpolita Morrison, rj1. Porosagrotis tripars Walker, c? ■ Euxoa flavidens Smith, (?. Euxoa deter sa Walker, c?. Euxoa messoria Harris, c? . Hadena semilunata Grote, c?. 42. Feltia vancouverensis Morrison, 9 ■ The Moth Book THE NEW YORK j PUBLIC LIBRARY astor, lenox and tilden foundations. <= I- Noctuidae Svn. spissa Guenfie; cochrani Riley; repcnlis Grote & Robinson; dis- pliciens Walker, ete. This wretched little creature, the larva of which is one of our most destructive cut-worms, was described seven times by Walker under different names. The more inconspicuous, or the smaller an insect, the more names it bears. The littlest bugs have the biggest names. It is thus also, sometimes, with men. (9) Euxoa lutulenta Smith, Plate XXIII, Fig. 13, $ . (The Muddy Dart.) An inconspicuous species, which ranges from Alberta in the north to Colorado in the south, and thence westward to California. (10) Euxoa dissona Moeschler, Plate XXIII, Fig. 5, ? . (The Dissonant Dart.) This moth is found in Labrador. (11) Euxoa titubatis Smith, Plate XXIII. Fig. 6, $ . (The Tippling Dart.) The distribution of this species is coincident with that of the preceding. (12) Euxoa insulsa Walker, Plate XXIII, Fig. 3, 5. (The Silly Dart.) Syn. insignata Walker; expulsa Walker; Walker; decolor Morrison; campestris Grote; veril This is another poor creature, which unconsciously has suffered much at the hands of the species-makers. It is found all over the United States. (13) Euxoa albipennis Grote, Plate XXIII, Fig. 7, S . (The White-winged Dart.) Syn. nigripennis Grote. A common species in the Atlantic Subregion ranging across the valley of the Mississippi into Colorado. (14) Euxoa tessellata Harris, Plate XXIII, Fig. 4, $ . (The Tessellate Dart.) Syn. maizi. Fitch; atropurpurea Grote. Universally distributed throughout our region. (is) Euxoa basalis Grote, Plate XXIII, Fig. 8, $. (The Basal Dart.) This species is found in Colorado and Wyoming, and probably has a still wider range. 180 Noctuidae (16) Euxoa ochrogaster Guenee, Plate XXIII, Fig. 10, $. (The Yellow-bellied Dart.) Syn. illata Walker; cinereomaculata Morrison; gularis Grote; turris Grote. This moth is found in the northern Atlantic States and thence westward to the foothills of the Rocky Mountains. (17) Euxoa furtivus Smith, Plate XXIII, Fig. 11, $. (The Furtive Dart.) The habitat of this species is the region of the Rocky Mountains. (18) Euxoa obeliscoides Guenee, Plate XXIII, Fig. 12, $ . (The Obelisk Dart.) Syn. scxatilis Grote. Distributed over the northern Atlantic States, and across the valley of the Mississippi to Wyoming and Colorado. (19) Euxoa redimicula Morrison, Plate XXIII, Fig. 9, $. (The Fillet Dart.) The insect has exactly the same range as the last mentioned species. Genus EUCOPTOCNEMIS Grote There is but one species of the genus recognized in our fauna. To this Guenee gave the name nmbriaris. It was afterward named obvia by Walker. Its habitat is New England. It is a scarce species in col- lections. The figure we give was taken Fig. io6.-Eucoptocnemis from a specimen in the United States fimbriaris. National Museum. Genus RICHIA Grote A small genus of obscurely colored moths. They are found in the southwestern States. (1) Richia aratrix Harvey, Plate XXIII, Fig. 14, S. (The Plough-girl.) The species is found in Colorado and Texas. (2) Richia parentalis Grote, Plate XXIII, Fig. 15, S . (The Parental Dart.) 190 Noctuidae This is a New Mexican species. It also occurs in Texas, and in the mountains of northern Mexico. Genus ANYTUS Grote Only a few species have been recognized as belonging to this genus. Of the five which have been named, we figure two. (1) Anytus privatus Walker, Plate XXIII, Fig. 16, $ . (The Sculptured Anytus.) Syn I ote. A native of the Atlantic Subregton. (2) Anytus obscurus Smith, Plate XXIII, Fig. 17, ' . (The Obscure Anytus. ) Thus far this insect has only been reported from Alberta. Genus UFEUS Grote A small genus of rather large, plainly colored moths, having a robust habitus, which permits them to be easily distinguished from others. (1) Ufeus plicatus Grote, Plate XXIII, Fig. [9, (The Pleated Ufeus. ) Syn- 1 I ••ns. Distributed over the northern Atlantic States, and westward as far as California. The insect is not, however, very common. (2) Ufeus satyricus Grote, Plate XXIII, Fig. 20, & . (The Satyr.) This moth ranges over the northern Atlantic States, but, like the other species of the genus, does not appear to be anywhere very common. Genus AGROTIPHILA Grote There are seven species attributed to this genus by recent authors. We can only figure one of them. (1) Agrotiphila incognita Smith, Plate XXIII, Fig. 18, '. The species occurs in Alberta and westward to British Columbia. Genus MAMESTRA Ochsenheimer A very large genus, represented in both hemispheres by a large number of species. The caterpillars of some species are 191 Noctuidae quite destructive to cultivated plants. Of the one hundred and ten or more species occurring in our territory we have selected thirty for purpose of illustration. This number of species, if correctly ascertained by the student, ought to enable him to form some idea of the general character of the complex of insects, with which we are now dealing. (i) Mamestra imbrifera Guenee, Plate XXIII, Fig. )2, ?. (The Cloudy Mamestra.) A native of the northern Atlantic States. It is not rare in New England. (2) Mamestra purpurissata Grote, Plate XXIII, Fig. 26, $ . (The Empurpled Mamestra.) This is a very common species in Maine and Quebec. It occurs less commonly south of these localities. (9) Mamestra juncimacula Smith, Plate XIX. Fig. 41, 6 . (The Fused-spot Mamestra.) The habitat of this species is Colorado. (4) Mamestra meditata Grote, Plate XXIII, Fig. 21, ?. (The Studied Mamestra.) Quite a common species in the Appalachian Subregion. (5) Mamestra lustralis Grote, Plate XXIII, Fig. 22, $ . (The Lustral Mamestra.) Syn. suffusa Smith. The range of this species is through the Atlantic States south and west to Arizona and northern Mexico. (6) Mamestra detracta Walker, Plate XXIII, Fig. 24, $ . (The Disparaged Mamestra.) Syn. claviplena Grote. The range of this insect is the same as that of the last men- tioned species. (7) Mamestra farnhami Grote, Plate XXIII, Fig. 23, ?. (Farnham's Mamestra.) A native of the eastern portions of the region of the Rocky Mountains. (8) Mamestra liquida Grote, Plate XXIII, Fig. }6, ? . (The Liquid Mamestra.) The range of this insect is in the northwestern part of our territory as far as British Columbia. 192 Noctuidae (9) Mamestra radix Walker, Plate XXIII, Fig. 25, $ . (Dimmock's Mamestra.) Syn. dimrn 1 I desperata Smith. Distributed from Maine and Quebec across the northern parts of the United States and the southern portions of the British possessions to the Pacific. (10) Mamestra nevadae Grote, Plate XXIII, Fig. 53, ?. (The Nevadan Mamestra.) Found in Nevada and California. (11) Mamestra subjuncta Grote & Robinson, Plate XXIII, Fig. 27, $ . (The Harnessed Mamestra.) Not at all an uncommon species in the Appalachian Subregion, ranging across the Mississippi Valley to the foothills of the Rocky Mountains. (12) Mamestra grandis Boisduval, Plate Will. \"\^. 41,6. (The Grand Mamestra. ) Syn. libera Walker. (13) Mamestra trifolii Rottemburg, Plate XXIII, Fig. 29, <5 . (The Clover Mamestra.) Syn. chenopodii Fabricius; albijitsa Wall! ;r;,i Walker; m 1 f 1 Speyer. Found throughout Furope, northern Asia, and the United States and Canada. The caterpillar does at times considerable damage to crops. (14) Mamestra rosea Harvey, Plate XXIII, Fig. 30, ? . (The Rosy Mamestra.) Distributed generally through the northern portions of the United States and the southern portions of Canada and British Columbia. (is) Mamestra congermana Morrison, Plate XXIII, Fig. 31, $ . (The Cousin German.) This insect ranges from the Atlantic to the eastern portions of the region of the Rocky Mountains. (16) Mamestra picta Harris, Plate I, Fig. 11, larva; Plate XXIII, Fig. 34, i . (The Painted Mamestra.) Syn. exusta GmmV; conlraria Walker. This is one of the commonest species of the genus. The caterpillar is a conspicuous object, and in the fall of the year is 193 Noctuidae generally very noticeable, feeding upon various herbaceous plants. It is a promiscuous feeder, and to enumerate all the vege- tables which it attacks would al- most be to provide a list of the plants of the United States. They manifest, however, a decided preference, when accessible, for the cruciferous plants, and do much dam- age in fields of cabbages and beets. There are two broods in Middle States, species does -Mamestra picta. a. (After Riley.) larva ; moth. the The not Its occur on the Pacific coast, so far as is known to the writer- range is from the Atlantic to the eastern foothills of the Rocky Mountains. (17) Mamestra lubens Grote, Plate XXIII, Fig. 28, $ . (The Darling Mamestra.) A denizen of the northern portions of the United States. (18) Mamestra latex Guenee, Plate XXIII, Fig. 40, $ . (The Fluid Mamestra.) Syn. demissa Walker. This insect has the same range as the preceding species. (19) Mamestra adjuncta Boisduval, Plate XXIII, Fig. j$8, ?. (The Hitched Mamestra.) This species occurs from southern Canada to the Carolinas and westward to Missouri and Minnesota. (20) Mamestra rugosa Morrison, Plate XXIV, Fig. 3, $ . (The Rugose Mamestra.) The habitat of this species is Maine and Nova Scotia. (21) Mamestra lilacina Harvey, Plate XXIII, Fig. '9, $. (The Lilacine Mamestra.) Syn. illabefacta Morrison. I94 Explanation of Plate XXIII (Unless otherwise indicated, the specimens figured are contained in the collection of W. J. Holland.) i. Cerapoda stylata Smith, c? , U. S. N. M. 2. Epidemas cinerea Smith, 9 , U. S. N. M. 3. Euxoa insulsa Walker, 9 . 4. Euxoa tessellata Harris, rj ■ 5. Euxoa dissona Mceschler, 9 . 6. Euxoa titubatis Smith, (?■ 7. Euxoa albipennis Grote, cf . 8. Euxoa basalts Grote, rj1 . 9. Euxoa redimicula Morrsion, c? ■ 10. Euxoa ochrogaster Guen£e, rj. 11. Euxoa furtivus Smith, c? ■ 12. isM;roa obeliscoides Guenee, $ . 13. Euxoa lutulcnta Smith, c?. 14. Richia aratrix Harvey, rj1. 15. Richia parcntalis Grote, cJ1. 16. Anytus privatus Walker, cj1 . 17. Any/Ms obscurus Smith, rj1. 18. Agrotiphila incognita Smith, rj1. 19. Ufeus plicatus Grote, cJ1. 20. Ufeus satyricus Grote, c? . 21. Mamestra meditata Grote, 9- 22. Mamestra lustralis Grote, 9 • 23. Mamestra farnhatni Grote, 9 • 24. Mamestra detracta Walker, rj. 25. Mamestra radix Walker, r? . 26. Mamestra purpurissata Grote, 27. Mamestra subjuncta Grote & Robinson, cj1 . 28. Mamestra lubens Grote, c? ■ 29. Mamestra trifolii Rottemburg, cT- 30. Mamestra rosea Harvey, 9 • 3 1 . Mamestra congermana Morrison, 9- 32. Mamestra imbrifcra Guenfie, 9 ■ 33. Mamestra nevadce Grote, 9 • 34. Mamestra picta Harris, c? ■ 35. Mamestra rcnigera Stephens, 9 . 36. Mamestra liquida Grote, 9 • 37. Mamestra olivacea Morrison, rT . 38. Mamestra adjuncta Boisduval, 9. 39. Mamestra lilacina Harvey, c? . 40. Mamestra latex Guenee, 9 • 41. Mamestra grandis Boisduval, J1 . The Moth Book Plate XXI II THE NEW YORK PUBLIC LIBRARY ASTOK. LENOX AND TtLOEN FJUNOATWN*. Noctuidas This moth ranges from the Atlantic coast to Colorado and New Mexico. (22) Mamestra renigera Stephens, Plate XX1I1, Fig. y-,, ? . (The Kidney-spotted Mamestra.) Svn ' ■■ Guenee; infecta Walker. This prettily marked little moth is found from New England and Ontario to Colorado. It occurs also in Europe. (25) Mamestra olivacea Morrison, Plate XXIII, Fig. 37, $. (The Olivaceous Mamestra.) For the very extensive synonymy of this insect the reader is referred to Dr. Dyar's "Catalogue of the Moths of the United States." It is too lengthy to impose upon these pages. The moth ranges over the northern portions of the United States and southern Canada. (24) Mamestra laudabilis Guenee, Plate XXIV, Fig. I, ?. (The Laudable Mamestra.) Syn. indicans Walker; ren. This species extends its range from New Jersey through the southern States to Texas and southern California and northern Mexico. (25) Mamestra lorea Guenee, Plate XXIV, Fig. 2, $ . (The Bridled Mamestra.) Syn. ligai 1 Walk I irote. An obscurely colored species, which ranges from the Atlantic to the Rocky Mountains. (26) Mamestra erecta Walker, Plate XXIV, Fig. 4, $ . (The Erect Mamestra.) Syn. constipata Walker; innexa Grote. This little moth occurs in Texas, Arizona, and northern Mexico. (27) Mamestra anguina Grote, Plate XXIV, Fig. 5, ? . (The Snaky Mamestra.) The insect occurs in the northern portions of our territory, and among the higher mountains of the States of Colorado and Wyoming. (28) Mamestra vicina Grote, Plate XXIV, Fig. 6, ? . (The Allied Mamestra.) Syn. teligcra Morrison; acutipennis Grote. Ranges from the Atlantic to the Pacitic. 195 (29) Mamestra neoterica Smith, Plate XXIV, Fig. 7, $ . (The Modern Mamestra.) The range of this species is from Manitoba to Aiberta, so far as is at present known. (30) Mamestra negussa Smith, Plate XXIV, Fig. 8, ? . (The Brown-winged Mamestra.) The species was originally described from Alberta. It occurs also in northern Montana. Genus ADMETOVIS Grote (1) Admetovis oxymorus Grote, Plate XXIV, Fig. 9, $ . This insect which is one of two species, which are attributed to the genus, is found from Colorado to California. Genus BARATHRA Hubner (1) Barathra occidentata Grote, Plate XXIV, Fig. 10, $ . This is a New Mexican species. Another species of the genus, named curialis by Smith, has been described by him as coming from Maine and New Hampshire. Genus NEURONIA Hubner (1) Neuronia americana Smith, Plate XXIV, Fig. 12, $. (The American Neuronia.) This is the only species of the genus represented in our terri- tory. It occurs in Montana and Alberta. Genus DARGIDA Walker The only species of this genus found within the limits of the United States was named procinctus by Grote. It is represented by the figure of the male insect on Plate XXIV, Fig. II. It is found from Colorado to California and Oregon. Genus MORRISONIA Grote Six species are attributed to this genus. We figure two of them. (1) Morrisonia sectilis Guenee, Plate XXIV, Fig. 13, $ . Syn. evicta Grote. Form vomerina Grote, Plate XXIV, Fig. 14, ? . 196 Noctuidae The home of this insect is the Northern Atlantic States. It occurs in both forms in western Pennsylvania and Indiana. (2) Morrisonia confusa Hiibner, Plate XXIV, Fig. is $. Syn. :;:;r:t luo a Walker; 1 Walker. Not uncommon in the Atlantic Subregion. Genus XYLOMIGES Guenee In our fauna are found fifteen species which have been assigned to this genus. From their number we have chosen seven to put before the students of this book. (1) Xylomiges simplex Walker, Plate XXIV, Fig. 17. $. (The Simple Woodling.) S 1. critcialis Ha> A well marked and easily recognizable species, recalling the genus Apatela, so far as the pattern of the maculation is con- cerned. It is spread from Colorado west ward to California. (2) Xylomiges dolosa Crete, Plate XXIV, Fig. 20, $ . (The Crieving Woodling.) Distributed over the northern Atlantic States, and westward to Colorado. h) Xylomiges perlubens Grote, Plate XXIV, Fig. 19, $. (The Brown Woodling.) Syn. subapicalis Smith. This species belongs to the fauna of the Pacific coast, ranging eastward to Colorado. (4) Xylomiges pulchella Smith, Plate XXIV, Fig. 21, $. (The Beautiful Woodl;: Habitat British Columbia. (s) Xylomiges patalis Grote, Plate XXIV, Fi:„'. iS. 9 . (Fletcher's Woodling. ) Syn. fletcheri (irote. Found in the Pacific States. (6) Xylomiges cognata Smith, Plate XXIV, Fig. 22, S . (The Oregon Woodling.) Ranges from British Columbia and Oregon eastward to Colorado. (7) Xylomiges indurata Smith, Plate XXIV, Fig. 23, $ . (The Hardened Woodling.) '97 Readily distinguished from X. dolosa by the lighter color of the primaries and the pure white secondaries, as well as by the different maculation. It is found in Colorado. Genus SCOTOGRAMMA Smith Of the thirteen species belonging to this genus and occurring in our fauna we depict thtee. ( i ) Scotogramma submarina Grote, Plate XXIV, Fig. 24, S . A native of the region of the Rocky Mountains ranging from Arizona to Montana. (2) Scotogramma infuscata Smith, Plate XXIV, Fig. 25, & . The figure given on the plate is taken from a specimen in the United States National Museum. The insect is found in Colorado. (3) Scotogramma inconcinna Smith, Plate XXIV, Fig. 26, $ . This plainly colored species, like its predecessor, occurs in Colorado. Genus ULOLONCHE Smith A genus of moderate extent, all of the species belonging to which are western, except the one we figure, which occurs in the Atlantic Subregion. (1) Ulolonche modesta Morrison, Plate XXIV, Fig. 16, $. The species is not common. Genus ANARTA Ochsenheimer A subarctic genus, represented in both hemispheres. The insects occur either in high northern latitudes, or at great eleva- tions upon high mountains. There are many species. We give illustrations of five of those found in our fauna. (1) Anarta cordigera Thunberg, Plate XXIV, Fig. 28, $. (The Catocaline Anarta.) Found in northern Canada, Labrador, Alaska, and thence southward along the summits of the higher ranges of the Rocky Mountains to Colorado. It also occurs in the north of Scotland, and from Norway to Kamschatka. (2) Anarta melanopa Thunberg, Plate XXIV, Fig. 27, $ . (The Black-mooned Anarta.) Syn. nigrolunata Packard. iq8 A circumpolar species commonly found in both hemispheres. (3) Anarta schcenherri Zetterstedt, Plate XXIV, Fig. 30, 8 . (Schcenherr's Anarta.) Syn. leucocycla Staudinsjer. Its habitat is Labrador, Greenland, Norway, Lapland, and arctic Asia. (4) Anarta richardsoni Curtis, Plate XXIV, Fig. 29, ? . (Richardson's Anarta.) Ranges from Alaska to Labrador, and has been found on the mountains of Norway. (5) Anarta impingens Walker, Plate XXIV, Fig. j}i, & . (The Dull Brown Anarta.) Syn. nivaria Grote; curia Morrison ; perpura Morrison. Found on the mountains of Colorado. Genus TRICHOCLEA Grote A small genus confined in its range to the mountain regions of the West. (1) Trichoclea antica Smith, Plate XXIV, Fig. 32. 3 . The specimen figured is one kindly loaned me from the national collection, and determined by the author of the species. Genus TRICHOPOLIA Grote Of this small genus we are able to give a figure of the type of the species named serrata by Professor Smith. The moth occurs in Texas. Fig. i 8 . ri serrata. £ . {. Fig. 109. — Eupolia licentiosa. $ . J. Genus EUPOLIA Smith Only one species has thus far been referred to this genus. It was named licentiosa by Prof. J. B. Smith. The annexed cut gives a figure of the type, which is preserved in the United States National Museum. Its home is Utah. Genus NEPHELODES Guenee (1) Nephelodes minians Guenee, Plate XXIV, Fig. }}, $ . Syn. expansa Walker; sobria Walker; vijiuns Guenee; subdolens Walker 199 A common species in the Atlantic States, the fall of the year in western Pennsylvania. It is abundant in Genus HELIOPHILA Hubner A large genus well represented in both the eastern and the western hemispheres. Thirty-six species are credited to our fauna. Of these we give figures of eight, selecting the commoner and a few of the rarer forms. (i) Heliophila unipuncta Haworth, Plate XXIV, Fig. 40, $ . (The Army Worm.) Syn. cxtranea Guen6e. This species, the larva of which is known as the "Northern Army Worm," or simply as the "Army Worm," is found from the Atlantic to the Rocky Mountains, and from Canada to Texas and southward at suitable elevations upon the higher plateaus of northern Mexico. It appears occasionally in vast numbers, and is regarded by the farmer and the horticulturist as one of those pests against the ravages of which they must direct a great deal of energy. The first appearance of these insects in great numbers is recorded as having occurred in New Hampshire and Massachusetts in the year 1743. In the year 1770 they devastated the fertile fields of the valley of the Con- necticut. They devoured the grasses and cereals, but neglected the pumpkins and potatoes. The chronicler of this invasion says: "Had it not been for pumpkins, which were exceedingly abundant, and potatoes, the people would have greatly suffered for food. As it was, great privation was felt on account of the loss of grass and grain." Suc- cessive attacks of the insect have been made since then upon the crops in various parts of the country. The year 1861 is memorable as having been marked by their ravages, which were particularly noticeable in the State of Missouri and in southern Illinois. An excellent account of this invasion has been published Fig. i 10. — Larva of H. unipuncta. (After Riley.) Fig. hi. — Pupa of H. unipuncta. (After Riley.) by Prof. C. V. Riley in his " Second Annual Report " as State Entomologist of Missouri. It appears from the investigations of those who are familiar with the habits of the insect that they appear in greatest numbers in years which are characterized by being wet and cool, following years in which there has been drought. Such conditions seem to be favorable to the develop- ment of the insects in great swarms. Their appearance in the fields is often at first not observed ; but when, having attained con- , rr . , , , . , , . Fig. 112. — Moth of H. unipuncta. siderable size, the supply of grain (Aftef Riky ( and grasses gives out, and they begin to migrate in vast bodies in search of provender, they .it once attract attention. The best remedy for these pests is to burn over grass lands in the winter, to keep the fence-rows clear of grass and weeds, and to plough under the land in the spring or the fall. Unfilled' grass lands on which crops are not properly rotated become centres of infection. (2) Heliophila pseudargyria Guence, Plate XXIV, Fig. 47, $ . (The False Wainscot. ) A common species in the Atlantic States, freely attracted to sugar. (3) Heliophila subpunctata Harvey, Plate XXIV, Fig. 3S, ? ■ (The Dark-wmged Wainscot.) Svn. complicate Strecker. The range of this species is from New Mexico and Texas to Arizona. (4) Heliophila minorata Smith, Plate XXIV, Fig. 41, $. (The Lesser Wainscot.) This species is found in California and Oregon. (5) Heliophila albilinea Hiibner, Plate XXIV, Fig. 34, &. (The White-lined Wainscot.) Syn. harveyi Grote. The insect is widely distributed, ranging from Nova Scotia to New Mexico and Texas, but apparently avoiding the Great Plains and the regions lying west of them. Noctuidae It is a very Fig. 113 — Heliophila albi- linea. a. Larvae; 6. Mass of eggs laid 011 the stem of wheat; c. Egg viewed from above ; d.Egg viewed from the side ; (eggs great- ly magnified). (After Riley.) common species in the Atlantic States, and at times does considerable injury to the crops. It has never, however, equaled in destructiveness the first species of the genus, to which we have given our attention on the preceding pages. It is said to be particularly attracted to the wheat when the grain is in the milk and the heads are just maturing. The damage done at this time is, in the Middle States, where winter wheat is commonly grown, due to the first generation of the insects. There are in fact two broods, one appearing on the wing in spring or early summer, the second in the late summer. The latter brood, which generally is more numerous than the first, produces the caterpillars, the pupae of which yield the moths, which, coming out in the spring of the year, lay their eggs in the wheat- fields. It is said that the habit of attacking wheat in its period of matu- ration has lately been acquired by this insect, and is an illustration of the way in which species, long regarded as innocuous, develop with apparent suddenness destructive tendencies. (6) Heliophila heterodoxa, Smith, Plate XXIV, Fig. )6, $ . (The Heterodox Wainscot.) The insect ranges from British Columbia and northern California as far east as Minnesota. (7) Heliophila multilinea Walker, Plate XXIV, Fig. 39, $ . (The Many-lined Wainscot.) Syn. iapidaria Grote. Not a scarce species in the Atlantic States. 202 Noctuidac (8) Heliophila commoides Guenee, Plate XXIV, Fig. 42, $ . (The Comma Wainscot.) The insect occurs from the Atlantic westward as far as Colorado. It is not very common. Genus NELEUCANIA Smith This is a small genus composed of species, which are, so far as is known, exclusively Western. (1) Neleucania bicolo:ata Grote. (The Two-colored Neleucania.) Of this species, which occurs in Colorado, New Mexico and Arizona, and probably has a still wider distribu- tion, we are able to give a figure based upon a specimen contained in the United f,d. „4. Neleucania States National Museum. rata. $ . {. Genus ZOSTEROPODA Grote Only one species of this genus is known at present. (1) Zosteropoda hirtipes Grote, Plate XXIV, Fig. 46, $. The insect occurs in California. Genus ORTHODES Guenee Of the ten species reputed to belong to the genus and said to be found in our territory four are figured. (1) Orthodes crenulata Butler, Plate XXIV, Fig. 37, 6". (The Rustic Quaker.) An exceedingly common species in the Atlantic States, rang- ing westward throughout the valley of the Mississippi. (2) Orthodes cynica Guenee, Plate XXIV, Fig. 38, 3 . (The Cynical Quaker.) Syn. candens Gueni ie . tecta Walker. Quite as common as the preceding species, and having the same range. (3) Orthodes vecors Guenee, Plate XIX, Fig. 20, & . (The Small Brown Quaker.) Syn. enervis Guen6e; uimia Guenee; togata Walker; velata Walker; prodeuns Walker; griseocincta Harvey; nitens Grote. 203 This is another small creature, which has caused the species- makers much exercise. It is found very generally throughout the Atlantic States. (4) Orthodes puerilis Grote, Plate XXIV, Fig. 45, $ . (The Boyish Quaker.) This insect is found in northern California. Genus HIMELLA Grote (1) Himella contrahens Walker, Plate XXIV, Fig. 44, $. Syn. thecata Morrison. This insect is found from the northern Atlantic States south- ward and westward to New Mexico and Colorado. Genus CROCIGRAPHA Grote (1) Crocigrapha normani Grote, Plate XXIV, Fig. 43, $ . Not an uncommon insect in the northern portions of the Atlantic Subregion. Genus GRAPHIPHORA Hubner This is an extensive genus, represented in both hemispheres, and containing thirty-six species, which occur within our ter- ritory. We illustrate four of them. (1) Graphiphora culea Guenee, Plate XXV Fig. 1, 2 . Syn. modified Morrison. This species is quite common in the Appalachian or Atlantic Subregion. (2) Graphiphora oviduca Guenee, Plate XXV, Fig. 2, $ . Syn. capsella Grote; orobia Harvey. The insect has the same range as the preceding species, and is equally common. (3) Graphiphora alia Guenee, Plate XXV, Fig. 3. ? . Syn. instabilis Fitch; insciens Walker; hibisci Guenee; confluens Morrison. Not a scarce species in the Atlantic Subregion. (4) Graphiphora garmani Grote, Plate XXV, Fig. 5, $ . A rather scarce insect ranging from western Pennsylvania throughout the valley of the Mississippi as far as Illinois and Iowa. 204 Explanation of Plate XXIV (Except when otherwise indicated, the specimens figured are con- tained in the collection of W. J. Holland.) 13 23 1. Mamestra laudabilis Guen6e, 26 9- 2. Mamestra lorea Guenee, J1. 27 3. Mamestra rugosa Morrison, c? . 28 4. Mamestra erecta Walker, tf . 29 5. Mamestra anguina Grote, 9 . 30 6. Mamestra vicina Grote,, 9 . 7. Mamestra neoterica Smith, c? . 31 8. Mamestra negussa Smith, 9 • 32 9. Admetovis oxymorus Grote, cT- 0. Barathra occidentata Grote, 9 . 1. Dargida procinctus Grote, rJV 2. Neuronia americana Smith, ;u. s. n. m. Fagitana obliqua Smith, c? ■ Fagitana littcra Guenee, 9 ■ Orthosia bicolorago Guenee, cT Orthosia helva Grote, 9 • Parastichiis discivaria Walker, Cosmia paleacea Esper, cT ■ 33. Scopelosoma moffatiana Grote te. The moth is found in Colorado and Utah. (8) Schinia brucei Smith, Plate XXVII, Fig. 37, S. The home of the insect is Colorado. (9) Schinia lynx Guence, Plate XXVII, Fig. 38, $. Is taken from Massachusetts to Florida and westward to the Mississippi. (10) Schinia roseitincta Harvey, Plate XXVI, Fig. 36, $. Syn. cxaltata Henry Edwards. Has been found from Colorado to Texas. (11) Schinia saturata Grote, Plate XXVII, Fig. 43, $. Ranges from Massachusetts to Florida, and westward to Texas and southern California. 227 Noctuidae (12) Schinia tertia Grote, Plate XXVII, Fig. 39, ?. This species is common in Texas. (13) Schinia albafascia Smith, Plate XXVII, Fig. 4s, $. The habitat of this species is Utah and Colorado. (14) Schinia jaguarina Guenee, Plate XXVII, Fig. 41, $. The species ranges from western Pennsylvania to Nebraska and Colorado and southward to Texas. (is) Schinia arcifera Guenee, Plate XXVII, Fig. 42, $. Syn. spraguei Grote. The species occurs from New England to New Mexico and southward. (16) Schinia packardi Grote, Plate XXVII, Fig. 31, 6*. Syn. mortua Grote; nobilis Grote. Distributed from Colorado to Texas and Arizona. (17) Schinia thoreaui Grote & Robinson, Plate XXVII, Fig. 46, 6 . Ranging from the valley of the Ohio southward into Texas. (18) Schinia marginata Haworth, Plate XXVII, Fig. 44, 8. Syn. rivulosa Guenee; divergcns Walker; coniracta Walker; designata Walker. Found from New York to Iowa and thence southward. (19) Schinia brevis Grote, Plate XXVII, Fig. 40, $. Syn. atritcs Grote. This species is spread from Massachusetts to Iowa and southward to New Mexico. Genus DASYSPOUD/EA Smith (1) Dasyspoudaea lucens Morrison, Plate XX VII, Fig. 47, 3 • A common insect in Nebraska and westward in Colorado and Wyoming. (2) Dasyspoudaea meadi Grote, Plate XXVII, Fig. 48, S . Ranges from Montana southward to Colorado. Genus PSEUDANTHCECIA Smith (1) Pseudanthcecia tumida Grote, Plate XXVII, Fig. 49, $ . This insect occurs from Colorado to the higher plateaus of northern Mexico. It is common in Chihuahua. 228 Explanation of Plate XXVII (Except when otherwise indicated,, the specimens figured are con- tained in the collection of W. J. Holland.) 13 iS 19 Calymnia orina Guenee, c?. Zotheca tranquilla Grote, cT- Ipimorpha pleonectusa Grote cy. Atcthmia subnsta Hiibner, cT U. S. N. M. Atcthmia rectijascia Grote, c? U. S. N. M. Trichocosmia inornata Grote d\ U. S. N. M. Anlaplaga dimidiala Grote, cj Grotella dis Grote, d\ U. S. N M. N 'yctero phecta luna Morrison, 9 Copablcpharon grandis Strecker C o p able phar on longipcnne Grote, 9 , U. S. N. M. Copablcpharon album Harvey, Thyreion rosea Smith, 9 , U. S. N. M. Chloridca virescens Fabricius, c?. Heliocheilus paradoxus Grote, d1- Hclioihis scutosus Fabricius, r?. Heliothis armiger Hubner, c?. Rhodophora gaurcc Abbot & Smith, J1. Rhodophora florida Guenee, cT- Rhodophora citronellus Grote & Robinson, JV 31. Triocnemis saporis Grote, cf , U. S. N. M. «. 22. Rhododipsa volupia Fitch, (J1. 23. Rhododipsa miniana Grote, rj1. 24. Rhododipsa masoni Smith, 9 • 25. P seudotamila vanella Grote, c?> U. S. N. M. 26. Porrima regia Strecker, 9 • 27. Porrima gloriosa Strecker, 9. 28. Schinia chrysellus Grote, 9 • 29. Schinia aleucis Harvey, c? ■ 30. Schinia cumatilis Grote, c?. 31. Schinia. packardi, cj'. 32. Schinia simplex Smith, 9 • 33. Schinia nundina Drury, c? . 34. Schinia acutilinca Grote, c?. 35. Schinia trifascia Hubner, 9 ■ 36. Schinia roscitincta Harvey, cj1. Schinia brucei Smith, cj1 ■ Schinia lynx Guen6e, cJ1. Schinia tertia Grote, 9 • Schinia brevis Grote, c? . Schinia jaguarina Guenee, cT ■ Schinia arcijera Guenee, 9 ■ Schinia saturata Grote, c? ■ Schinia marginata Haworth, , been placed by many authors among the Agaris- tidce, but we incline to- the opinion that it is better o a-' ■v , ( d 7 >.i located where we have put Fig. 143. — Larva of Psychomorpha epi- _ r mcnis. a. Full grown caterpillar; b, side !t> among the NoctuidX. view of segment enlarged; c, hump on Larval characteristics, how- eleventh segment. (After Riley.) ever, show a great likeness in this stage of develop- ment to the species included in the genus Alypia. The accom- panying cut, which we have reproduced from the writings of Prof. C. V. Riley, may be compared in this connection with the figure of the larva of Alypia octomaculata given on page 144. Genus PSEUDALYPIA Henry Edwards This genus, like the preceding, has been located by some recent writers among the Agaristidce. The moth is undoubtedly a Noctuid. I have placed it here in the order of arrangement, believing that upon the whole it is better located at this point in the serial arrangement F p , than anywhere else. The figure annexed is lypia cr'otchi 9. \. that of the type preserved in the American Museum of Natural History. It was drawn by Mrs. Beutenmuller. Genus EUTHISANOTIA Hubner (1) Euthisanotia unio Hubner, Plate XVII, Fig. 24, 3 . (The Pearly Wood-nymph.) This lovely moth has a wide range throughout the eastern portions of our territory as far west as the Mississippi. (2) Euthisanotia grata Fabricius, Plate XVII, Fig. 2), $ . (The Beautiful Wood-nymph.) Syn. assimilis Boisduval. 232 This is a much larger has practically the same range of distribution. The affinity of the genus to the genus Psychomorpha i s clearly shown by the larva, a representation of which is given in the annexed cut taken from the writings of Prof. C. V. Riley, who de- voted considerable time to the study of the life-history of these insects. Noctuids species than the preceding. It 145. — Euthisanotia grata, a, Full- grown larva; 6, enlarged segment, side view; < , cervical shield from behind; d, anal hump from behind; e-f, top dc views of egg, enlarged. (After Riley.) Genus CIRIS Grote (1) Ciris wilsoni Grote, Plate XIX, Fig. 2, $ . This insect occurs in Texas and Arizona. It has also been referred to the Agaristidce and to the Zygcenida by various authors. There is, however, no doubt as to its being a true Noctuid. Genus NOROPSIS Guenee (1) Noropsis hieroglyphica Cramer, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 1,9. This very pretty moth has a wide range in the hotter portions of America. It is found in Florida, and represents the invasion of our southern territory by the fauna of the Antilles, and South America. Genus FENARIA Grote (1) Fenaria longipes Druce, Plate XI, Fig. 16, $ . The species occurs in Arizona and ranges thence southwardly into Mexico. (2) Fenaria sevorsa Grote, Plate XVII, Fig. 12, ? . Syn. wdessa Druce. The species has the same range as the preceding. " I love the season well When forest glades are teeming with bright forms." Longfellow. An April Day. 233 Genus ACHERDOA Walker Only one species of the genus is attributed to it from our fauna. It received the specific name ferra- ria at the hands of the late Francis Walker, and was renamed ornata by Neumcegen. The cut we give was drawn by Mrs. Beuten- mi'iller from a specimen in the American Fig. 146. — Ackerdoa Museum of Natural History. It represents ferraria, 6 . {. the male insect. Genus AON Neumcegen (1) Aon noctuiformis Neumcegen, Plate XLI, Fig. 18, $ . This is not an uncommon moth in southern Texas. Genus CIRRHOPHANUS Grote (1) Cirrhophanus triangulifer Grote, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 2, $. The insect varies considerably in size, the specimen depicted on the plate being rather small. It is not an uncommon species in the southern States, and is also found as far north as Pennsylvania. Genus BASILODES Guenee (1) Basilodes pepita Guenee, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 7, $ . The genus Basilodes contains a number of species which are all, with the single exception of this species, natives of the south- western portions of our territory. The present species occurs from Pennsylvania to Florida and westward to Colorado. The insect has been occasionally taken in Pittsburgh. Genus STIRIA Grote (1) Stiria rugifrons Grote, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 5, $ . The specimen figured on the plate was caught by the writer in southern Indiana. It is reported also from Kansas and Colorado. It probably has a wide range, but is as yet rare in collections. Genus STIBADIUM Grote (1) Stibadium spumosum Grote, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 3, $. The insect ranges from New York to Colorado and south- ward. It is very abundant in southern Indiana, where it comes freely to sugar. 234 Genus PLAGIOMIMICUS Grote There are five species reckoned as belonging to this genus. All of them are southwestern and western forms, except the one we figure. (i) Plagiomimicus pityochromus Grote, Plate XX VIII, Fig. 9- ? • This moth is quite common in western Pennsylvania. It ranges southward and westward to the Gulf States and Colorado. Genus FALA Grote (i) Fala ptycophora Grote, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 4, 9 . The habitat of this insect, which is the sole representative of its genus, is California. Genus NARTHECOPHORA Smith This is another genus in which we recognize thus far only one species. (1) Narthecophora pulverea Smith, Plate XXVIII, Fig. n, ?. The figure is taken from a specimen determined by the author of the species, and contained in the United States National Museum. Genus NEUMCEGENIA Grote The only species of this genus was named poetica by Grote. It is a beautiful little moth, the fore wings being bright metallic green, with a golden reflection, the light spot, which is outwardly trifid, and the costa being creamy yellow. The drawing for the annexed cut was made from the type which is preserved at the I'"' ' t7 Neuma- Brooklyn Institute. a' * ■ 'r' Genus PLUSIODONTA Guenee The only species of this small genus recognized as found in North America was named compressipalpis by Guenee. Walker renamed it insignis. It is represented on Plate XXVIII, Fig. 6, by a male specimen. The insect is a native of the Atlantic subregion, and is locally very common in western Pennsylvania. 255 Noctuidae Genus GONODONTA Hubner This genus is representative of the tropical fauna of America, and but two species occur within our limits, both of them in the warmer parts of Florida. (i) Gonodonta unica Neumoegen, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 10. $. The larval stages have been well described by Dyar in the " Proceedings of the United States National Museum," Vol. XXIII, p. 272. The caterpillar feeds on Anona. laurifolia, the Custard- apple. Genus CALPE Treitschke The genus Calpe is found in the temperate regions of both hemispheres. Only one species occurs in America. (1) Calpe canadensis Bethune, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 8, $. (The Canadian Calpe.) Syn. purpurascens Walker; sobria Walker. The range of this species is restricted to the colder portions of our territory. It is found in Canada, rarely in northern New York, and ranges westward to Alberta. Genus PANCHRYSIA Hubner This genus, which is generally known under Walker's name Deva, is better represented in the eastern hemisphere than in the western. We figure one species of the four credited to our fauna. (1) Panchrysia purpurigera Walker, Plate XXVIII, Fig. This pretty little moth, which is not very common, ranges from New England and Canada to Colorado and New Mexico. Genus POLYCHRYSIA Hubner Two species, both of which we figure, are attributed to this genus as occurring within our territory. (1) Polychrysia moneta Fabricius, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 12, ? . Syn. trabca Smith. This is a European insect, which is found also in Alberta and Assiniboia. (2) Polychrysia formosa Grote, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 14, $ . So far, all the specimens which have come under the obser- vation of the writer have been taken in New England or in New York. 236 Genus PLUSIA Hubner Three of the four species attributed to the genus as found in America are represented upon our plate. (i) Plusia aerea Hubner, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 16, $ . The moth ranges from Nova Scotia to Florida and westward to Texas and the region of the Rocky Mountains. (2) Plusia aeroides Grote, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 17, $ . The distribution of this species is almost identical with that of Plusia cerea. The larva feeds on various species of Spircea. (3) Plusia balluca Geyer, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 22, ? . The species is not uncommon in the northern Atlantic States. Genus EUCHALCIA Hubner (1) Euchalcia contexta Grote, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 2}, $ . The species is found from Maine to Wisconsin, and occasion- ally as far south as the mountains of central Pennsylvania. (2) Euchalcia putnami Grote, Plate XXVIII, Fig. is, &. Dr. Dyar with questionable correctness treats this species as a form of the European festucce Linnaeus. There is no doubt of the distinctness of the two. (3) Euchalcia venusta Walker, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 21, $. Syn. striatella Grote. The range of this species is from Nova Scotia and Canada southward to the mountains of West Virginia. Genus EOSPHOROPTERYX Dyar (1) Eosphoropteryx thyatiroides Guenee, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 18, $ . This lovely moth is still very rare in collections. It ranges from New England and Canada to the mountains of Virginia and westward into the Valley of the Mississippi. Genus AUTOGRAPHA Hubner This is a large assemblage of species, about fifty being recog- nized as occurring in the United States. Of this number we are only able to figure about one third. 237 Noctuidae (i) Autographa bimaculata Stephens, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 19, $ • Syn. it-brcvis Guenee. This is a common species in the northern Atlantic States. (2) Autographa biloba Stephens, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 24, $ . The species is distributed widely from the Atlantic to the Pacific. (3) Autographa verruca Fabricius, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 20, $ . Syn. omega Hiibner; 00 Cramer; omicron Hiibner; qucstionis Trcitschkc ; rutila Walker. The moth is scarce in the northern Atlantic States, but has been recorded as occurring in Massachusetts. It ranges from New England to Texas and southward through Central and South America. (4) Autographa rogationis Guenee, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 25, $ . Syn. hamifera Walker; dyaus Grote; includcns Walker; culia Lintner. The range of this species is the same as that of the pre- ceding. (5) Autographa precationis Guenee, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 28, 3. The insect is found in Canada and the United States east of the Rocky Mountains. (6) Autographa egena Guenee, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 29, $.. This is a southern species, occurring in Florida and the Gulf States, and ranging southward into South America. (7) Autographa flagellum Walker, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 27, & . Syn. monodon Grote; insolita Smith. The species ranges from Quebec to Alberta. (8) Autographa pseudogamma Grote, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 35. $■ The insect is indigenous in Quebec and Nova Scotia. (9) Autographa ou Guenee, Plate XXVIII, Fig. }}, $ . Syn. jratetta Grote. This species is almost universally distributed through the United States and southern Canada. (10) Autographa brassicae Riley, Plate XXVIII, Fig. 36, £ . Syn. echinocystis Behr. ?rv Fio. 14S ! . issicunctina Guen6e. The Cotton-worm Moth is one of a number of insects which annually inflict a vast amount of damage upon the crops in the southern por- tion of our country. In Prof. Corn- stock's " Re- port upon the insects which are injurious to cotton," pub- lished in 1879, and in the "Fourth Re- port of t h e United States E n tomological Commission," there is given a great deal of valuable and interesting information in regard to this species. Much may also be learned about it from the study of the "Missouri Reports" published by the late Prof. C. V. Riley. The range of the insect is very broad. It sometimes, though very rarely, occurs as far north as Canada. From this northernmost location it has been found ranging southward as far as Argentina. It sometimes appears to migrate in swarms. A number of years ago, during a heavy snowstorm in November, myriads of the moths suddenly appeared in the city of Pittsburgh, and they came flying in the evening to the electric lights. From one store the proprietor said that he had swept them out by the 243 151. — 1 lateral view of mature larva; ./. dorsal virW of mature larva; c. leaf in which pupation takes place; / pupa. (After Riley.) quart. I have a few of the insects which thus appeared, and the figure on the plate is taken from one of these specimens. Genus ANOMIS Hubner The species belonging to this genus are mainly southern. There is considerable uncertainty as to the identification of some of the species, which were named by the older authors. Of the four reputed to be found within our limits we figure the one which is commonest. (i) Anomis erosa Hubner, Plate XXIX, Fig. 12, ?. Occasionally found as far north as New England. Ranging thence southward into the South American continent. Genus SCOLECOCAMPA Guenee The only species of the genus so far known to occur in the United States was named liburna by Geyer. Guenee subse- quently called it ligni. The larva feeds in decaying wood, particularly that of oaks, chestnuts, and hickories. It tunnels its way through the softer parts, and after reaching maturity makes a loose cocoon composed of a few strands of silk mixed with chips and the frass left in the burrow, from which it emerges in due season as the moth, which is represented on Plate XXIX, Fig. 16, by a male specimen. Genus EUCALYPTERA Morrison A small genus, the species of which are confined to the southern States and to Mexico and Central America. (1) Eucalyptera strigata Smith, Plate XXIX, Fig. 9, 6 . The habitat of this species is Texas. Genus CILLA Grote (1) Cilia distema Grote, Plate XXIX, Fig. 10, $. This obscure little moth, the only representative of the genus in our territory, has hitherto only been reported from Texas. Genus AMOLITA Grote (1) Amolita fessa Grote, Plate XXIX, Fig. 13, $. The moth occurs from Massachusetts to Florida and westward to Texas and Colorado. 244 Genus RIVULA Guenee (i) Rivula propinqualis Guenee, Plate XXIX. Fig. [4, The range of this insect is from Nova Scotu t 1 Texas, and across the continent as far as the Rockv Mountains. Genus PSEUDORGYIA Harvey (1) Pseudorgyia versuta Harvey, Plate XXIX. Fig. 17, 6 . This insect is thus far only known to us from Texas. Genus DORYODES Guenee (1) Doryodes bistriaris Geyer, Plate XXIX, Fig. 15, $ . Syn ilker; promptella Walker. There are three species of the genus found in our territory, one of them, so far as is known to the writer, as vet unnamed. The insect we are considering ranges from Maine to Florida and westward to Colorado. Genus PHIPROSOPUS Grote (1) Phiprosopus callitrichoides Grote, Plate XXIX, Fig 18, 9. Syn. nasutaria Zellei Walker. The species ranges from New York to Texas. Genus ANEPISCHETOS Smith The only species thus far referred to this genus, which was erected by Smith in 1900 for its reception, received at the hands of that author the specific name bipartita. A figure of the type, which is contained in the collec- tion of the United States National Museum, is , given in the accompanying cut. tita, $ {. Genus DIALLAGMA Smith This genus was erected at the same time as the preceding by the same author for the reception of the insect of which we give a representation in Fig. is 3. Its habit.it, as Fig. 153.— Dialing- also that of the last mentioned species, is ma lutea, 5 . \. Florida. Noctuidse Genus PLEONECTYPTERA Grote This is a genus of moderate size, which by some writers has heretofore been placed among the Pyralidce, though it is undoubtedly correctly located among the Noctuidce. Eight species are credited to our fauna in the latest catalogue. (i ) Pleonectyptera pyralis Hubner, Plate XXIX, Fig. 19, ? . Syn. irrecta Walker; floccalis Zeller. The insect ranges through the southern Atlantic States to Central and South America. Genus ANNAPHILA Grote A genus of moderate extent, embracing over a dozen species, which are found within the United States. (1) Annaphila diva Grote, Plate XXIX, Fig. 20, S . The habitat of this pretty little moth is California. (2) Annaphila lithosina Henry Edwards, Plate XXIX, Fig. 21, ? . The specimen figured in the plate came from southern California. Genus INCITA Grote Only a single species, the type of the genus, is known. The figure we give in the annexed cut is drawn from the type in the Fig. 154. — Incita possession of the American Museum of Natural aurantiaca, $ . f History in New York. Genus TRICHOTARACHE Grote The sole representative of this genus in our fauna is the insect the type of which is given in the accompanying figure, drawn for this work bv Mr. Horace Knight, of London. Fig. 155. — Trichotarache assimilis (Jrote, $■ i- The habitat of the moth is California. 246 Genus EUSTROTIA Hubner This is quite an extensive genus, of which eighteen species are included in our fauna. Of this number we give illustrations of seven. (i) Eustrotia albidula Guenee, Plate XXIX. Fig 22. ? . Syn. M Walker. This little moth ranges from the Atlantic to the Mississippi, and further west. (2) Eustrotia concinnimacula Guenee, Plate XXIX, Fig. 2}, 9. Not an uncommon species in the Atlantic subregion. (3) Eustrotia synochitis Grote & Robinson, Plate XXIX, Fig. 24, $ . The distribution of this species is the same as that of the last. It occurs from Canada to Texas. (4) Eustrotia musta Grote & Robinson, Plate XXIX, Fig. 25,6. Found from the Atlantic to the Rocky Mountains, (s) Eustrotia muscosula Guenee, Plate XXIX, Fig. 26,9. The moth has the same ranges as the last mentioned species. It is very common in Indiana. (6) Eustrotia apicosa Haworth, Plate XXIX, Fig. 27, $ . Syn • G A very common species, having the same range as its prede- cessor. (7) Eustrotia carneola Guenee. Plate XXIX, Fig. 28, ?. Syn. biplaga Walker What has been said of the last species applies also to this, except that it is, if anything, even more common. Genus GALGULA Guenee (1) Galgula hepara Guenee, Plate XXIX, Fig. }\, & . Syn. extent, 1 Walker. Form partita Guenee, Plate XXIX, Fig. 32, $ . Syn. vesca Morrison; sub partita Guenee. This common insect exists, as is shown in the plates, in two forms, one quite dark, the other lighter. It is an inhabitant of the Atlantic subregion, and is particularly abundant in western Pennsylvania. 247 Genus AZENIA Grote (1) Azenia implora Grote, Plate XXIX, Fig. 29, $. Not an uncommon insect in Arizona. Genus LITHACODIA Hubner (1) Lithacodia bellicula Hubner, Plate XXIX, Fig. 30, $. This little moth may be found from the Atlantic to the Rocky Mountains. It is the only species of its genus occurring in the United States. Genus PROTHYMIA Hubner (1) Prothymia rhodarialis Walker, Plate XXIX, Fig. 38, ? . Syn. coccineifascia Grote. The species ranges from Massachusetts to Texas. (2) Prothymia semipurpurea Walker, Plate XXIX, Fig. A ?• The species has the same range as the last. The specimen figured was taken at New Brighton, Pa., by the Messrs. Merrick, whose ardent and successful labors as collectors of the local fauna deserve all praise. (3) Prothymia orgyiae Grote, Plate XXIX, Fig. 37, $ . This is a Texan species. Genus EXYRA Grote (1) Exyra semicrocea Guenee, Plate XXIX, Fig. 35, ?. There are four species of the genus Exyra attributed to our fauna, but only one of these is figured. The species are mainly southern in their range. Exyra semicrocea is found from New Jersey southward and westward as far as Texas. Genus XANTHOPTERA Guenee Two of the four species which are found within the limits of the United States are represented upon our plates. (1) Xanthoptera nigrofimbria Guenee, Plate XXIX, Fig. 33, 3. The insect is found in the southern portions of the Appalachian subregion. 248 (2) Xanthoptera semiflava Guenee, Plate XXIX, Fig. 34, $ . The distribution of this species is identical with that of the one last mentioned. Genus THALPOCHARES Lederer The only species of this genus found within our faunal limits is a native of Florida. It received the specific name aetheria at the hands of Mr. Grote. The illustration we give is drawn Fig. 156. — Thalpocharcs cstheria from the type which is preserved in the British Museum, and was drawn for this book by Mr. Horace knight under the direction of Sir George F. Hampson. The insect is not common in collections. Genus EUMESTLETA Butler Seven species are given by Dyar in his Catalogue as occurring within the limits of the United States. The insects have a southern and southwestern range, occurring in the Gulf States and in Arizona. We have selected one of them tor illustration. (1) Eumestleta flammicincta Walker, Plate XXIX, Fig. 39- <5. S.11. patula Morrison; patruelis Grote. The habitat of this insect is Florida and Texas. It received Genus GYROS Henry Edwards There is only one species of this genus known, the name muiri through Mr. Henry Edwards in honor of his friend, John Muir, the well-known writer, whose charming descriptions of the natural beauties of the western portions of our continent have established for him an enviable position in the world of letters. The moth is Fig. 157— Gyros found in California. muiri, $ [ 249 Genus TRIPUDIA Grote This is a genus of considerable size, represented in the western and southwestern States by nine species, and well represented in the fauna of Mexico and Central America. (i) Tripudia opipara Henry Edwards, Plate XXIX, Fig. 40, $ . This is a very common species in Texas. Genus METAPONIA Duponchel The genus is represented in both hemispheres. Three species occur in our fauna. Of these we figure two. (1) Metaponia obtusa Herrich-Schaeffer, Plate XXIX, Fig. 41. ?• Syn. obtusnla Zeller. The insect occurs from the valley of the Ohio southward to Texas. It is commoner in the south than in the north. (2) Metaponia perflava Harvey, Plate XXIX, Fig. 42, ?. Not an uncommon species in Texas. Genus CHAMYRIS Guenee (1) Chamyris cerintha Treitschke, Plate XXIX, Fig. 43, $. The species is found from New England and Canada south- ward to the Carolinas aud westward to Kansas. The larva feeds on the Rosacea. The insect is very common in Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Indiana. Genus TORNACONTIA Smith Two species have been attributed to this genus. One of them, which received the specific name sutrix at the hands of Grote, is represented in the annexed cut. It was drawn by Mrs. Beutenmuller from a specimen in the collection of the United States Museum of Natural History in New York. Fig. 158. — Toma- The insect is found in the region of the Rocky contia sutrix, $ . f Mountains. 250 Genus THERASEA Grote This is a small genus, represented in our fauna by two species, (i) Therasea flavicosta Smith, Plate XXIX, Fig. 47, $. The moth occurs in the region of the Rocky Mountains. Genus TARACHE Hubner The genus is found in both hemispheres. It is well repre- sented in our fauna, thirty-five species being known to occur within the limits of the United States and Canada. Eleven of these are figured upon our plates. (1) Tarache terminimacula Grote, Plate XXIX, Fig. 46, ? • The species ranges from Massachusetts to Illinois. (2) Tarache delecta Walker, Plate XXIX, Fig. 48, $ . Syn. metallica Grote. The range of this species is along the Atlantic coast. It occurs in the salt-marshes on Long Island and New Jersey, and ranges thence southward to Texas. (3) Tarache flavipennis Grote, Plate XXIX, Fig. 52, $ . The habitat of this species is the Pacific coast. (4) Tarache lactipennis Harvey, Plate XXIX, Fig. 45, ? . Not at all an uncommon species in Texas. (5) Tarache lanceolata Grote, Plate XXIX, Fig. 49, $ . This species, like the preceding, occurs in Texas. (6) Tarache sedata Henry Edwards, Plate XXIX, Fig. 53 Z . The habitat of this insect is Arizona. (7) Tarache aprica Hubner, Plate XXIX, Fig. =;o, & . The range of this species is from the valley of the Ohio south- ward to Texas and westward to Colorado. (8) Tarache erastrioides Guenee, Plate XXIX, Fig. S4, $ . The moth is found in New England and Canada and south- ward so far as West Virginia and Indiana. (q) Tarache virginalis Grote, Plate XXIX, Fig. 51, ?. The habitat of the species is from Kansas to Arizona. (10) Tarache binocula Grote, Plate XXIX, Fig. 44, $ . The range of this species is the same as that of the preceding. (11) Tarache libedis Smith, Plate XXIX, Fig. 55, S ■ The home of this insect is New Mexico and Colorado. 251 Genus FRUVA Grote The species belonging to this genus are southern and south- western in their distribution. Six are known. (i) Fruva apicella Grote, Plate XXIX, Fig. 56, $ . Syn. truncatula Zeller; accepia Henry Edwards. A very common species in the Gulf States. Genus SPRAGUEIA Grote A genus of small, but very attractively colored moths, which requent the flowers of the Compositce in the later summer. (1 ) Spragueia onagrus Guenee, Plate XXIX, Fig. 57, $ . The moth occurs quite abundantly in southwestern Pennsyl- vania and the valley of the Ohio, and ranges thence southwardly. It is common on the blossoms of the golden-rod (Solidago.) (2) Spragueia plumbifimbriata Grote, Plate XXIX, Fig. 58, ?. This modestly colored species is found in Texas. (3) Spragueia dama Guenee, Plate XXIX, Fig. 59, & . Syn. trifartana Walker. This is a common species in the southern States. (4) Spragueia guttata Grote, Plate XXIX, Fig. 60. $ . This pretty moth ranges from Texas to Costa Rica. Genus CALLOPISTRIA Hiibner (1) Callopistria floridensis Guenee, Plate XXIX, Fig. 61, $ . As the name indicates, the species is from Florida. Genus METATHORASA Moore A genus represented in both hemispheres, and particularly yell in Asia. (1) Metathorasa monetifera Guenee, Plate XXIX, Fig. '■2, ? . A native of the Appalachian subregion, ranging from Canada tj Florida. Thus far it does not appear to have been reported from any locality west of the Allegheny Mountains. I found it one summer quite abundantly at Saratoga, New York. Explanation of Plate XXIX (Except when otherwise indicated, the specimens figured are con tained in the collection of \V. J. Holland.) i. Ogdoconta cinereola Guenee 19. 23 = 5 26 Pcecies pygmcca Hubner, cj ■ P cedes abrosioloides Guene-e, 9 . Partes occulatrix Guenee, r? , Merrick Collection. Marasmalus ventilator Grote, 9 . Marasmalus inficita Walker, J1. AmynaoctoGruen&e, 9 ,U.S.N.M. Ptermtholix bullula Grote, d\ U. S. N. M. Eucalyptera strigata Smith, cf ■ Cilia distema Grote, rj1. Alabama argillacea Hubner, rj1 . Anomis erosa Hubner, 9- Amolitafessa&rote, cj1 .U.S.N.M. Rivula pro pinqu alls Guene-e, 9 . Doryodes bistriaris Geyer, cf ■ Scolecocam pa liburna Geyer, rf. Pseudorgyiq vcrsuta Harvey, 9 , U. S. N. M. P hi pro s o p u s callitrichoides Grote, 9 • Pleonertyptera pyralis Hubner, Aunaphila diva Grote, cf . Anna phila lithosina Henry Edwards, 9 . Eustrotia albidula Guenee, 9 . Eustrotia c one in n i m a c u la Guenee, 9 • Eustrotia synochitis Grote & Robinson, rf. Eustrotia musta Grote & Robinson , c? ■ Eustrotia muscosula Guenee, 9 . 27. Eustrotia apieosa Haworth, o1. 28. Eustrotia carneola Guenee, 9 . Azenia implora Grote, 9 • Lithacodia bellicula Hubner, tf. Galgula he para Guenee, c? . Galgula he para var. partita Guenee, cT . Xanthoptcra nigrofimbria Gue- nee, (51. Xanthoptcra semiflava Guenee, C?- 63 Exyra semicroeea Guenee, 9 , U. S. N. M. Prothymia semi purpurcaWaXker, 9 , Merrick Collection. Prothymia orgyiw Grote, J*. ProthymiarhodarialisW alker , 9 . Eumestlcia flammicincta Walker, 58 v* <3&teffgjffi THE NEW YORK PUBLIC LIBRARY astor, lenox and tilden foundations G I- Genus EUHERRICHIA Grote A small genus represented by three species in our f;iun:i. Euherrichia graniiosa occurs in Florida; Euherrichia cervina on the Pacific slope; and the species, which we figure, from Canada to Florida and westward to Colorado. (i) Euherrichia mollissima Guenee, Plate XXIX, Fig. 6j}, $ . Syn. rubicunda Walker. The specimen depicted was taken in the neighborhood of Saratoga, N. Y. Genus CYDOSIA Westwood A small genus represented in our fauna by three species, all of which we figure. The larva pupates in a small cocoon made of strands of silk woven into the form of a globular basket with open meshes, which is suspended from the under side of a leaf by a long cord. (i) Cydosia imitella Stretch, Plate XXIX, Fig. 64, $. The moth is found in the southern States. (2) Cydosia aurivitta Grote & Robinson, Plate XXIX, Fig. 65,3. The species occurs in Florida. (3) Cydosia majuscula Henry Edwards, Plate XXIX, Fig. 66,?. The habitat of the insect is the same as that of the species last mentioned. Genus CERATHOSIA Smith The only species of the genus was named tricolor by Smith. The fore wings are pure white, spotted with black, the hind wings are pale yellow. Tu u >.. . r .. ■ -r Fig. 1 50. — Ceratkosia tri- 1 he habitat of the species is Texas. color, o . I- Genus HORMOSCHISTA Mceschler The only species of this genus, which occurs within our territory, was originally described by Mceschler from Porto Rico. _ J ,, ■ , . It is found in Florida and elsewhere along Fig. 160. — Hormoschtsta . ° pagenstecheri, $ . }. the borders of the Gulf of Mexico. 253 Genus PHAL^ENOSTOLA Grote There is only one species of the genus known to occur within our territory. (i) Phalaenostola larentioides Grote, Plate XXX, Fig. I, ? . The insect ranges from New York southward to the Carolinas and westward to Missouri. Genus PANGRAPTA Hubner (i) Pangrapta decoralis Hubner, Plate XXX, Fig. ), ? . Syn. gcometroides Guenee; cpionoides Guen£e; elegantalis Fitch; recusans Walker. The moth occurs from Nova Scotia to Florida and westward to the Mississippi. Genus SYLECTRA Hubner There is only one species of this genus which occurs within the faunal limits covered by this book. It was originally named erycata by Cramer. Subsequently Hubner applied to it the specific name mirandalis, which, of course, falls as a synonym. It is found in Florida, and is also quite common in the entire equatorial belt of South America. The peculiarly scalloped wings and the Fig. 16 i. —Sylecira nocjose antennse serve to readily distinguish erycata, $ ■ j- jo the insect, and it is not likelv to be confounded with any other. The ground-color of the wings is luteous, variegated with reddish ochraceous. Genus HYAMIA Walker Three species of the genus are accredited to our fauna. Of these we figure two. (1) Hyamia sexpunctata Grote, Plate XXX, Fig. 2, $ . The insect ranges from Massachusetts to Texas. (2) Hyamia perditalis Walker, Plate XXX, Fig. 4, $ . Syn. semilineata Walker; umbrijascia Grote. The range of this moth is the same as that of the preceding species. It is not uncommon in western Pennsylvania. 2S4 Genus MELANOMMA Grote This is another genus of which we know but the one species in our territory. It received the specific name auricinctaria from Mr. Grote, who first described it. It occurs in the southern Atlantic States. The annexed figure is drawn from the type which is preserved in the British Museum. Genus ARGILLOPHORA Grote The sole representant of this species is shown in the annexed cut, which was prepared for this book by Mr. Horace Knight Fig. 163. — Argillophora ; from the type, access to which was kindly given by Sir George F. Hampson. The insect was originally reported from Alabama, but is still rare in collections. It probably has a wide range. Genus PARORA Smith The sole species belonging to this genus was originally described by Prof. J. B. Smith, from Texas. The accompanying cut shows a figure of the type, which is preserved in the United States National Museum. The ground-color of the wings is pale reddish ochraceous. The moth Fig. 164. Parora is found in Texas. tcxana, $ . j. 255 Genus HOMOPYRALIS Grote Five species belong to this genus. We figure one of the commoner of these as representative. They come freely to sugar. (i) Homopyralis contracta Walker, Plate, XXX, Fig. 5, ?. Syn. zonata Walker; tactus Grote. The insect is widely distributed all over the Appalachian subregion. Genus ISOGONA Guenee (1 ) Isogona natatrix Guenee, Plate XXXVII, Fig. 18, ? . Syn. tenuis Grote. The moth occurs in the southern Atlantic States. Genus HYPSOROPHA Hubner (1) Hypsoropha monilis Fabricius, Plate XXX, Fig. 6, g . The species is quite abundant in northern Florida in the spring of the year. It ranges westward and northward as far as Kansas. (2) Hypsoropha hormos Hubner, Plate XXX, Fig. 7, $ . The moth occurs from New York to Texas, and is not un- common in the eastern half of the valley of the Mississippi. Genus CISSUSA Walker Ten species are attributed to this genus in the latest Catalogue of the moths of North America. They are all western and southwestern species. We have selected three of them for purposes of illustration. (1) Cissusa spadix Cramer, Plate XXX, Fig. 9, $ . Syn. vegeta Morrison. The species occurs in the southwestern portions of the United States. (2) Cissusa inepta Henry Edwards, Plate XXX, Fig. 10, S . Syn. morbosa Henry Edwards. The moth flies in Colorado. (3) Cissusa sabulosa Henry Edwards, Plate XXX, Fig. 1 1, $ . The habitat of this insect is the same as that of the preceding species. 256 Noctuidse Genus ULOSYNEDA Smith The only species of this genus was named valens by Henry Edwards. It is represented on Plate XXX, Fig. 12, by a speci- men of the male sex. Its home is Colorado, Wyoming, and Utah. Genus DRASTERIA Hu'bner A widely distributed genus containing four species, which are peculiar to our fauna. All of these are figured on our plates. (1) Drasteria erechtea Cramer, Plate XXX, Fig. 14, ?. Syn. sobria Walker; narrata Walker; patibilis Walker; agricola Grotc & Robinson; mundula Grotc & Robinson. This is a very common species widely distributed from Canada to Florida and westward as far as Colorado and Wyoming. It frequents grassy places and may be found from April to October. (2) Drasteria crassiuscula Haworth, Plate XXX, Fig. Syn. erichto Gu< • Quite as common as the preceding species, and having the same general distribution. (3) Drasteria caerulea Grote, Plate XXX, Fig. 1 3, $ . Syn. aquamarina Pelder. The habitat of this pretty species is the Pacific coast. It is one of the very few blue moths which are known. (4) Drasteria conspicua Smith, Plate XXX, Fig. 16, $ . This elegant moth is a native of Alberta and the adjacent territories of the British possessions. Genus CENURGIA Walker (1) Caenurgia convalescens Guenee, Plate XXX, Fig. 17, . 8. Hyblcea puera Cramer, 9 , U. S. N. M. 9. Cissura spadix Cramer, J1 . 10. Cissura inepta Henry Edwards, d- 11. Cissura s ab 11 1 o s a Henry Edwards, °. • 12. Ulosyneda vol ens Henry Edwards, cf . 13. Drasteria carulca Grote, cj1- 14. Drasteria erechtea Cramer , 9- 1 5 . Drasteria crassiuscula Haworth , d- 16. Drasteria conspicua Smith, c? . 17. Ccenurgia convalescens Guenee, d- 18. Canurgia adversa Grote, c?. 19. Euclidia intercalaris Grote, J1. 20. Euclidia cuspidea Hubner, 9 • 27 29 21. Panula inconstans Guenee, rj1. 22. Melipotis fasciolaris Hubner, 9 . 23. Melipotis sinualis Harvey, 9 • 24. Melipotis jucunda Hubner, cT ■ 25. Melipotis pallescens Grote & Robinson, 9 . 26. M e I i p ot i s pcrlccta Henry Edwards, 9 ■ Melipotis limbolaris Geyer, c?- Cirrhobolina mexicana Behr, 9 . Syneda athabasccs Neumcegen, d- 30. Syneda graphic a Hubner, cj ■ 31. Syneda hudsonica Grote & Robinson, 9 • 32. Syneda divergens Behr, c?- 33. Syneda howlandi Grote, rj1. 34. Syneda adumbrata Behr, J1. 35. Syneda alleni Grote, rj1. Cirrhobolina deducta Morrison, d. Syneda edu'ardsi Behr, 9 • Syneda socia Behr, rj1. Litocala sexsignata Harvey, 9 ■ 40. Hypocala andremona Cramer, d. 41. Agnomonia anilis Drury, c? . 42. Epidromia delinquens Walker, 9. Mcth Book. Plate XXX. '& f », r?fc i % <#?t*i THE NEW YORK PUBLIC LIBRARY ASTOR, LENOX AND JlLOfLN FOUNDATIONS Noctuidae (4) Catocala subviridis Harvey, Plate XXXI, Fig. 4, $ . (The Faintly Green Underwing.) The insect has been by some writers regarded as a variety of the preceding species. It is characterized by larger size, and brighter colored fore wings, on which the maculation is much more distinct. In certain lights there is a pronounced greenish shade visible upon the wings. (5) Catocala lacrymosa Guenee, Plate XXXI, Fig. 6, 3 . (The Tearful Underwing.) Form paulina Henry Edwards, Plate XXXI, Fig. 12, (The Paulina Underwing.) Form evelina French, Plate XXXI, Fig. 9, $. (The Evelina Underwing.) The range of this variable species is practically the same as that of the last mentioned. (6) Catocala viduata Guenee, Plate XXXI, Fig. 15, 9 . (The Widowed Underwing.) Syn. maestosa Hulst; guenei (Irotc. The metropolis of this species appears to be the Gulf States. It is abundant in Texas. (7) Catocala vidua Abbot & Smith, Plate XXXI, Fig. 5, 3 . (The Widow Underwing.) Svn. despcrata Guenee. The insect ranges from Canada to Florida through the Appa- lachian subregion. (8) Catocala dejecta Strecker, Plate XXXII, Fig. 1, $ . (The Dejected Underwing.) The species is found in the northern portions of the Atlantic subregion. Form Carolina subsp. now, Plate XXXII, Fig. 5, £ . (Carrie's Underwing.) This insect, which occurs in western Pennsylvania, appears to be a form of dejecta, having the same relation to that species as that which is held by basalts to kahilis. It is characterized by its smaller size, and by the black stripe which runs from the base of the wing to the apex, giving it quite a different facies from dejecta. The type is figured upon our plate, and it may from the illustration easily be recognized. 261 (9) Catocala retecta Grote, Plate XXXI, Fig. 8, 9 . (The Yellow-Gray Underwing.) The moth is found from Canada to the Carolinas and westward to the Mississippi. (10) Catocala flebilis Grote, Plate XXXI, Fig. n, $. (The Mourning Underwing.) The habitat of this species is the same as that of the last men- tioned. (n) Catocala robinsoni Grote, Plate XXXI, Fig. 7, 9. (Robinson's Underwing.) The moth ranges from New England to the Mississippi and southward to Tennessee and the Carolinas. It is particularly abundant in the Ohio valley. (12) Catocala obscura Strccker, Plate XXXI, Fig. 14, $. (The Obscure Underwing.) The moth may be found from Canada to Maryland and west- ward to Colorado. (15) Catocala insolabilis Guenee, Plate XXXI, Fig. 10, 9. (The Inconsolable Underwing.) The species is found from Canada southward to the Carolinas and westward to the Mississippi. (14) Catocala angusi Grote, Plate XXXI, Fig. 13, £ . (Angus' Underwing.) The range of this species is the same as that of the preceding. (is) Catocala judith Strecker, Plate XXXII, Fig. 2, $ . (The Judith Underwing.) The insect occurs from New England westward in the north- ern portions of the Atlantic subregion. (16) Catocala tristis Edwards, Plate XXXII, Fig. 3, $ . (The Gloomy Underwing.) The species appears to be commoner in New England than elsewhere. (17) Catocala relicta Walker, Plate XXXII, Fig. 6, 2. (The Relict.) Form bianca Henry Edwards, Plate XXXII, Fig. 7, $ . (The Bianca Underwing.) This fine moth is found in the northern portions of the Appa- lachian subregion. It is not uncommon in New England and Explanation of Plate XXXI (The specimens figured are contained in the collection of W. J. Holland.) i. Catocala agripplna Strecker, c? . 2. Catocala sappho Strecker, c? . 3. Catocala epione Drury, c? ■ 4. Catocala subviridis Harvey , cf . 5. Catocala vidua Abbot & Smith, cT- 6. Catocala lacrymosa Guen£e, cf . 7. Catocala robinsoni Grote, 9- ' 8 . Catocala retecta Grote , r? ■ g. Catocala lacrymosa var. evelina, French, $ . 10. Catocala insolabilis Guenee, 9 . 11. Catocala flcbilis Grote, 9 . 12. Catocala lacrymosa var. paulina Henry Edwards, 9 . 13. Catocala angusi Grote, cT ■ 14. Catocala obscura Strecker, rj\ 15. Catocala viduata Guen6e, 9- I [THE NEW YORK PUBLIC LIBRARY ASTOR, LENOX ANO TILDEN FOUNDATIONS Noctuidae northern New York, but it is rare in western Pennsylvania. It has a westward range to Colorado and Oregon. (18) Catocala cara Guenee, Plate XXXII, Fig. 9, $ . (The Darling Underwing.) This large and splendid species is a native of the Appalachian subregion, and in it has a wide range. (19) Catocala amatrix Hiibner, Plate XXXII, Fig. 12, $. (The Sweetheart. ) Form nurus Walker, Plate XXXII, Fig. 13, ? . (The Nurse.) This is another fine species, which has the same geographical distribution as the last mentioned. (20) Catocala marmorata Edwards, Plate XXXV, Fig. 9, ? . (The Marbled Underwing.) This is a rather rare species, which has a wide distribution. Its metropolis appears to be West Virginia and Kentucky, though it has been taken elsewhere. (21) Catocala concumbens Walker, Plate XXXV, Fig. 10 ! . (The Sleepy Underwing.) This lovely moth has a wide range in the Appalachian sub- region. It is very common in New England and central New York, less common in western Pennsylvania. (22) Catocala californica Edwards, Piate XXXIII, Fig. 1, $ . (The California Underwing.) As the name implies, the species is a native of California. (23) Catocala cleopatra Henry Edwards, Plate XXXV. Fig. 14, ?. (The Cleopatra Underwing.) This insect is regarded by some as a varietal form of the pre- ceding species. It has the same habitat. (24) Catocala luciana Henry Edwards, Plate XXXV, Fig. 11, 6. (The Luciana Underwing.) Syn. ncbraskw Dodge. Form somnus Dodge, Plate XXXV, Fig. 16, ?. The moth is found in Kansas, Nebraska, Colorado, and Wyoming. (25) Catocala babayaga Strecker, Plate XXXV, Fig. 18, S . (The Babayaga Underwing. ) The habitat of the species is Arizona. (26) Catocala stretchi Behr, Plate XXXV, Fig. 13, $ . (Stretch's Underwing.) The species is Californian. 263 (27) Catocala augusta Henry Edwards, Plate XXXII], Fig. 8, $. (The Augusta Underwing.) Like the preceding species, this is also confined in its range to the Pacific coast. (28) Catocala rosalinda Henry Edwards, Plate XXXV, Fig. 15, $. (The Rosalind Underwing. ) The insect has been found in Kansas and Colorado. (29) Catocala pura Hulst, Plate XXXV, Fig. 17, $. (The Pure Underwing.) The moth is an inhabitant of the region of the Rocky Mountains. (50) Catocala unijuga Walker, Plate XXXIII, Fig. 5, $ . (The Once-married Underwing.) This is a widely distributed species, the range of which is northern, extending from New England to Colorado, through Canada and the region of the Great Lakes. It is common in central New York. (31) Catocala meskei Grote, Plate XXXIII, Fig. 6, «J . (Meske's Underwing.) By some students this species has been regarded as a variety of the preceding. Its range is the same. (32) Catocala groteiana Bailey, Plate XXXII, Fig. 4, $. (Grote's Underwing.) The moth occurs from Canada to New Mexico, and has been sometimes treated as a variety of Catocala briseis Edwards. (33) Catocala hermia Henry Edwards, Plate XXXVI, Fig. 7, ?. (The Hermia Underwing.) The habitat of the species is Colorado and New Mexico. (34) Catocala briseis Edwards, Plate XXXV, Fig. 12 $. (The Briseis Underwing.) The species is an inhabitant of the northern portions of the Appalachian subregion, and is also known to occur in Colorado. (3s) Catocala faustina Strecker, Plate XXXIII, Fig. 3, 8 . (The Faustina Underwing.) The specimen figured on the plate was received by the writer from the author of the species, and may be accepted as typical. The range of the moth is from Colorado to California. (36) Catocala parta Guenee, Plate XXXIV, Fig. 11, $. (The Mother Underwing.) 264 ' This fine species is quite common in the Appalachian sub- region and ranges northward into the region of Hudson Bay and westward as far as Colorado. (37) Catocala coccinata Grote, Plate XXXIV, Fig. 10, $. (The Scarlet Underwing.) The moth is recorded as occurring from Canada to Florida and Texas, and westward to the Mississippi. It is not very common. (38) Catocala aholibah Strecker, Plate XXXIV, Fig. 15,$. (The Aholibah Underwing. 1 The specimen figured on the plate was obtained from the author of the species, and may be accepted as typical. The insect is found from New Mexico and Colorado to California and Oregon. (39) Catocala verrilliana Crete, Plate XXXIV, Fig. l6, $ . (Vei rill's Underwing.) A neat and prettily marked species which has much the same range as the preceding, though extending somewhat farther to the south. (40) Catocala ultronia Hubner, Plate XXXIII, Fig. 2, $ . (The Ultronia Underwing.) Form celia Henry Edwards, Plate XXXIII, Fig. 4, $ . (The Celia Underwing.) Form mopsa Henry Fdwards, Plate XXXIII, Fig. 7. ' . (The Mopsa Underwing.) Besides the three forms of this variable species which we have selected for illustration, there are several others which have received subspecific names. The insect is very common, and occurs from the Atlantic to the Great Plains and from Canada to Florida. (41) Catocala ilia Cramer, Plate XXXIV, Fig. 14, $ . (The Ilia Underwing.) Form uxor Guenee, Plate XXXIV, Fig. 17, ?. (The Wife.) Form osculata Hulst, Plate XXXIV, Fig. 7, 3 . (The Beloved Underwing.) This is a common and variable species which is found generally throughout the United States and Canada. (42) Catocala innubens Guenee, Plate XXXIII, Fig. 13, $ ; Plate I, Fig. 7, larva. (The Betrothed.) 265 Form hinda French, Plate XXXIII, Fig. io, $ . (The Hinda Underwing.) Form scintillans Grote, Plate XXXIII, Fig. 9, 6 . (The Glittering Underwing.) This is another very common and very variable species, which is found from Canada to the Carolinas and westward to the Mississippi. (43) Catocala nebulosa Edwards, Plate XXXIII, Fig. 16, ?. (The Clouded Underwing.) This fine species is found in the Middle Atlantic and Central States east of the Mississippi. It appears to be quite common in southern Indiana. (44) Catocala piatrix Grote, Plate XXXVI, Fig. 6, $ . (The Penitent.) The moth is found throughout the United States east of the Rocky Mountains, and as far south as Arizona. It is a common species. (45) Catocala neogama Abbot & Smith, Plate XXXVI, Fig. 5, ?. (The Bride.) This is another common and variable species which has the same geographical distribution as that of the last-named insect. (46) Catocala subnata Grote, Plate XXXIII, Fig. 15, $. (The Youthful Underwing.) The species is found in the Appalachian subregion, and appears to be not uncommon in Kentucky and southern Indiana. (47) Catocala cerogama Guenee, Plate XXXIV, Fig. 6, S . (The Yellow-banded Underwing.) Syn. aurella Fisher; eliza Fisher. This is a common species ranging from Canada to the Carolinas and westward to the Mississippi. (48) Catocala palaeogama Guenee, Plate XXXVI, Fig. 3, $ . (The Oldwife Underwing.) Form phalanga Grote, Plate XXXVI, Fig. 4, $ . (The Phalanga Underwing.) The moth ranges from New England to Virginia and west- ward to the Mississippi. (49) Catocala consors Abbot & Smith, Plate XXXIV, Fig. 3, £ . (The Consort.) 266 Explanation of Plate XXXII (The specimens figured are contained in the collection of W J Holland.) i . Catocala dejecta Strecker, cf . 2. Catocala Judith Strecker. r? . 3. Catocala tristis Edwards, c? ■ 4. Catocala grotciana Bailey, c?. 5. Catocala Carolina Holland, c?. 6. Catocala relicta Walker, $ . 7. Catocala relicta var. bianca Henry Edwards, rj\ 8. Catocala antinympha Hubner, cf . 9. Catocala cara Guenee, cj1 . 10. Catocala badia Grote & Robinson, 9 . 11. Catocala muliercula Guenee, c?- 12. Catocala amatrix Hubner, (J1. 13. Catocala amatrix var. nurus Walker, $ . 14. Catocala olivia Henry Edwards, cf ■ 15. Catocala alabamce Grote, 9. 16. Catocala arnica Hubner, c? ■ 17. Catocala minuta Edwards, c? ■ iS. Catocala ceelebs Grote, $ . 19. Catocala lineella Grote, c? . 20. Catocala nerissa Henry Edwards, 9 2 1 . Catocala gisela Meyer, 9 . The Moi h B.ck- ITHK NEW YORK PUBLIC LIBRARY ASTCR, LENOX AND . T"-OEN FOUNDATIONS Noctuidae The insect is found from Pennsylvania southward and west- ward to Texas. (50) Catocala muliercula Guenee, Plate XXXII, Fig. II, 3. (The Little Wife.) The insect is an inhabitant of the central portions of the Appalachian subregion. (51) Catocala delilah Strecker, Plate XXXIV. Fig. 4, $. (The Delilah Underwing.) Syn. ador;: t Gi The range of this species is from southern Illinois and Kentucky southward to the Gulf and westward to Kansas and Nebraska. (S3) Catocala desdemona Henry Edwards, Plate XXXIV, Fig. 5, S . (The Desdemona Underwing.) The species is found in the southwestern States. (53) Catocala andromache Henry Edwards, Plate XXXIV, Fig. 2, $ . (The Andromache Underwing.) This species is found in southern California and Arizona. I am indebted to Mr. O. C. Poling for the fine specimen of this rare moth which is figured upon the plate. It is closely allied to the preceding species. (54) Catocala illecta Walker. Plate XXXIV, Fig. I, 3 . (The Magdalen Underwing.) S\ n magdalena Si i The moth is found from Indiana to Nebraska and southward to Texas. (55) Catocala serena Edwards, Plate XXXIII, Fig. 14, $. (The Serene Underwing.) The insect ranges from Canada and New England westward into the valley of the Mississippi. It is said to also occur in eastern Siberia, but this is doubtful. (76) Catocala antinympha Hiibner, Plate XXXII, Fig. 8, $ . (The Wayward Nymph.) The moth is reported from Canada to Maryland and west- ward as far as the Mississippi. I have found it very abundant at Saratoga, N. Y., and even more abundant on the summits of the Allegheny Mountains about Cresson Springs in the month of August. (57) Catocala badia Grote & Robinson, Plate XXXII, Fig. 10. ? . (The Badia Underwing.) 267 The species is more common in New England than elsewhere. It is rather abundant on the north shore of Massachusetts Bay, and occurs also in central New York and the Adirondacks. I have never known it to be taken in western Pennsylvania. (58) Catocala ccelebs Grote, Plate XXXII, Fig. 18, $ . (The Old-maid.) The range of this species, which is by some students regarded as a varietal form of the preceding, is from southern Canada through New England into central New York. (59) Catocala habilis Grote, Plate XXXIII, Fig. n, $. Form basalis Grote, Plate XXXIII, Fig. 12, $ . The moth occurs from Canada to Virginia and westward to the Mississippi. The form basalts has a black longitudinal streak from the base of the fore wing along the lower side of the cell. (60) Catocala abbreviatella Grote, Plate XXXIV, Fig. 9, ? . The insect occurs from Minnesota and Illinois southward to Texas and westward to Utah. (61) Catocala whitneyi Dodge, Plate XXXIV, Fig. 8, $ . (Whitney's Underwing.) The moth, which is probably only a varietal form of the pre- ceding species, has the same range. The specimen figured on the plate was received from the author of the species. (62) Catocala polygama Guenee, Plate XXXIV, Fig. \}, t, . (The Polygamist.) Form crataegi Saunders, Plate XXXIV, Fig. 12, $ . (The Hawthorn Underwing.) A common and variable species ranging all over the Appa- lachian subregion. (63) Catocala amasia Abbot & Smith, Plate XXXV, Fig. 1, $. (The Amasia Underwing.) Syn. sancta Hulst. The geographical range of the species is from New York and Illinois southward to the Gulf of Mexico. (64) Catocala similis Edwards, Plate XXXV, Fig. 2, $ . Syn. formula Grote. Form aholah Strecker, Plate XXXV, Fig. 3, $ . The moth occurs from Rhode Island to Texas. It is a widely distributed but not very common species. 268 Explanation of Plate XXXIII (The specimens figured are contained in the collection of W. Holland.) i. Catocala calif ornica Henry Edwards, c?. 2. Catocala alironia Hiibner, cT- 3. Catocala faustina Strecker, c? . 4. Catocala celia Henry Edwards, cT ■ 5. Catocala unijuga Walker, 9 . 6. Catocala meskei Grote, cj1 . 7. Catocala mopsa Henry Edwards, c? ■ 8. Catocala augusta Henry Edwards, & . 9. Catocala scintillans Grote, cj1 ■ 10. Catocala hinda French, c? ■ 1 1 . Catocala habilis Grote, (J1 . 12. Catocala basalts Grote, c? ■ 13. Catocala innubens Guene>, cj1. 14. Catocala serena Edwards, c? . 15. Catocala subnata Grote, 9 . 16. Catocala nebulosa Edwards, 9 . 17. Poaphila quadrifilaris Hiibner, 9. 18. Allotria elonympha Hiibner, J1- The moth Book Plate XXXIII ?H: ^.v THE NEW YORK PUBLIC LIBRARY ASTOR, LENOX AND TILDEN FOUNDATIONS. C Noctuidae (63) Catocala fratercula Grote & Robinson, Plate XXXV, Fig. 4, •. (The Little Sister.) Form jaquenetta Henry Edwards, Plate XXXV, Fig. 5, $ . Form gisela Meyer, Plate XXXII, Fig. 21, $ . The species is very variable within certain limits, and is widely distributed over the United States and Canada from the Atlantic to the Pacific. (66) Catocala olivia Henry Edwards, Plate XXXII, Fig. 14, <3 . (The Olivia Underwing.) The species is a native of Texas. (67) Catocala praeclara Grote & Robinson, Plate XXXV, Fig- 7- &■ The insect belongs within the more northern portions of the Appalachian subregion. The specimen figured was taken in Massachusetts. (6cS) Catocala grynea Cramer, Plate XXXV, Fig. 6, &. The moth is found from Canada to the Carolinas and westward to the Mississippi. (69) Catocala alabamae Grote, Plate XXXII. Fig. 1^. $. The habitat of the species is. as indicated by the name, the state of Alabama. (70) Catocala gracilis Edwards, Plate XXXV, Fig. 8, $. (The Graceful Underwing.) The species occurs from Canada to the southern States on the Atlantic seaboard and westward to the valley of the Ohio. (71) Catocala minuta Edwards, Plate XXXII, Fig. 17, $. (The Little Underwinu. ) The moth is indigenous in the Eastern and Middle States. (72) Catocala arnica Hubner, Plate XXXII, Fig. 16, $ . Form lineella Grote, Plate XXXII, Fig. 19, $ . Form nerissa Henry Edwards, Plate XXXII, Fig. 20, ? . This small species is subject to considerable variation. It has a wide range from Ontario to Texas, and from the Atlantic to the Great Plains. " Place and time requiring, let this insect fly. It hovers round the wick — with the wind of its wings the flame i . ° ' Sudraka, The Mrichchakati, or. The Toy-can. 269 WALKING AS A FINE ART The first act of all animals is that of absorption. Feeding is a primal necessity. The senses of smell, of touch, and of taste are involved in it. Sight has little to do with it at first, but is soon awakened. Coincident with this act among the lower animals is that of locomotion. Man, whose desire to annihilate space has become a supreme passion, approaches the act of locomotion later than all other animals. Young ducks and geese fly from the Arctic Circle to Florida a few months after they have been hatched. Babies do not often begin to crawl until they are twice as old, and rarely walk until more than a year of life has been passed. There is nothing more interesting than the sight of a child just beginning to walk. The look of glad surprise and immense satisfaction which is displayed when a few successful steps have been taken is delightful to the observer. The triumphs of the most successful men do not in later years afford them so much momentary pleasure as is experienced by the little fellow who realizes that at last after many failures he has "got his legs." In much of our going to and fro on this small globe we are aided by adventitious helps. Stephenson, Fulton, and the fathers of the science of magnetism and electricity have done much to pave the way for our rapid transportation from one spot to another. But there are some places to which we cannot be hauled, and we have not yet reached the point where we can dispense with the use of our pedal extremities. Happy is the man who has acquired the love of walking for its own sake! There is no form of exercise more health-giving, none which tends more thoroughly to invigorate, if it be wisely undertaken. The effect of the act is to quicken the venous circulation; to send the blood to the lungs, there to be purified by contact with the oxygen of the atmosphere; to harden and strengthen the muscles of the legs and to bring those of the arms and the chest into play. People who walk do not have over- loaded veins. The shop-girl who stands behind the counter all day suffers from varicosis, but the man or woman who walks avoids it. Standing is harder than walking; it is more fatiguing, and brings no return of health to the system. 270 Explanation of Plate XXXIV (The specimens figured are contained in the collection of W. Holland.) i. Catocala illecta Walker, c? . 2. Catocala andromache Henry Edwards, c? ■ 3. Catocala consors Abbot & Smith, c? ■ 4. Catocala delilah Strecker, 9 . 5. Catocala desdemona Henry Edwards, rj1. 6. Catocala cerogama Guenee, c?. 7. Catocala osculata Hulst, cT ■ 8. Catocala whitneyi Dodge, a1. 9. Catocala abbreviatella Grote, 9 ■ 10. Catocala coccinaia Grote, c? ■ 11. Catocala parta Guenee, c?- 12. Catocala cratccgi Saunders, c? ■ 13. Catocala polygama Guenee, cT- 14. Catocala ilia Cramer, c? . 15. Catocala aholibah Strecker, 9 . 16. Catocala verrilliana Grote, rj1. 17. Catocala uxor Guenee, 9 • The Moth Book THE NEW YORK PUBLIC LIBRARY astor, lenox and tilden foundations lC «- Walking as a Fine Art In walking, the best results are secured when there is no burden upon the mind. The man who carries the load of daily- care with him when he walks derives less benefit from the act than the man who dismisses all concern and simply gives himself over to the act. It is a mistake to suppose that it is an advantage in walking to have some definite object of pursuit. The woman who is advised by her physician to walk should not select as her path some busy street upon which she is certain to be diverted by the opportunity to unite with her exercise a number of shopping excursions. The man who goes out to walk should not choose a much frequented part of the town where he is sure to meet business friends and acquaintances. The person who desires to derive the best results from his strolls should select a retired spot in park or country where the " mad- ding throng" does not resort. It is hard to make Americans realize the importance of these suggestions. The demand is forever that exercise, if taken at all, shall have an aim ulterior to itself, in the pursuit of which the upbuilding of the system shall take place as a collateral incident. The popularity of golf is due to the fact that it answers the demand of a great class of persons to be amused while they are being invigorated. It is one of the least objectionable forms, in which the pill of exercise is sugar- coated for consumption by a race which is slowly but surely working itself to death in office, mill and factory. Walking for its own sake is pursued to a far greater extent in England and in Germany than in America. We may well learn to imitate our cousins on the eastern side of the Atlantic in this regard. If walking is to be pursued with an object, there is nothing which may be chosen as an aim better than the pursuit of that knowledge which is the end of the naturalist. To become acquainted with the fields and the flowers which bloom in them, with the forests and the myriad forms of animate life which frequent them, is an aim which leads far away from the cares and pursuits of the weary, workday world. I met the other day a friend, who, with quick step and alertness depicted in every feature, was hurrying along one of the avenues in the capital. I marveled at his gait, for I knew that the winters of fourscore and five years rested upon his head. "How is it that you have 271 Walking as a Fine Art found the fountain of eternal youth ?" I said. "My dear boy," he replied, " I have found it by living near to nature's heart, and by having my beloved science of entomology to refresh and quicken me in my daily walks." Would you cultivate walking as a fine art, learn to see and to hear what the world, which man has not made nor has entirely marred, is telling you of the wonders of that life which she kindly nourishes upon her bosom. "Cleon sees no charm in nature — in a daisy, I; Cleon hears no anthem ringing in the sea and the sky, Nature sings to me forever — earnest listener, I ; State for state, with all attendants, who would change ! Not I." Genus ALLOTRIA Hubner (i) Allotria elonympha Hubner, Plate XXXIII, Fig. 18, $. This handsome little species is found in the Appalachian sub- region. It is the sole species of the genus. Genus ANDREWSIA Grote (1) Andrewsia messalina Guenee, Plate XXXVI, Fig. i, $ . Syn. bclfragiana Harvey; jocasla Strccker. The insect has been found to range from Kansas to Texas. It appears on the wing in the latter state in May. Genus EUPARTHENOS Grote (i) Euparthenos nubilis Hubner, Plate XXXVI, Fig. 2, $. The moth occurs from the northern Atlantic States to Arizona. Genus HYPOCALA Guenee (i) Hypocala andremona Cramer, Plate XXX, Fig. 40, S . Syn. hilli Lintner. The insect is characteristic of the neotropical fauna. It occurs as a straggler into Texas, and is found very commonly throughout Mexico, Central America, and South America. Genus LITOCALA Harvey (1) Litocala sexsignata Harvey, Plate XXX, Fig. 39, £. The species occurs through the region of the Rocky Mountains to California. 272 Explanation of Plate XXXV (The specimens figured are contained in the collection of W. J Holland.) i. Catocala amasia Abbot & Smith, 9- 2. Catocala similis Edwards, c? . 3. Catocala aholah Strecker, <$ . 4. Catocala fratercula Grote & Robinson, J1. 5. Catocala jaquenetta Henry Edwards, c? . 6. Catocala grynea Cramer, cT . 7. Catocala prmclara Grote & Robinson, cT- 8. Catocala gracilis Edwards, $. 9. Catocala marmorata Edwards, $ . 10. Catocala concumbens Walker, (J1. 11. Catocalaiuciana Henry Edwards, cT- 12. Catocala briscis Edwards, c?N 13. Catocala stretchi Behr, (J1. 14. Catocala cleopatra Henry Edwards, $. 15. Catocala rosalinda Henry Edwards, c?. 16. Catocala somnus Dodge, $ . 17. Catocala pura Hulst, c? . 18. Catocala babayaga Strecker, rj1 THE NEW YORK !WBLIC LIBRARY MTOR, LENtX AMf ^TILtEN FoUNtATtiMJ. Genus TOXCCAMPA Guenee (i) Toxocampa victoria Grote, Plate XXXVI, Fig. 10, $. This is a northern species found from New England to British Columbia and ranging southward along the higher mountain ranges of the west. Genus PHOBERIA Hubner (i) Phoberia atomaris Hubner, Plate XXXVI, Fig. 14, 3 . Syn, Talker; 1 \ua Walker. The moth has been taken from Maine to Texas and westward as far as the Great Plains. Genus SIAVANA Walker (1) Siavana repanda Walker, Plate XXXVI, Fig. 1 5, $. Syn. auripennis G The moth ranges from the Valley <:>( the Ohio southward to the Gulf of Mexico. It is not uncommon in Florida. Genus PALINDIA Guenee This is an extensive neotropical genus, represented by but two species, which have thus far been taken vrtthin our territory. (1) Palindia dominicata Guenee, Plate XXXVI, Fig. 17, <5 . The moth occasionally occurs in Texas. It is very common in Central and South Ami Genus PANAPODA Guenee (1) Panapoda rufimargo HuBhef, Plate XXXVI, Fig. 19, $ . Syn. rubri 1 Guenee; Form carneicosta Guenee, Plate XXXVI, Fig. 20, $ . Syn. scissa Wall j ;ta Walker. The insect is found through the Appalachian subregion. It is quite common in parts of New England, and at certain times has been taken abundantly in western Pennsylvania. Genus PARALLELIA Hubner (1) Parallelia bistriaris Hubner, Plate XXXVI, Fig. 18, $. Syn. amplissima Walker. The insect occurs from Nova Scotia to Florida and westward to the Rocky Mountains. 273 Noctuida Genus AGNOMONIA Hiibner (i) Agnomonia anilis Drury, Plate XXX, Fig. 41, 8 . Syn. scsquistriaris Hubner. The moth is found from Pennsylvania to Missouri and Texas. It is common in Florida. Genus REMIGIA Guenee (1) Remigia repanda Fabricius, Plate XXXVI, Fig. 16, $. Syn. latipes Guenee; perlata Walker; indentata Harvey; texana Morrison. The species, which is somewhat variable, is said to occur in Labrador, but the writer, though he has at various times received large collections from that country, is not in possession of any direct evidence of the correctness of the statement. The insect does, however, occur in northern Canada and ranges thence southwardly to Argentina, keeping, so far as is known, to the eastern side of the Rocky Mountains and the Andes. Genus GRAMMODES Guene'e A moderately large genus, which is represented in both hemi- spheres. Three species occur in our fauna, of which we figure one. (1) Grammodes smithi Guenee, Plate XXXVI, Fig. 22, 9 . The moth occurs in the Gulf States and in Mexico. The specimen figured was taken in southern Texas. Genus EPIDROMA Guenee (1) Epidroma delinquens Walker, Plate XXX, Fig. 42, ?. The moth, which is common enough in Central and South America, has recently been found to occur in southern Florida. Genus POAPHILA Guene'e This is a genus of large size, the insects belonging to which occur in the warmer regions of America. We figure but one of the twelve species, which are attributed to our fauna. (1) Poaphila quadrifilaris Hubner, Plate XXXIII, Fig. 17, 9 . The insect is known to occur from Massachusetts to Florida along the coast. 274 Genus PHURYS Guenee Six species occurring within our territory are given as belong- ing to this genus in the latest list of the lepidoptera of North America. Of these we illustrate two. (i) Phurys vinculum Guenee, Plate XXXVI, Fig. 12, $. The species occurs in the Gulf States and southward. (2) Phurys lima Guenee, Plate XXX VI, Fig II, S . The range of this insect is the same as that of the preceding species. It may be easily distinguished by the presence of the small round dark dot near the base of the fore wings on the inner margin. Genus CELIPTERA Guenee (1) Celiptera frustulum Guenee, Plate XXXVI, Fig. 13, ?. .'. The moth is found from Canada to the Gulf of Mexico east of the Rocky Mountains. Genus ANTICARSIA Hiibner Of the two species of the genus found within our limits we give a figure of the one which most commonly occurs. (1) Anticarsia gemmatilis Hubner, Plate XXXVII, Fig. 10, $ . The moth is found through the valley of the Mississippi from Wisconsin to Texas. Genus ANTIBLEMMA Hubner (1) Antiblemma inexacta Walker, Plate XXXVI, Fig. 23, £ . Syn, ca This is a variable insect, to which a number of subspecific names have been given, based upon slight differences in the markings of the wings. It is found in the Southern States, and ranges thence to the southern portions of the South American continent. Genus LITOPROSOPSUS Grote (1) Litoprosopsus futilis Grote & Robinson, Plate XXXVII, Fig. 4, $ . The insect occurs in Florida and Georgia and also in the hotter portions of America. 275 Genus OPHIDERES Boisduval This is a large genus of remarkably showy insects, which are more numerously found in the tropics of the Old World than in the New. There are several very beautiful species which are found in South America. Only one occurs sparingly as a straggler into our fauna. It is now and then taken in Florida. It is commoner in South America and is also found in Africa. (i) Ophideres materna Linnaeus, Plate XXXVI, Fig. 8, ?. Syn. hybrida Fabricius; calaminea Cramer. The insect is rare in Florida. Genus STRENOLOMA Grote (i) Strenoloma lunilinea Grote, Plate XXXVI, Fig. 9, $ . This fine moth is quite common in the valley of the Ohio, and ranges from Pennsylvania southward and westward as far as Missouri and the Gulf of Mexico. Genus CAMPOMETRA Guenee The species ofthis genus are principally found in the southern and southwestern portions of our territory. (1) Campometra amella Guenee, Plate XXXVII, Fig. 8, $. Syn. integerrima Walker; stylobata Harvey. The species ranges from Florida to Texas. (2) Campometra mima Harvey, Plate XXXVII, Fig. 9, $ . The moth occurs from Colorado to Texas and Arizona. Genus TRAMA Harvey Three species are assigned to this genus in recent lists. (1) Trama detrahens Walker, Plate XXXVI, Fig. 21,3. Syn. arrosa Harvcv. The habitat ofthis species is the Southern States. Genus MATIGRAMMA Grote A small genus, the species of which are southern, or south- western, in their distribution. (1) Matigramma pulverilinea Grote, Plate XXXVII, Fig. 11, 9. The moth is found from Florida to Texas. 276 Explanation of Plate XXXVI (The specimens figured are contained in the collection of W. J. Holland.) Andrewsia messalina Guenee, J1. Euparthenos nubilis Hiibner, 9 Catocala palaogama Guenee, cT ■ Catocala palwogama var. phalanga Grote, (J1. 5. Catocala neogama Abbot & Smith, 9 . 6. Catocala piatrix Grote, cf ■ Catocala hermia Henry Edwards, 9 . Ophidcres materna Linnaeus, 9 . Strenoloma lunilinca Grote, o1. Toxocampa victoria Grote, 9 ■ Phurys lima Guenee, cT ■ Phurys vinculum Guenee, cT . Celiptera jrustulum Guenee, 9 • Phoberia atomaris Hiibner, c?. 15. Siavana repanda Walker, 9- 16. Rtmiigia repanda Fabricius, cT ■ 17. Pal India dominicata Guenee, c? . 18. Parallclia bistriaris Hubner, cf . 19. Panapoda rufimargo Hubner, cj1- Panapoda rufimargo var. carncicosta Guenee, cT . Trama detrahens Walker, cf ■ Grammodes smitlii Guenee, 9 • Antiblemma inexacta Walker, 9- Genus CAPNODES Guenee The genus is well represented in the tropics of both hemispheres. There is but one species in our fauna, Capnodes puncti- vena Smith, a representation of which is given in the accompanying cut, drawn from pIG l65 Capnodes the type in the National Museum. punctivena.i . J. Genus YRIAS Guenee Not a large genus, the species of which are confined to the southwestern portions of our territory. (i) Yrias clientis Grote, Plate XXXVII, Fig. 13, $. The insect is found in Arizona. (2) Yrias repentis Grote, Plate XXXVII, Fig. 12, $. The moth, like its predecessor, is found in Arizona. Genus ZALE Hubner (1) Zale horrida Hubner, Plate XXXVII, Fig. j. $. The moth is found throughput the Unifeil Stated east of the region of the Great Plains. Genus SELEN.C3 Guenee The only species of the genus- which occurs within our borders is monotropa Grote. It is found in Texas. The annexed Fig. 166. — Selenis monotropa, ' cut was drawn from the type of the species which is preserved in the British Museum. It was made by Mr. Horace Knight, under the supervision of Sir George F. Hampson. 277 Genus PHEOCYMA Hubner (i) Pheocyma lucifera Hubner, Plate XXXVII, Fig. 5, 9. Syn. lincola Walker. Found in the Appalachian subregion. Genus YPSIA Guenee (1) Ypsia undularis Drury, Plate XXXVII, Fig. 6, ?. The moth occurs from Canada to Florida and westward to Colorado. Genus PSEUDANTHRACIA Grote (1) Pseudanthracia coracias Guenee, Plate XXXVII, Fig, 7. ? • The insect, which is far from common in collections, has practically the same range as the preceding species, of which it appears at first glance to be a miniature reproduction. Genus HOMOPTERA Boisduval This is quite an extensive genus, species of which occur both in the Old World and the New. Some twenty or more so-called species are attributed to our fauna, but several of these will no doubt prove to be mere varieties or local races of others. We give figures of three of the commoner forms in our plates. (1) Homoptera lunata Drury, Plate XXXVII, Fig. 15, $ . Form edusa Drury, Plate XXXVII, Fig. 16, $. Syn. putrescens Guenee; saundersi Bethune; viridans Walker; involuta Walker. Almost universally distributed throughout the United States and Canada. (2) Homoptera cingulifera Walker, Plate XXXVII, Fig. 17, ? . Syn. intcnta Walker; woodi Grote. The moth occurs from Massachusetts to Florida and westward to the region of the Great Plains. (3) Homoptera unilineata Grote, Plate XXXVII, Fig. 14, $ . The insect ranges from eastern Canada to the Carolinas and westward to the Mississippi. It appears to be quite common in eastern Massachusetts. The specimen figured on the plate was taken at Magnolia, Massachusetts. 278 Explanation op Plate XXXVII (Unless otherwise indicated, the specimens figured are contained in the collection of W. J. Holland.) i. Thysania zenobia Cramer, 9- 2. Erebus odora Linnaeus, 9 . 3. Zale horrida Hiibner, ; to readily recognize the ^- im species, which is not likely to be confounded with anything else. Genus EREBUS Latreille This is a genus of large moths most in evidence in the tropics of the New World. Only one species occurs in the United States. (i) Erebus odora Linmeus, Plate XXX VII, Fig. 2, ? . Syn .1 .'.,ii amer. This great moth is very common in the tropical regions of America. It occurs quite abundantly in southern Florida and the warmer portions of the Gulf States, and is universally distributed over the countries of Central America and throughout tropical South America. It is found as a straggler into the northern portions of the United States, and has even been taken in Canada. I have in my collection a specimen which was taken at Leadville, Colorado, in a snowstorm which occurred there one Fourth of July. The insect, blown to that lofty and desolate spot, was caught fluttering about in the drifts. Genus THYSANIA Dalman (i) Thysania zenobia Cramer, Plate XXXVII, Fig. I, $ . This is another great South American moth, which occasion- ally occurs within our territory. It has been taken in Florida 279 and southern Texas. It is a very abundant species in Mexico and South America. Genus EPIZEUXIS Hubner This is a genus of considerable size. The larvae feed upon dried leaves for the most part. Eleven species are attributed to our fauna, five of which we figure. (i) Epizeuxis americalis Guenee. Syn. scriptipennis Walker. The range of this insect is from Can- ada to Texas east of the Rocky Moun- tains. It is exceedingly common in the woods of the Appalachian subregion, and is one of the moths which are most Fig. .168.— Epizeuxis commonly attracted to sugar. The life his- amencalts. a, Larva en- ~ ° larged; 6, Dorsal view of tory has been well ascertained, and has larval segment ■ c, Lateral been entertainly described by Professor C. view of do. ; a. Cremaster ,,„.,., "L of pupa. (After Riley, V. Riley in the fourth Volume of " Insect "Insect Life," Vol. IV, Life." The reader is referred to the ac- count there given for fuller details. (2) Epizeuxis aemula Hubner. Syn. mollifera Walker; herminioides Walker; effusalis Walker; concisa Walker. The range and the habits of this species are very much the same as those of the last mentioned species. Like it, the insect is also very frequent at sugar, and on a warm summer night, in the forests of southern Indiana, I have seen as many as twenty of these moths at one time, congre- gated about a spot on the trunk of a tree, which had been moistened with beer in which sugar had been dis- solved. (3) Epizeuxis lubricalis Geyer, Plate XXXVII, Fig. 29, 9 . Syn. pli&alis Guenee; surrectalis Walker. 280 Fig. 169. — Epizeuxis (Bnuila. a, Larva enlarged; 6, Segment of larva viewed laterally; c, do. viewed dor- sally; d, Tip of pupa; e, Moth. (After Riley," Insect Life," Vol. IV, p. no.) The species occurs generally throughout the United States and Canada. (4) Epizeuxis denticulalis Harvey, Plate XXXVII, Fig. 27, $ . The insect is found from the Atlantic to the Mississippi and from Canada to the Carolinas. (5) Epizeuxis scobialis Grote, Plate XXXVII, Fig. 28, ?. The moth occurs from New England to the Trans-Mississippi States, east of the Great Plains. Genus ZANCLOGNATHA Lederer The genus is of moderate size. All of the species known are found in the Appalachian subregion, and have within it a wide range. (1) Zanclognatha laevigata Grote, Plate XXXVII, Fig. 21, $ . I he ^pecies is somewhat variable v . in the amount of dark shading upon the fore wings. It is distributed from Canada to the southern states. (2) Zanclognatha protumnusa- lis Walker. Syn. minimal ' i The moth has much the same range as the last-mentioned species. Its life history has been accurately ascertained, and Professor C. V. Riley has given us an account of the habits of the insect in the paper to which reference has already been made. The types of both Walker's and Grote's insects are preserved in the British Museum, and there is no doubt of their identity. (3) Zanclognatha ochreipennis Grote, Plate XXXVII, Fig. 22, $. The habitat and the habits of this species are much the same as those of the preceding. (4) Zanclognatha lituralis Hubner, Plate XXXVII, Fig. 20, 9 . The moth is widely distributed throughout the Appalachian subregion. 281 Fig. 170. — Zanclognatha pro- .'is. a, Moth; b, Male antenna; c. Larva; d. Dorsal view of larval segment ; e, later- al view of do.; 6, d, e, Enlarg- r Riley, "Insect Life," Vol. IV, p. in.) Genus HORMISA Walker This is a small genus of which there are known to be four species inhabiting our territory. We figure the two commonest of these. (i) Hormisa absorptalis Walker, Plate XXXVII, Fig. 19, $ . Syn. nubilijascia Grote. The moth ranges from Canada to Virginia and westward to Illinois. (2) Hormisa bivittata Grote, Plate XXXVII, Fig. 31, $. The moth, which is not common in collections, is found from Quebec and Maine to Wisconsin and Iowa, and southward as far as Pennsylvania and Ohio. Genus SISYRHYPENA Grote Fig. 171. — Sisyrhypena orciferali (1) Sisyrhypena orciferalis Walker. Syn. papillaris Grote; harti French. The figure which we give was drawn for this book from the type of the species which is in the collection of Mr. Grote in the British Museum. The insect occurs in the southern States. Genus PHILOMETRA Grote Three species are reckoned as belonging to this genus. We give a figure of one of them. (1) Philometra metonalis Walker, Plate XXVII, Fig. 30, $ . Syn. goasalis Walker; longilabris Grote. The moth is found from Nova Scotia and the region of Hudson Bay to Virginia and westward to Illinois. Genus CHYTOLITA Grote (1) Chytolita morbidalis Guenee, Plate XXXVII, Fig. 23, 2 . The moth is not at all uncommon in the Atlantic subregion. 282 Noctuidae Genus HYPENULA Grote One species is reckoned as belonging to this genus. Fig 172. — Hypenula cacuminal* ' \ (1) Hypenula cacuminalis Walker. Svn. biferaiis Walki The moth is a native of the southern portions of out territory. The figure we give is taken from Walker's type, which is preserved in the British Museum. We also give a figure of a specimen preserved in the American Museum of Natural History, and which was determined by Mr. Grote as his „ ,. , , , PIG. i?v — IlvpcimUi opa- species, to which he gave the name opacalis. The comparison of the two figures will serve to illustrate the variability of the species. Genus RENIA Guenee There are eight species belonging to the genus which are found within the region covered by this book. One of the commonest of these is selected for illustration. (1) Renia discoloralis Guenee, Plate XXXVII, Fig. 24, $ . Syn Iker. The insect is very common in the Appalachian subregion. Genus BLEPTINA Guene'e (l) Bleptina caradrinalis Guenee, Plate XXXVII, Fig. 32, $ . Syn. cl .■ Walker. The moth occurs from Canada to the Gulf of Mexico, and west- ward to the Rocky Mountains. Genus TETANOLITA Grote Three species are assigned to this genus in the latest lists. Of these, we have selected the one which is the type of the genus 283 for purposes of illustration. The specific name mynesalis was originally applied to the insect by Walker. Subsequently Grote gave it the name lixalis. The cut hereto annexed was drawn Fig. 174. — Tetanolita mynesalis, £ . \. from Walker's type, which is contained in the collections of the British Museum. The moth ranges from Pennsylvania to Illinois and southward to the Gulf of Mexico. Genus HETEROGRAMMA Guenee (1) Heterogramma pyramusalis Walker, Plate XXX VII, Fig. 26, 9 . Syn. gyasalis Walker; rurigena Grote. The species is found from Canada to the Gulf of Mexico and westward to the region of the Great Plains. It is the only species in the genus. Genus GABERASA Walker (1) Gaberasa ambigualis Walker, Plate XLII, Fig. 2, o . Syn. bifidalis Grote; indivisalis Grote. The male moth has the fore wings bifid. Grote described the female, which has not bifid wings, under the name indivisalis. The moth occurs from Canada to Texas. Genus DIRCETIS Grote Fig. 175. — Dircetis pygmtra Grote, $ . }. There are two species of the genus which are found within our borders. We give in the cut a figure of the type of Grote's 284 species to which he applied the name pygmaea. It is found from Florida to Texas along the shores of the Gulf of Mexico. Genus PALTHIS Hubner Two species of the genus are found within the United States. We figure both of them. (i) Palthis angulalis Hubner, Plate XXXVII, Fig. 25, 9. Syn. aracinthusalis Walker. The insect is very common everywhere from Canada to the Gulf of Mexico east of the Great Plains. (2) Palthis asopialis Guenee, Plate XLII, Fig. i, 9. The distribution of the species is the same as that of the preceding. Genus CAPIS Grote (1) Capis curvata Grote, Plate XXXVII, Fig. 33, 9 . The insect is found in Maine, northern New York, and Canada. It is the only species belonging to the genus. Genus SALIA Hubner Two species belonging to the genus are found within our territory. We figure in the accompanying cut the type of one of these, which received the specific name interpuncta at the hinds of Mr. Grote. interpuncta, 9 ■ j. The moth is found from Massachusetts to Arizona Genus LOMANALTES Grote (1) Lomanaltes eductalis Walker. Syn / G The figure of the moth which we give was drawn for this book by Mrs. Beuten- muller of New York from a specimen contained in the collections of the American Museum of Natural History. The insect ranges from Nova Scotia to Minnesota and southward to New York and Pennsylvania 285 Fig. 177. — Lomanaltes eductalis, $ • j. Genus BOMOLOCH;, Hubner Sixteen species occurring within 01/ limits are attributed to this genus in the latest List of the U oidoj tera of North America. Nine of these we illustrate. (1) Bomolocha manalis Walker, Plate XLII, Fig. 3, $ . The moth ranges from Canada and Minnesota southward to the valleys of the Potomac and the Ohio. (2) Bomolocha baltimoralis Guenee, Plate XLII, Fig. 4, $ . Syn. benignalis Walker; laciniosa Zeller The geographical distribution of the species practically coin- cides with that of the last. (3) Bomolocha bijugalis Walker, Plate XLII, Fig. 7, ? . Syn. fecialis Grotc; pallialis Zeller. The insect occurs from Canada to Florida and westward to the Rocky Mountains. (4) Bomolocha scutellaris Grote, Plate XLII, Fig. 10, $ . The moth is found from New England to British Columbia, but does not range far to the south. (5) Bomolocha abalinealis Walker, Plate XLII, Fig. 5, $ . The habitat of the insect extends from New England and Canada westward to Illinois apd southward to Pennsylvania and the Virginias. (6) Bomolocha madefactalis Guenee, Plate XLII, Fig. 6, $ . Syn. achatinalis Zellcr; damnosahs Walker; caducalis Walker; profecta Grote. The insect is found from the Middle States southward to Texas. (7) Bomolocha toreuta Grote, Plate XLII, Fig. 9, £ . Syn. albisignalis Zeller. The moth ranges over the same region as the last-mentioned species. (8) Bomolocha deceptalis Walker, Plate XLII, Fig. 8, £ . Syn. perangulalis Harvey. The moth is found from Canada to Virginia. (9) Bomolocha edictalis Walker, Plate XLII, Fig. 1 1, $ . Syn. lentiginosa Grote; vellifera Grote. The range of the species is the same as that of the last men- tioned. 286 Genus PLATHYPENA Grote Only one species of the genus is known to occur within our territory. (i) Plathypena - cabra Fabricius, Plate XLII, Fig. 14, $. Syn. erectal 1 ..'/'u.Vn Hav. us Haworth; obcsatis Stephens. Universally distributed through the United States and Canada east of the Rocky Mountains. Genus HYPENA Schrank The genus is found in all parts of the globe. Three species are known to be found in our territory. Of these we figure the one which is commonest. In Hypena humuli Harris, Plate XI. II, Fig. 1^. ' ; Fig. 13, 9 , Tcir. Syn Ucr. This insect, the larva of which doi ihle * damage to the hop, is widelydistributed overthe whole of the United Mates and Canada. It is some- w li.it variable in the shade of the wings and the amount of maculation upon them. Foranaccount of the habits of the insect and the best manner to guard against the ravages which the larva commits the reader is referred to the excellent article by Dr. L. O. Howard of the De- partment of Agriculture Fio. 178, -Hypenahumuli. a, egg; 6, larva; I upa; e, tip of do.; /, adult, a, c, e, greatly enlarged. (After Howard, Bull. U. S. Dejit. A . \ •, Series, No. 7. p. 44.) in Washington upon insects injurious to the hop-vine, which was published .is the Seventh Bulletin of the New Series of Bulletins issued by the Division of Entomology of the Department. An>i. Who was Samson's love, my dear Moth ? Moth. A woman, ma tei — Shakespeare, Love's Labor's Lost, I, 2. 287 FAMILY NYCTEOLID/E "An vnredy reue thi residue shal spene, That menye moththe was maister ynne, in a mynte-while." Piers Plowman (C) xiii, 216. The Nycteolidcr are related to the Noctuida, many of the genera, especially in the Old World, containing moths which are green in color and frequent trees. The apex of the fore wing is more or less produced to a point. The larvse have eight pairs of legs, and are fleshy, with the anal somite tapering to a point. They are either naked or slightly pubescent. But two genera are found in the United States. Genus NYCTEOLA Hiibner The genus is represented in both the Old World and the New. Two species are found in the United States. (l) Nycteola revayana Scopoli, form lintnerana Speyer, Plate XLI1, Fig. 15,3. A large number of synonyms and subspecific forms have been erected by authors who have dealt with this species. The form which we figure is the one which is most commonly encountered in our territory. Genus HYBLiEA Fabricius This genus is extensively developed in the warmer portions of the Eastern Hemisphere, but is represented by only one species in our region. (1) Hyblaea puera Cramer, Plate XXX, Fig. 8, 2 . Syn. saga Fabricius; mirificum Strecker. The insect, which is common in the tropics of the two hemi- spheres, occurs occasionally in Florida. The specimen figured on our plate is contained in the collection of the United States National Museum. 288 FAMILY PERICOPID^E (Hypsid.-e Auctorum) " Loose to the wind their airy garmen I Thin glittering textures of the filmy dew, Dipt in the richest tincture of the skies, Where light disports in ever-mingling dyes, While every beam new transient colours flings, Colours that change whene'er they wave their wings." Pope.— Rape of the Lock. The following characterization of the family is taken from Hampson's "Moths of India," Vol. I. p. 495: "Proboscis present. Palpi smoothly scaled; the third joint long and naked. Legs smooth; mid tibiae with one pair of spurs, hind tibiae with two pairs. Frenulum present. Fore wing with vein \a separate from lb; it absent; 5 from near lower angle of cell. Hind wing with veins ia and \b present, \c absent; 5 from near lower angle of cell; 8 free from the base and connected by a bar with 7 at middle of cell. "Larva with all the legs present, sparsely covered with long hairs. " Cocoon slight." Genus DARITIS Walker A small genus of rather showy moths, which is represented in our fauna by two species. (1) Daritis thetis Klug, Plate XXXVIII, Fig. 5, ?. The insect occurs in southern Arizona. Genus COMPOSIA Hubner (1) Composia fidelissima Herrich-Schaeffer, Plate XXXVIII, Fig. 4, $. Syn. olympia Butler. 289 Pericopidae This very beautiful moth is found throughout the Antilles and in southern Florida. It is the only representative of its genus which occurs within our territory. Genus GNOPHiELA Walker Three species of this genus are found within the limits of the United States. Others occur in Mexico and Central America. (i) Gnophaela latipennis Boisduval, Plate XXXV11I Fiff 2, 6. ' 8' Syn. hopffcri Grotc & Robinson; discrcta Stretch; arizoncB French- morrisoni Druce. ' The habitat of this species is the southwestern portion of our territory and northern Mexico. (2) Gnophaela vermiculata Grote & Robinson, Plate XXX VIII, Fig. 3. £ • Syn. continua Henry Edwards. The moth is found from southern Colorado westward and south-westward. (3) Gnophaela clappiana Holland, Plate XXXVIII, Fig. 1, $ . The figure on our plate represents the type of the species, which was taken at Colorado Springs. It occurs from central Colorado to Arizona. DAS LIED VOM SCHMETTERLINGE " Liebes, leichtes, luft'gcs Ding, War's ein Sylphe, dcr dein Kleid Schmetterling, So bestreut, Das da uber Bhimen schwebet, Dich aus Morgenduft gewebet, Nur von Thau und Bluten lebet, Nur auf Tage dich belebet ? Blute selbst, ein fliegend Blatt, Seelchen, und dein kleines Herz Das, mit welchem Rosenfinger ! Pocht da unter meinem Finger, Wer bepurpurt hat ? Fuhlet Todesschmerz. Fleuch dahin, O Seelchen, sei Froh und frei, Mir ein Bild, was ich sein werde, Wenn die Raupe dieser Erde Auch wie du ein Zephyr ist Und in Duft und Thau und Honig Jede Blute kiisst." Herder. 290 FAMILY DIOPTID^E " Genius detects through 0 ugh the caterpillar, through the grub, through the egg, the constant individual; through count 1 viduals the fixed species, through many species the genus, through all genera tl type; through all the kingdoms of organized life the eternal unity." — Ralph Waldo Emerson. The moths belonging to this family are, so far as is known, closely related in many respects to the Geometridce. They differ, however, in having veins } and 4 of the hind wing arising from a common stalk at the lower angle of the cell. The family is well represented in the tropics of the New World, but is only known in our territory by the genus Phryganidia Packard, which occurs in southern California. Genus PHRYGANIDIA Packard (l) Phryganidia californica Packard, Plate XXXV11I, Fig. 6, 6 . The moth, which is obscurely colored, is one of the least attractive insects belonging to the family which it represents. Many of the species are very bright and gay in color, as any student of the fauna of South America knows. The home of the species, as the name implies, is California, to the southern portion of which it is confined. 1 thee ? lurishment divine, The dewey morning's gentle v. i Nature waits upon thee still, hy verdant 1 1 .lost tread Nature 's si It" thj Gan) mede. " 'I'h iu di 1 t drink and dan 1 [appier than thi All the fields which th iu dost All the plants belong to thee, All the summer hours pr I rtile made with early juice, Man for thee does sow and plough, Farmer he, and landlord thou." From the ( ,') pfe 1 nek rcon. 2QI FAMILY NOTODONTID/E "The Beauty which old Greece or Rome Sung, painted, wrought, lies here at home; We need but eye and ear In all our daily walks to trace The outlines of incarnate grace, The hymns of gods to hear. " Whittier. The Notodontidae have been characterized by Sir George F. Hampson as follows: "A family of moths superficially resembling the Noctuidae. Mid tibia with one pair of spurs; hind tibia with two pairs; tarsi short and hairy. Fore wing with vein \a form- ing a fork with i£at the base; \c absent; vein s from the middle of the discocellulars, or rarely from just below the upper angle of the cell. Hind wings with two internal veins; vein 5 from the centre of the discocellulars or rarely absent; 8 free from the base, curved, and running close along the subcostal nervure or joined to it by a bar. "Larva without the anal prolegs, and carrying the anal somites more or less erect; these often bear paired processes and are sometimes swollen; the other somites are often prominently humped. "Pupa naked." An elaborate and very useful monograph dealing with the insects composing this family has been written by Professor A. S. Packard, and is published in the Memoirs of the National Academy of Science, Vol. VII, pp. 87-284. The student will do well to refer to this. Genus APATELODES Packard (1) Apatelodes torrefacta Abbot & Smith, Plate XL, Fig. 20, $ . The insect is not uncommon in the Appalachian subregion. It ranges from Canada to the southern States and as far west as the Mississippi. 292 Notodontidx (2) Apatelodes angelica Grote, Plate XL, Fig. 21, $ . Syn. 1 Packard. The distribution of this species is the same as that of the preceding. It is rather common in western Pennsylvania. Genus MELALOPHA Hubner Six species and a number of subspecies have been recognized as belonging to this genus and ait- found in the region with which this book deals. Of four of these we give figures. (1) Melalopha apicalis Walker, Plate XL, Fig. 18, S . 1 kard. The figure upon our plate, cited above, represents the form of the species to which Grote & Robinson applied the name ornata and of which the narrn 11 \ta Boisduval is a svno- nym. The insect is widely distributed all over the United States. (2) Melalopha inclusa Hubner, Plate XL. Fig. 19, ?. Syn. ameri< .ma Harris. The insect is very widely distributed over the Appalachian sub- region. The larva feeds upon the leaves of various species of the genus Popu/us. (3) Melalopha strigosa Grote, Plate XI Fig. 17, 6. The habitat of this species is the northern portion of the Appa- lachian subn (4) Melalopha albosigma Fitch, Plate XL, Fig. 16, $ . Widely distributed over the United States. Easily discrimi- nated from the other species by the broad brown shade on the apical half of the outer margin of the primaries, succeeded near the costa by a distinct s-shaped white line. Genus DATANA Walker Thirteen species which are properly referred to this genus are found within our limits. Of these we give figures of the four which are most commonly found. (1) Datana ministra Drury, Plate I, Fig. 13, larva; Plate XL, Fig. II, $. This is a very common species, found throughout the Appa- lachian subregion. The larvae are gregarious and may be found in great masses upon the leaves of the walnut and allied trees in the latter part of August and early September. (2) Datana angusi Grote & Robinson, Plate XL, Fig. 12, S. 293 Notodontidae The habits and the distribution of this species are very much the same as those of the preceding. (3) Datana perspicua Grote & Robinson, Plate XL, Fig. 14, 6 . More nearly allied to D. ministra than to any other species of the genus, but readily distinguished from th-at insect by the paler color of the secondaries and the lighter, more yellowish color of the primaries. (4) Datana integerrima Grote & Robinson, Plate XL, Fig. ■ 3. &■ The darker color of the primaries and the more numerous transverse bands enable this species to be at once separated from the other species which we have figured. Genus HYPERiESCHRA Butler (1) Hyperaeschra stragula Grote, Plate XL, Fig. 1, $. Syn. scitipennis Walker. The moth is found throughout the United States. With the help of the illustration we have given there should be no difficulty whatever in determining it. (2) Hyperaeschra georgica Herrich-Schgeffer, Plate XL, Fig. 7. 3. The moth is found in the Appalachian subregion, and is com- moner in the southern portions of its range than in the more northern portions thereof. It is, however, not very rare in Pennsylvania. (3) Hyperaeschra tortuosa Tepper, Plate XL, Fig. 4, S . The insect is as yet quite rare in collections. Its habitat is Colorado and Arizona. Genus ODONTOSIA Hubner (1) Odontosia elegans Strecker, Plate XL, Fig. 3, $ . This elegant insect is found from Canada to Colorado and appears to be commoner in the region of the Rocky Mountains than elsewhere. Genus NOTODONTA Ochsenheimer The genus is represented in both hemispheres. There are two species which belong to our fauna. We give illustrations of both of them. 294 Notodontidae (i) Notodonta basitriens Walker, Plate XL, Fig. 5, ?. The ninth is found in the Atlantic States. (2) Notodonta simplaria Graf, Plate XL, Fig. 6, $ . The moth, which is by no means common, occurs in the northern portions of the Appalachian subregion. Genus PHEOSIA Hu'bner (1) Pheosia dimidiata Herrich-Schxffer, Plate XL, Fig. 9, $ . Svn. rimosa V.u '. The moth, which is far from common, ranges from Canada and New England westward to the region of the Rockv Mountains. (2) Pheosia portlandia Henry Edwards, Plate XL, Fig. 10, $ . Syn. ilcsc.) The species replaces in the northwestern States the form, which has been described as dimidiata. Whether this is a valid or a local race of the preceding is a question which is still open to discussion. Genus LOPHODONTA Packard (1) Lophodonta ferruginea Packard, Plate XL, Fig. 8, ?. The moth is not rare in the Appalachian subregion. The caterpillar feeds upon the linden (Tilia). (2) Lophodonta angulosa Abbot & Smith, Plate XL, Fig. The insect is found in the same region as the last mentioned, and its habits are very much the same. Genus EUNYSTALEA Grote (1) Eunystalea indiana Grote. This is one of the rarest insects of the family to which it belongs. Besides the type, which the writer believes to be con- tained in the collection of the British Museum, there is only one other specimen known, which is found in the collection of Dr. Barnes, to whom the author is indebted for the privilege of being allowed to make the cut which is given herewith. The insect occurs FlG ,„_ Eunystalea Indiana, in Florida. $ . $. 295 Notodontidse Genus NADATA Walker (i) Nadata gibbosa Abbot & Smith, Plate XXXIX, Fig. I, $• This insect, the distribution of which is almost universal throughout our territory, has been described under a number of varietal or subspecific names, founded for the most part upon trifling variations in the ground-color of the wings. Genus NERICE Walker (i) Nerice bidentata Walker, Plate I, Fig. 15, larva; Plate XXXIX, Fig. 2, $. The larva feeds upon the elm. The insect has a wide range through the Appalachian subregion. Genus SYMMERISTA Hubner (1) Symmerista albifrons Abbot & Smith, Plate XXXIX, Fig. 7- ? • A very common insect in the Appalachian subregion, ranging from the Atlantic westward as far as the region of the Rocky Mountains. Genus HIPPIA Mceschler (1) Hippia packardi Morrison, Plate XXXIX, Fig. 18, ?. A rather scarce insect in collections. Its habitat is Texas. Genus DASYLOPHIA Packard (1) Dasylophia anguina Abbot & Smith, Plate XXXIX, Fig. 5, $ . Syn. cuculifera Herrich-Schaeffer; punctata Walker; cana Walker; signata Walker. The moth ranges from the Atlantic to the Rocky Mountains. (2) Dasylophia thyatiroides Walker, Plate XXXIX, Fig. 6,9. Syn. interna Packard; tripartita Walker. The habitat of the moth is the Appalachian subregion. The specimen figured was taken in Indiana. Genus LITODONTA Harvey (1) Litodonta hydromeli Harvey, Plate XXXIX, Fig. 20, $ . The moth, which is the sole representative of the genus in Explanation of Plate XXXIX (Unless otherwise indicated, the specimens figured are contained in the collection of W. J. Holland.) i. Nadata gibbosa Abbot & Smith, 9 . 2. Nerice bidentata Walker, c? . 3. Hy par pax venus Neumoegen, rj\ U. S. N. M. 4. Hy par pax aurora Abbot & Smith, <5\ U. S. N. M. 5. Dasylophia anguina Abbot & Smith, c? ■ 6. Dasylophia ihyatiroides Walker, 9 . 7. Simmcrista albifrons Abbot & Smith, 9 . 8. Harpyia cinerea Walker, 9 . U. S. N. M. 9. Harpyia borealis Boisduval, rj1. 10. Harpyia albicoma Strecker, r? , U. S. N. M. 11. Harpyia scolopendrina Boisduval, (J1. 12. Cerura multiscripta Riley, rj1 . 13. Schizura ipomecz Doubleday, var. cincreojrons, Packard, J1. 14. Schizura badia Packard, 9 . U. S. N. M. 15. Schizura concinna Abbot & Smith, rf . 16. Schizura leptinoides Grote, cT . 17. Schizura unicornis Abbot & Smith, J1. 18. Hippia packardi Morrison, 9 ■ 19. Ianassa lignicolor Walker, 9 . U. S. N. M. 20. Litodonta hydromeli Harvey, r? . 91. Misogada unicolor Packard, 9 ■ 22. Heterocampa astarte Doubleday, . Svn. varia Walker; mentis Harris. The moth is not uncommon in the southern States and ranges northward as far as Pennsylvania and Ohio. (2) Heterocampa obliqua Packard, Plate XL, Fig. 2, $. The insect occurs in the northern portions of the Appalachian subregion. (3) Heterocampa umbrata Walker, Plate XXXIX, Fig. 26, $ . Svn. ' > 1 Grote & Robi] n; a 1 1 larris. The moth is rather common in the Appalachian subregion, ranging from the Atlantic as far west as the Mississippi. (4) Heterocampa manteo Doubleday, Plate XXXIX, Fig. 2}, $ . Syn. Walker; subalbicans Grote. The distribution of this species is the same as that of the last mentioned. (=,) Heterocampa biundata Walker, Plate XXXIX, Fig. 25, $ . Syn. olivatus Pads Walker. Like the preceding species, this is a native of the eastern portion of our territory, and occurs from Canada southward to Georgia. (6) Heterocampa bilineata Packard, Plate XXXIX, Fig. 24, $ . Syn. iurbida Walker; asso iai 1 Walker; ulmi Harris. Not uncommon in the eastern States. Genus MISOGADA Walker (1) Misogada unicolor Packard, Plate XXXIX, Fig. 21, $. Svn. marina Packard; cinerea Schaus (non Packard); sobria Walker. This is the sole species of the genus. It inhabits the Appalachian subregion. 297 Notodontide Genus EUHYPARPAX Beutenmiiller The only species of the genus as yet known is that to which Beutenmiiller applied the name rosea. It is a native of Colorado, and is as yet very rare in collec- tions, only one specimen, the type, being known. This is found in the collection of the American Museum of Natural History in Fig. iSo.-Euhyparpax rosea, Ngw York_ The mQth ^ pa)e rosy red in color, and marked as shown in the cut, which was drawn from the type by Mrs. Beutenmiiller. Genus IANASSA Walker (1) Ianassa lignicolor Walker, Plate XXXIX, Fig. 19, $. Syn. virgata Packard; lignigcra Walker. The habitat of the species is the Appalachian subregion. Two other species, both of them inhabiting the southwestern portions of our territory, are known to belong to the genus. Genus SCHIZURA Doubleday (1) Schizura ipomceae Doubleday, form cinereofrons Pack- ard, Plate XXXIX, Fig. 13, $ . The species is widely distributed throughout the United States. Several subspecific or varietal forms have been described, and a number of synonyms have been created for the species. For a knowledge of these the reader may refer to the Monograph by Professor Packard, to which allusion has already been made. (2) Schizura concinna Abbot & Smith, Plate XXXIX, Fig. ■ 5. <5- Syn. nitida Packard. This is also a widely distributed species. The larva feeds upon the Rosacea. (3) Schizura unicornis Abbot & Smith, Plate XXXIX, Fig. ■ 7- 3. Syn. cdmandsi Packard; humilis Walker; conspecta Henry Edwards. This is a very common species of wide distribution. Its habits are much the same as those of the last mentioned. 298 Notodontidae (4) Schizura badia Packard, Plate XXXIX, Fig. 14, ? . Syn. significata Walker. The habitat of the species is the Appalachian subregion. (5) Schizura leptinoides Grote, Plate XXXIX, Fig. 16, $.t Syn. mustelina Packard. The insect ranges through the Atlantic States westward to the Mississippi. Genus HYPARPAX Hubner (1) Hyparpax aurora Abbot & Smith, Plate XXXIX, Fig. 4, <$. Syn. rosea Walker; venusta Walker. The moth occurs in the Appalachian subregion, but is more common in Virginia than elsewhere, so far as the observations of the writer extend. (2) Hyparpax venus Neumcegen, Plate XXXIX, Fig. 3, $ . The habitat of the insect is Colorado. (3) Hyparpax perophoroides Strecker, Plate XL, Fig. 28, 3 . The insect has thus far been reported only from Florida. I am indebted to Mr. Beutenmuller for the loan of the specimen, which is figured upon the plate. Genus CERURA Schrank The genus is found in both hemispheres. Two species are attributed to it as being found in the United States. (1) Cerura scitiscripta Walker, form multiscripta Riley, Plate I, Fig. l8, larva; Plate XXXIX, Fig. 12, $. The moth is known to occur from New England to Mexico. Genus HARPYIA Ochsenheimer (1) Harpyia borealis Boisduval, Plate XXXIX, Fig. 9, $ . The range of the species is through the Appalachian subregion (2) Harpyia cinerea Walker, Plate XXXIX, Fig. 8, $ . The moth occurs almost everywhere throughout the United States and southern Canada. (9) Harpyia scolopendrina Boisduval, Plate XXXIX, Fig. ii, 8. Syn. aquilonaris Lintner. Form albicoma Strecker, Plate XXXIX, Fig, 10, $ . 299 Notodontidae The insect is a denizen of Canada and the northern portions of the United States from the Atlantic to the Pacific. Genus FENTONIA Butler (i) Fentonia marthesia Cramer, Plate XXXIX, Fig. 30, $ . Syn. tessella Packard; lurbida Walker. The moth, which is by no means common, has a wide range through the Appalachian subregion. Genus GLUPHISIA Boisduval (1) Gluphisia septentrionalis Walker, Plate XXXIX, Fig. 28, «?. Syn. clandestine! Walker; trilineata Packard. Widely distributed throughout the entire territory. (2) Gluphisia wrighti Henry Edwards, Plate XXIX, Fig. 29, 6 • Syn. albofascia Henry Edwards; rupta Henry Edwards; formosa Henry Edwards. The moth is found in southern California and Arizona, as well as in northern Mexico. (3) Gluphisia severa Henry Edwards, Plate XXXIX, Fig. 27, $ . Syn. danbyi Neumoegen; avimacula Hudson; slossoni Packard. The species, which is somewhat variable in the maculation of the wings, is found in the northern portions of our territory. Genus ELLIDA Grote (1) Ellida caniplaga Walker, Plate XXXIX, Fig. 31, ? . Syn. transversata Walker; gelida Grote. The moth in Pennsylvania is double-brooded. The first brood appears upon the wing in the early spring. The cater- pillar feeds upon the linden (Ti/ia). The second brood is matured about the end of July. The insect is not common in collections, because its habits have not been hitherto understood. Genus CARGIDA Schaus (1) Cargida cadmia Guenee. Syn. obliquilinea Walker. The moth is a native of the southern States, and ranges from Texas southward to Costa Rica. The cut which we give is 300 Explanation of Plate XL (When not otherwise indicated, in the collection of W. J. Holland.) i. Hyperceschra stragula Grote, c? . 2. Heterocampa obliqua Packard, d1- 3. Odontosia elegans Strecker, cj1. 4. Hyperceschra tortuosa Tepper, 9, U. S. N. M. 5. Notodonta basitriens Walker, Q, U. S. N. M. 6. Notodonta simplaria Graef, 9. U. S. N. M. 7. Hyperceschra georgica Herrich- Scha?ffer, c? . 8. Lophodonta fcrruginea Packard, 9- 9. P he o si a dimidiata Herrich- Schaeffer, J1. 10. P he o s ia portlandia Henry Edwards, d\ U. S. N. M. 11. Datana ministra Drury, J1. 12. Datana an gn s i Grote & Robinson , c? • 13. Datana integerrima Grote & Robinson, c? . 14. Datana perspieua Grote & Robinson , cf ■ 15. Lophodonta angulosa Abbot & Smith, d1. the specimens figured are contained 16. Melalopha albosigma Fitch, ; i£ absent except in Ratarda ; 5 from close to low I cell. Hind wing with tun internal veins; 5 from close to lower angle of cell, except in the eastern genera Ga^alina and Portbesia, 8 nearly touching 7 at middle of cell and connected with it by a bar. Larva hairy; generally clothed with very thick hair or with thick tufts of hair, and forming a cocoon into which these hairs are woven, they being often of a very poisonous nature.' Genus GYN^EPHORA Hubner (1) Gynaephora rossi Curtis, Plate XXXVIII, Fig. 10, $, Fig. 11, ?. The genus is arctic, and the species is found in the arctic 305 Liparidse regions of America, the specimens figured having been received by the writer from Point Barrow in Alaska. Genus NOTOLOPHUS Germar (i) Notolophus antiqua Linnaeus, Plate XXXVIII, Fig. 18, $ . Syn. iioz>a Fitch. The moth is found in Europe and in the northern portions of the United States and in Canada. Genus HEMEROCAMPA Dyar The females in this genus are wingless, or have the wings at most rudimentary. The eggs are deposited in masses, generally upon the surface of the cocoon from which the female has emerged. The larvae are voracious feeders; and as the species are generally very prolific, the insects inflict a great deal of dam- age upon vegetation. (i) Hemerocampa vetusta Boisduval, Plate XXXVIII, Fig. 19, $ . Syn. cana Henry Edwards ; gnlosa Henry Edwards. The insect replaces on the Pacific coast the following species, which in its habits it closely resembles. (2) Hemerocampa leucostigma Abbot & Smith, Plate XXXVIII, Fig. 20, i, Fig. 21, ?. (The White-marked Tussock Moth.) Syn. leueographa Geyer ; intermedia Fitch; borealis Fitch; obliviosa Henry Edwards. The moth is widely distributed in the Appalachian subregion, and its ravages upon shade-trees and shrubbery are matter of familiar observation. The insect is double-brooded in the more northern portions of its range, and triple- brooded farther south. The first generation is matured from eggs which, having been de- posited in the fall of the year, remain in situ upon the cocoons upon which they were de- posited until they are hatched by the heat of the sunshine of spring. The caterpillars rap- idly develop, and the second generation, which is always much more numerous than the first, begins to appear about the middle of July in the latitude of New York and Philadelphia. 306 Fig. \%i.-H. leucostigma, £ . \. (After Riley.) n;ile; b, young larva, magnified; <", female pupa; J, male pupa. Liparidae A third generation follows in the month of September. This generation lays the eggs from which the larvae which appear in the following spring are hatched. The female, as has already been stated, is wingless, and lives solely for the purpose of oviposition. Having laid her eggs, which she covers with the hairy scales which she plucks from the abdomen, and mingles with a viscid secretion, which she deposits with the eggs, and which on drying becomes hard and brittle, she dies. The young larva on being hatched has the power of spinning a thin thread of silk, with which it I* itself from its resting- place when disturbed. (U"' K,k,>'-> and by means of which it regains the place from which it has d. This power is List as the insect develops alter succes- sive molts. The mature caterpillar is a rather striking and not unbeautiful creature. The head is brilliant vermilion in color ; the body is white banded with black, and adorned with black-tipped tufts and bundles of cream-colored hairs. There is considerable disparity in the size of the larvae and the pupae of the two sexes, as is partially shown in Fig. 183. The larva and the pupa of the female moth are generally twice as large as those of the male. The best means of combating the ravages of this insect is to see to it that in the fall and winter the cocoons, which may be found adhering to the twigs of trees and shrubs and secreted in the nooks and crannies of fences, are gathered together and destroyed. It is also useful to spray the young foliage of trees which are liable to attack with any one 307 (Alter Riley.) Liparidae of the preparations which are made by reputable firms for the pur- pose of destroying the larvae of this and other destructive insects which attack our shade-trees. The spraying should take place at intervals when the young larvae are observed to be moving upward upon the trunks of the trees. (3) Hemerocampa definita Packard, Plate XXXVIII, Fig. 17. $■ This species, which is closely allied to the last, is found in the northern Atlantic States. What has been said as to the habits of H. leucostigma applies also to this insect. Genus OLENE Hubner (1) Olene achatina Abbot & Smith, Plate XXXVIII, Fig. 9, $ . Syn. parallela Grote & Robinson; tephra Hubner; cinnamomea Grote & Robinson. The moth, which is somewhat variable in the style and intensity of the dark markings upon the wings, is found in the Appalachian subregion, but is somewhat more frequent in the south than in the north. (2) Olene leucophaea Abbot & Smith, Plate XXXVIII, Fig. 7, 6 , Fig. 8, ? . Syn. basiflava Packard; atrivenosa Palm; man to Strecker. This is likewise a variable insect, the range of which is prac- tically coincident with that of the last-mentioned species. Genus PORTHETRIA Hubner (1) Porthetria' dispar Linnaeus, Plate XXXVIII, Fig. 12,3, Fig. 13, ?. (The Gypsy Moth.) This well-known insect is a native of the Old World. A number of years ago, a gentleman interested in entomology, and residing at the time in Cambridge, Massachusetts, received from a friend in Europe a number of cocoons of the moth, from which the insects in due season emerged. A few of the number were prepared and mounted in his cabinet, and the remainder were allowed to escape through the window of the room in which they were. Unchecked by the presence of parasites, which in their native habitat keep their numbers down, they rapidly mul- tiplied and became a scourge. Fully a million of dollars has thus far been expended in the effort to exterminate them. In spite of 308 Liparidae all the exertion which has been put forth, the insect appears to have obtained a permanent foothold in the New England States, though in recent years the destruction wrought has not been very owing to the incessant vigilance which is maintained by the civic authorities in repressing the nuisance. Genus PSILURA (i) Psilura monacha Linnaeus, Plate XXXVIII, Fig. i \. ' Fig. 15, ?. This is another insect which is said to have been imported from Europe, and is reputed to have found a foothold on the soil of the New World. The specimens figured on our plate are from a brood which the writer is informed by Mr. George Franck, of Brooklyn, to have been found in the eastern suburbs of that place. Mr. Franck has assured me that it is certainly already well domi- ciled in the region. Genus EUPROCTIS Hiibner (i) Euproctis chrysorrhcea Linnaeus, Plate XXXVIII, Fig. 16, S . (The Brown-tail Moth.) This insect, like the two preceding species, is an importation from Europe. It has become domiciled in the vicinity of Boston, Massachusetts, and is very common in the vicinity of Magnolia, Beverly Farms, and Manchester-on-the-Sea. Genus DOA Neumcegen & Dyar The only species of the genus, named ampla by Grote, is a native of Colorado, and ranges thence southward through Arizona to the \>^">>n. ^^^^ « higher mountain plateaus of Mexico. \ aMTT^ " ,/' It also occurs not infrequently in P northwestern Texas. It may easily \_ >■ g >._,-'' be recognized with the help of the 8 ... T , I'i .. 185.— Doa ampla, ' . accompanying cut, which is drawn from a specimen in the collection of the writer. " Maidens, like moths, are ever caught by glare, And Mammon wins his way where seraphs might despair." Byron. — Ckilde Harold, Canto I. 309 Liparidae Genus LEUCULODES Dyar The genus is thus fur represented in our fauna by but a single species, to which Hulst applied the specific name lacteolaria. It is a native of Arizona. The figure which is here- with given was drawn by the writer from the Fig. i%d.—Leuculodes type which is preserved in the United States lacteolaria, $ . \. National Museum. MOTH-SONG "What dost thou here, Thou dusky courtier, Within the pinky palace of the rose? Here is no bed for thee, No honeyed spicery, — But for the golden bee, And the gay wind, and me, Its sweetness grows. Rover, thou dost forget ; — Seek thou the passion-flower Bloom of one twilight hour. Haste, thou art late! Its hidden savors wait. For thee is spread Its soft, purple coverlet ; Moth, art thou sped ? — Dim as a ghost he flies Thorough the night mysteries." Ellen Mackay IIctchinson Cortissoz. 310 FAMILY LASIOCAMPID/E "Now busily convened upon the bud Thai crowns the genial branch, they feast sublime, And spread their muslin canopy around, tied richer than the proudest kings." The Lasiocampidce have been characterized as follows by Sir George F. Hampson, in "The Moths of India," Vol. I, p. 402: "Moths mostly of large size. Palpi porrect and generally large. Proboscis absent; eyes small; antenna: bipectinate in both sexes; legs generally with minute terminal pairs of spurs to mid and hind tibiae and rather hairy. Fore wing with vein \a not forked with b; \c rarely present; thccell medial in position; veins 6 and 7 from the angle; veins 9 and 10 always stalked and from before the angle. Hind wing with two internal veins; 0 and 7 arising very near the base; 8 curved and almost touching 7, or connected with it by a bar, thus forming a precostal cell; accessory costal veinlets generally present. Frenulum absent. Larva with lateral downwardly-directed tufts of hair, and often subdorsal tufts or dorsal humps on anterior somites thickly clothed with hair. Cocoon closely woven of silk and hair." Seven genera belonging to the family are recognized as occurring within our faunal limits. Genus GLOVERIA Packard (1) Gloveria arizonensis Packard, Plate XLI, Fig. 3, ?. Syn. dentata Henry Edwards. The moth is found in Arizona and northern Mexico. (2) Gloveria psidii Salle, Plate XLI, Fig. 2, 8. The habitat of the species is the same as that of the foregoing. (3) Gloveria howardi Dvar, Plate XLI, Fig. 1, ?. The specimen figured on the plate is one of several which are contained in the collection of the United States National Museum, 3" Lasiocampidae and which constituted the material upon which the original description of the species was based by Dr. Dyar. Genus ARTACE Walker (i) Artace punctistriga Walker, Plate XII, Fig. 5, $. Syn. rubrtpalpis Fekler. This rather rare little moth has its habitat in the southern Atlantic States. Genus TOLYPE Hiibner Five species are accounted as belonging to this genus. We give illustrations of the one which is commonest. (1) Tolype velleda Stoll, Plate XI, Fig. 7, $, Fig. 8, ?. The species is found throughout the Appalachian subregion. Genus HYPOPACHA Neumcegen & Dyar The only species known to belong to this genus was named grisea by Neumcegen. The only specimen of which the writer has knowledge is the type which is contained in the collection of the Brooklyn Institute. Of this I have, through the kindness of the authorities of that institu- tion, been permitted to make a drawing, which is reproduced in the annexed cut. The habitat grisea, $. s. of the species is Arizona. Genus MALACOSOMA Hiibner (1) Malacosoma americana Fabricius, Plate X, Fig. 12, $. Syn. decipiens Walker ; frutetorum Boisduval. The species, which is commonly known as "The American Tent-caterpillar, " is widely distributed throughout the Appalachian subregion, and at times inflicts considerable injury upon the foliage of trees. It especially affects trees belonging to the Rosacea, as the wild cherry and wild plum, and attacks apple-orchards with avidity. The great white webs woven by the caterpillars are familiar objects in the rural landscape, detested by the fruit- grower, and equally despised by the man who loves to see trees in perfect leaf. An orchard cobwebbed by the tent-caterpil- 312 Lasiocampida lar is not pleasant to contemplate. Th way to combat these destructive insects is to diligently search for their webs when they first are being formed, and to cut off the branches to which they are attached and burn them. By following this method carefully, their ravages may be held in check. (2) Malacosoma californica Packard, Plate X, Fig. n. Syn. pseudoncustria Bois- duval. The species, which is in its habits very closely allied to the preceding, has its home upon the Pacific coast. (3) Malacosoma disstria Hubner, Plate X, Fig. 9, & ; form erosa Stretch, Plate X, Fig. 10 , S . Syn. sylvatica Harris; drupacearum Boisdnval ; thoracicoides Neumcegen & Dyar; sylvalicoidcs Neumcegen & Dyarj thoracica Stretch ; perversa Neumoegen & Dyar. The moth is universally distributed through the United States and Canada. It appears to be rather variable, and a number of subspecies or varietal forms have been recognized. Many of the races, if such they can be called, differ so little from the typical stock that it hardly appears worth while to regard the names which have been applied to them as other than synonyms. The habits of the larvae are almost identical with those of the species to which reference has already been made. Like them, they prefer to attack the I [88. M. americana. <;, lateral view of larva; /; dorsal view of larva; c, mass of eggs; d, cocoon. (After Riley.) Lasiocampidae Rosacea:, although they also at times feed upon other trees. The hickories of various species and the walnuts are not exempt from their ravages. The writer has never observed them feeding upon oaks, birch, or beeches. An ex- cellent account of the hab- its of these creatures may be found in Riley's Mis- souri Reports, Number III, from which the illustra- tions here given have been taken. The means of holding the insects in check are the same which have been recommended in the case of M. americana. Fig. 190. — J/, disstria. a, egg mass; b, moth ; c, egg viewed from top ; d, eggs viewed from side; c, d, magnified. (After Riley.) Genus HETEROPACHA Harvey (1) Heteropacha rileyana Harvey, Plate VIII, Fig. 7 $. The moth is not uncommon in the Valley of the Mississippi, ranging from western Pennsylvania to Kansas and Missouri, and southward into Texas. Genus EPICNAPTERA Rambur (1) Epicnaptera americana Harris, Plate XLI, Fig. 19, 6, Fig. 20, ? . Syn. occidentis Walker ; carpinifolia Boisduval. There are a number of color forms of this insect which have received names, and which appear to be local races of some mea- sure of stability in the regions where they occur. We have given in our plate the form which is common in the Mississippi Valley. The specimens figured were bred from larvae reared by Mr. Tallant at Columbus, Ohio. "The Baron was an entomologist. Both the Fontenettes thought we should be fascinated with the beauty of some of his cases of moths and butterflies." G. W. Cabus, 314 Explanation of Plate XLI (Unless otherwise indicated, the specimens figured are contained in the collection of W. J. Holland.) Gloveria howardi Dyar, 9 , U. S. N. M. Gloveria psidii Salle, $■ , U. S. N. M. Gloveria arisonensis Packard, 9 , U. S. N. M. Crinodes beskci Hubner, cT- Cither -onia sepulchralis Grote & Robinson, 9 . Oreta irrorata Packard, 9 . Falcaria bilineata Packard, 9 • Eurycyttaras confederata Grote & Robinson, rj1. Cossus undosus Lintner, 9 . Prionoxystus robiniw Peck, 9 • Prionoxystus robinicc Peck, c? ■ Thyridopteryx ephcmerceformis Haworth, cj1. Sthenopis qiiadrignitatus Grote, c?- Sthenopis argenteomaculatus Harris, rj1. Hepialus hyperboreus Mceschler, cf , U. S. N. M. Hepialus lemberti Dyar, <5\ U. S. N. M. Cicinnus melsheimeri Harris, 9. Aon noctuiformis Neumoegen, cf ■ Epicnaptera americana Harris, cT- Epicnaptera americana Harris, 9 • Laeosoma chiridota Grote, c? ■ Drepana genicula Grote, c? . Drcpana arcuata Walker, cf. Oreta rosea Walker, 9 ■ The Moth Bcok. THE NEW YORK [PUBLIC LIBRARY ASTOR, l 6NOX AND ^TILOEN FOUNDATIONS. FAMILY BOMBYCILVF thou, the insect of an hour, O'er Time to triumph wouldst pretend; With nerves of grass wouldst brave the power Beneath which pyramids must bend! " I C ', iLD. The BombycidcB were originally confined to the Asiatic conti- nent, and more particularly to the southeastern portions of that great land miss. The family is quite small and includes only a few genera. ( >f these the genus Bombyx is the only one which is well known. The family has been characterized as follows by Sir George F. Hampson, in "The Moths of India," Vol. I, p. 31: "Proboscis absent, palpi rather small or absent; antennae bipectinated in both sexes; legs hairy, without spurs. Frenulum absent; vein 5 of both wings from or from above the middle of the discocellul.il s; veins 7, 8, and 9 of the fore wing generally more or less bent downward; vein \a forming or not forming a fork with i/<; \c absent or present. Hind wing with two or three internal veins; vein 8 arising from the base of 7, or free from the base with a bar between them; the inner margin irreg- ular and in part turned over. Larva elongate and not hairy; dorsal humps on some of the somites, or a horn on the terminal somite, or paired dorsal spines. Cocoon formed of fine silk of great commercial value." Genus BOMBYX Linnaeus (1) Bombyx mori Linnaeus. The silk-worm of commerce is not known to exist in a feral or wild state in the regions where it is now most commonly 315 Bombycidae reared. In this respect it is like many other domesticated animals. The caterpillar, of which a figure is herewith given, feeds upon Fig. 191. — Larva of Bombyx mori. (After Riley. ) the the Fig. 192. — Cocoon of B. (After Riley.) eaves of the white mulberry, and will also feed freely upon eaves of the Osage orange, an American hedge-plant. The insect was introduced at an early date --' ■ '~~~~~ ' '■ into the American colonies, but its culture has not as yet risen in the New World to great proportions, though the manufacture of silk from imported material is at the present day an important American industry. The culture of silk is an industry which might be best undertaken and maintained in the Southern States of the American Union, where climatic conditions are wholly favorable to it. The Caro- linas and Georgia appear to fur- nish the best climate for the development of this industry, and it is believed by those who are most conversant with the matter that in time the rearing of the silk- worm may become in these States an exceedingly important and profitable branch of industry. Southern California and Arizona are also likely to become centers in which the growing of raw silk may be successfully pursued. THE HISTORY OF SILK-CULTURE The greater portion of the silk of commerce is produced by the larva; of the moth known as Bombyx mori. The in 316 193. — Moth of B. mori. (After Riley.) Bombycidae sect, through ages of human culture, has become thoroughly domesticated. It has been wrongly maintained that the moth known as Tbeophila buttoni, and which is found in China and western India, is the ancestral or feral form from which the domesticated Bombyx mori has been derived. The common silk- worm does not exist in a wild state anywhere so far as is known, and is as much a domestic animal as the Jersey cow or the grey- hound. Chinese literature clearly shows that the silk-industry originated in that country. The Hmperor Hwang-Ti, whose reign wis in the eighteenth century b.c. , fostered the culture of silk, and his empress, Si-Ling-Chi, who gave her personal atten- tion to the breeding of silk-worms and the manufacture of silk, was deified in consequence, and is reputed to be "the goddess of silk-worms." The methods of securing the silk and weaving fabrics from it were held secret by the Chinese for nearly two thousand years, and only after ages was a knowledge of the art transmitted to Corea, and thence to Japan. Silk in very small quantities was imported into Greece and Rome from China by way of Persia. Aristotle was the first writer in lunope to give a correct account of the manner in which silk is produced. He is supposed to have derived his information from those who had accompanied Alexander the Cre.it mi his victorious inarch into India. The price of silken fabrics in the West at the beginning of the Christian era, owing to the cost of transportation, was so great that only the very rich could possess garments of this material. Their use was restricted to wealthy women. For a man to use silken clothing was esteemed a sign of luxurious effeminacy. Under the reigns of Tiberius, Vespasian, and Diocletian the use of silken apparel by men was positively inter- dicted; but gradually, with the increase of importation of raw silk from Persia and its manufacture into stuffs in Asia Minor and elsewhere, the habit of using it grew, and its cost was slowly lowered. Under the reign of the Emperor Justinian, in the sixth century, positive steps to foster sericulture as an imperial monop- oly were taken. Silk-looms operated by women were estab- lished in the palace at Constantinople, and Justinian endeavored, in view of the loss of the supply of raw silk brought about by a war with Persia, to induce the Prince of Abyssinia to secure to him supplies of the article by a circuitous route. Relief was finally 3'7 Bombycidae brought to the embarrassed imperial manufacturer when two Nestorian monks, who had lived long in China and had learned all the processes of silk-culture, were induced to go back to that far-away land and bring to Constantinople a stock of the eggs of the silk-worm. As it was among the Chinese a capital offense to reveal the secrets of the trade or to export the eggs from which the worms are hatched, the two priests had to proceed with the utmost caution. They concealed the eggs in the hollows of the bamboo staffs which they carried as pilgrims. From these eggs, thus transported to Constantinople in a.d. SSS, all of the silk- worms in Europe, Africa, Asia Minor, and America until as recently as 1865 were descended. It was not until the last-men- tioned year that any importation of fresh eggs of the silk-worm from China took place. Those two bamboo sticks held within themselves the germ of a vast industry, countless costly ward- robes, the raiment of kings, queens, and emperors, and untold wealth. From the time of Justinian onward the growth of silk-culture in Greece and Asia Minor was rapid. It was introduced into Spain by the Saracens at the beginning of the eighth century. It found lodgment in Sicily and Naples in the twelfth century, and in the next century was taken up in Genoa and Venice. It was not begun in France until the latter part of the sixteenth century, but in the seventeenth century it made great progress in France, as well as in Belgium and Switzerland. The weaving of silk had begun at an earlier date than this in France, Germany, and Eng- land. Attempts made to introduce the culture of the mulberry- tree and of the silk-worm in Great Britain have always signally failed. The climate appears to be against the industry. James I, who had failed in his attempts to foster sericulture in England, undertook to plant the industry in Virginia in 1609. But the eggs and mulberry-trees he sent out were lost by shipwreck. In 1619 and the years immediately following the attempt was renewed, and the raising of silk-worms was enjoined by statute and en- couraged by bounties. In spite of every effort, little came of the attempt, the colonists finding the growth of tobacco to be far more profitable. In Georgia and the Carolinas similar attempts were made, and from 1735 to 1766 there were exported to Eng- land considerable quantities of raw silk from these colonies. From 3,8 Bombycidae 1760 onward the industry declined. Sericulture was at this time taken up in Connecticut and flourished there more than anywhere else for many years, though the raw silk was not exported, but woven on the spot into various fabrics. The production of raw silk in Connecticut for many years amounted to a sum of not less than $200,000 annually. In 1830 an effort was made to introduce into the United States the so-called Chinese mulberry (Morns tnulticaulis). A popular craze in regard to this plant and the profits of silk-culture was begotten. Fabulous prices were paid for cuttings of the Morns tnulticaulis, as much even as five dol- lars for twigs less than two feet in length. Hundreds of people came to believe that the possession of a grove of these trees would be the avenue to fortune. But in 1839 the bubble burst, and many persons who had invested the whole of their small earnings were ruined. It was discovered that the trees would not with- stand frost and were practically worthless, as compared with the white mulberry (Morns alba). "Colonel Mulberry Sellers" re- mains in American literature a reminder of those days, and of the visionary tendencies of certain of our people. The manufacture of silk thread and of silken fabrics was begun in the United States at an early date. Machinery for reeling, throwing, and weaving silk was invented, and the importation of raw silk was begun. The industry has steadily grown until at the present time silk-manufacture has come to be an important industry, in which nearly a hundred millions of dollars are in- vested. The annual production of silken goods amounts to a sum even greater than the capital employed and gives employ- ment to seventy-five thousand persons. So much for the indus- trial importance of one small species of those insects to which this volume is devoted. "It was brown with a golden gloss, Janette, It was finer than silk of the floss, my pet ; 'T was a beautiful mist falling down to your wrist, 'T was a thing to be braided, and jewelled, and kissed— 'T was the loveliest hair in the world, pet." Charles G. Halpine. — Tanette's Hair. 3'9 FAMILY PLATYPTERYGID/E "Above the wet and tangled swamp White vapors gathered thick and damp, And through their cloudy curtaining Flapped many a brown and dusky wing — Pinions that fan the moonless dun, ut fold them at the rising sun." Whittier. The family has been described as follows by Sir George F. Hampson, "Moths of India," Vol. I, p. 526: "Small or moderate-sized moths of somewhat slender build, generally with the apex of the fore wing falcate. Palpi slender and slightly scaled, often very minute. Fore wing with vein \b forked at the base; \c absent; 5 from close to the lower angle of cell. Hind wing with one or two internal veins; \a short when present; 5 from near lower angle of cell; the discocellulars angled; the origin of veins 6 and 7 before the angle of cell; 8 bent down and nearly or quite touching 7. Larva smooth, with the anal prolegs absent, except in the genus Eucbera;* the anal somite usually with a long process, the others often humped. Cocoon spun among leaves." Genus EUDEILINEA Packard The only species of the genus known in our fauna is the one named herminiata by Guenee. It is a rather rare little moth in collections, being probably overlooked by collectors on account of its insignificant size and its general resemblance to commoner species. It is found in the Appalachian subregion. * Not American. 32O Fig. 194. — E. herminiata. Platypterygidae Genus ORETA Walker (i) Oreta rosea Walker, Plate XLI, Fig. 24, ?. Syn. americana Hcrrich-Schreffer ; formula Grotc. The moth is a native of the eastern portions of our territory. (2) Oreta irrorata Packard. Plate XLI, Fig. 6, $. The range of this species is coincident with that of the last. Genus DREPANA Schrank (1) Drepana arcuata Walker, Plate XLI, Fig. 2}, $. Syn. fabula ' Form genicula Grote, Plate XLI, Fig. 22, S. The species, which is dimorphic, inhabits the Appalachian subregion. The form genicula occurs in the spring, the form arcuata in the summer. Genus FALCARIA Haworth The genus is common to both hemispheres. (1) Falcaria bilineata Packard, Plate XLI, Fig. 7, 5. The insect, which is by no means common, is a native of the eastern portion of our territory. TRANSFORMATK IN " Who that beholds the summer's glistering swarms, Ten thousand thousand gaily gilded forms, In vnlant dance of mix'd rotation play, Bask in the beam, and beautify the day; Who'd think these airy wantons, so adorn, \\ 1 e late his vile antipathy and scorn, Prone to the dust, or reptile thro' the mire, And ever thence unlikely to aspire ? Or who with transient view, beholding, loaths Those crawling sects, whom vilest semblance cloaths ; Who, with corruption, hold their kindred state, As by contempt, or negligence of fate ; Could think, that such, revers'd by wondrous doom, Sublimer powers and brighter forms assume; From death their future happier life derive, And tho' apparently entomb'd, revive; Chang'd, thro' amazing transmigration rise, And wing the regions of unwonted skies; So late depress'd, contemptible on earth, Now elevate to heaven by second birth." Henry Brooke. — Universal Beauty. 321 FAMILY GEOMETRID/E "... The sylvan powers Obey our summons ; from their deepest dells The Dryads come, and throw their garlands wild And odorous branches at our feet ; the Nymphs That press with nimble step the mountain-thyme And purple heath-flower come not empty-handed, But scatter round ten thousand forms minute Of velvet moss or lichen, torn from rock Or rifted oak or cavern deep : the Naiads too Quit their loved native stream, from whose smooth face They crop the lily, and each sedge and rush That drinks the rippling tide : the frozen poles, Where peril waits the bold adventurer's tread, The burning sands of Borneo and Cayenne, All, all to us unlock their secret stores And pay their cheerful tribute." J. Taylor.— Norwich, 1818. The Geometridcv are a very large and universally distributed family of moths. There is no country where there is any vege- tation where they do not occur. Even in the inhospitable re- gions of the far North, upon the verge of the eternal ice, they may be found. They are more or less frail in their habit, with con- siderable expanse of wing in proportion to the size of the body. They are semidiurnal or crepuscular. They have been character- ized as follows by Sir George F. Hampson: "... Proboscis present or rarely absent. Legs and tarsi slender, elongate, and naked, or slightly clothed with hair. Fore wing with vein \a forming a fork with \b. \c absent; vein 5 from or from above middle of the discocellulars, 7 rising from 8, 9. Hind wing with the frenulum usually present, but absent in a few genera. Vein \a very short, apparently absent in some forms; vein \b running to anal angle; \c absent. 8 with a well- developed precostal spur. 322 Geometridae Larva with the three anterior pairs of abdominal claspers to- tally aborted, and progressing by bringing the posterior somites close to the thoracic, looping the medial somites. In a few an- cestral forms there is tendency to develop additional prolegs and to a more ordinary mode of progression." The larvae, which are commonly known as "measuring- worms," "span-worms," or " loopers," have the power in many cases of attaching themselves by the posterior claspers to the stems and branches of plants, and extending the remainder of the body outwardly at an angle to the growth upon which they are resting, in which attitude they wonderfully resemble short twigs. Dichromatism is often revealed among them, part of a brood of caterpillars being green and the remainder brown or yellowish. Various explanations of this phenomi non have been suggested. In not a feu- cases the females are wingless. Over eight hundred species of Geometridce are known to occur within the limits of the United States and Canada, and when the region shall have been exhaustively explored, tl little doubt that this number will be greatly increased. It is im- possible within the limits of this book to mention and depict all of these species. We have therefore confined ourselves to the description through our plates of one hundred and seventy spe- cies, which are either more commonly encountered, or are pos- sessed of some striking character. Incidentally occasion has been taken to figure a few of the types of species in the collection of the author which have never before been delineated. The student who desires to familiarize himself with the fam- ily with which we are now dealing will derive much assistance from the writings of Packard and Hulst, the titles of which he will find in the portion of the Introduction of this book devoted to the literature of the subject. SUBFAMILY DYSPTERIDINyE Genus DYSPTERIS Hubner (i) Dyspteris abortivaria Herrich-Schaeffer, Plate XLII, Fig. 21, & . (The Bad-win-. ) This pretty little moth may be easily recognized by the fact that the hind wings are so much smaller than the fore wings. )23 Geometridae It is the only species of the genus found within our territory. It is not uncommon in the Appalachian subregion. Genus NYCTOBIA Hulst Three species belong to this genus. One of them is selected for illustration. (i) Nyctobia limitata Walker, Plate XLII, Fig. 22, $. Syn. lobophorata Walker ; vernata Packard. , The habitat of this moth is identical with that of the last-men- tioned species. It is not at all uncommon in Pennsylvania. Genus CLADORA Hulst (1) Cladora atroliturata Walker, Plate XLII, Fig. 2j, $. (The Scribbler.) Syn. geminata Grote & Robinson. A neatly marked species, which is the sole representative of the genus in our fauna. The moths may be found in the early spring seated upon the trunks of trees in the forest. It is a native of the Appalachian subregion. Genus RACHELA Hulst Four species of this genus have been characterized by the late Dr. Hulst. The only one which occurs in the eastern portions of the continent we figure. (1) Rachela bruceata Hulst, Plate XLII, Fig. 24, $ . The moth is found in the northern Atlantic States. It is not uncommon in western Pennsylvania. SUBFAMILY HYDRIOMENIN/E Genus PALEACRITA Riley There are reputed to be three species of the genus found in the United States. Only one of them, because of its economic importance, has received much attention thus far. (1) Paleacrita vernata Peck, Plate XLII. Fig. 25, $ , Fig. 26, $ . (The Spring Canker-worm.) Syn. scriceiferata Walker: autumnata Packard; merricata Dyar. There are two insects known as canker-worms. One of these, the smaller of the two, is properly named the Spring 324 Fig. 195. — Paleacrita ;rr- nata. a, mature larva; 6, egg, magnified, natural size shown in mass at side ; c, enlarged seg- ment of larva, side view ; d, do., viewed dorsally. (Alter Riley.) Geometridae Canker-worm, because the great majority of the moths issue from the ground in the spring. It has been a great pest in orchards, and formerly in our East- ern cities was a nuisance, not only because of the injury which it inflicted upon the foliage of shade-trees, but because of the annoying manner in which the larvae, pendent from the branches by long threads of silk, were blown about over things and persons beneath them. It was to effect their de- struction that the English sparrow was originally imported into this country. The ravages of the insects upon the foliage "i trees in parks and gardens have measurably decreased since this step was taken, but in the open country, especially in the Valley of the Mississippi, nsectsare still numerous h to do much harm to orchards. The females being apterous, the best method of preventing the multiplication of the insects upon trees is to prevent them from climbing up upon the foliage and ovipositing. A simple device, which has proved very effective, is to tie a piece of rope about the trunk of the tree which it is intended to protect, and to insert b< the rope and the bark strips of tin, which, having been put into place, should be bent downwardly and outwardly, so as to form a collar with a downward Hare. The insects have been found not to be inclined to pass such a barrier, and they will con- just below it, and may there be captured and destroyed. Birds are the chief enemies of the canker-worm, and every wise or- chardist will see to it that all species of insectivorous birds are not molested in his neighborhood, but are encouraged to find in his trees a hospitable welcome. The small amount of fruit which the birds take as toll is amply compensated for by the work which they perform in keeping down insect pests, such as 325 1 [96.— Paleacrita vet female; ct joint of antenn domen ; r, ovipositor ! .ile ; fi, i, joint of ab- ( After Riley.) Geometridse the one under consideration. It is the part of wisdom in every way to protect the birds. The canker-worm is widely distributed from the Atlantic to the Pacific. Genus ALSOPHILA Hiibner Only one species of the genus occurs within our limits. (i) Alsophila pometaria Harris. (The Fall Canker-worm.) Syn. restituens Walker. The Fall Canker-worm in many respects closely resembles the preceding species, but a critical eye can at once detect great differences both in the form and markings of the caterpillar and of the mature insect. The moths generally emerge from the pupal state in the late fall, or during mild spells of weather in the winter, and may even continue to come forth until the spring is well advanced. The eggs are not laid as those of the preceding species, sin- gly under the scales of bark, but are deposited in a com- pact mass fastened to the twigs by a strong gluey se- cretion, and are loosely cov- FlG. 197. — Alsophila pometaria side view; 6, do., top view; c, side view of segment of larva ; d, top view of seg- ment of larva; f, mature larva; g, pupa; //, cremaster. (After Riley.) ered with gray hairs, which the female rubs from her abdomen. The caterpillars are not ornamented on the back by a multitude of fine lines, but have a broad brown stripe along the dorsal line. The moths are larger than those of the Spring Canker-worm, and have a distinct whitish spot on the costa of the primaries near the apex. The cater- pillar undergoes but two molts, and matures very rapidly. It has rudimentary prolegs on the eighth somite. The precautionary measures which have proved effective in combating the Spring Canker-worm are not efficacious in dealing with this species. To effectively destroy them the best means is to spray the foli- 926 FlG. 198. —A. pometaria. a, male; i, male ; r, female antenna ; d, segment of be of female, enlarged. (After Riley.) iy Geometric! ae age, just as the buds are opening, with some one of the poisonous mixtures which are prepared as insecticides. One of the very best means of keeping down the ravages of the insects is to encourage the cherry-birds (Ampelis) to stay about the place. They wage relentless war upon the pests. Genus EUDULE Hiibner (i) Eudule mendica Walker, Plate XLII, Fig. 27. 5. (The Syn. biscriata I [errii h Si ' This delicate little moth is widely distributed throughout the Appalachian subregion. It has been commonly placed in the genus Eupbanessa. (2) Eudule unicolor Robinson. Plate XLII, Fig. 28, $. (The Plain-colored Eudule.) The insect, which has been in most lists attributed I genus Amelia, ranges from Colorado to Texas and Arizona. Genus NANNIA Hulst (1) Nannia refusata Walker, Plate XLII, Fig. ji, . . (Har- vey's Geometer.) Syn. I kard. This is a common species in the spring of the year in the northern Atlantic States. Genus HETEROPHLEPS Herrich-Schaeffer (1) Heterophleps triguttaria Herrich-Schaeffer, Plate XLII, Fig. 29, * . (The Three-spotted Fillip.) Syn. quadrinotata Walker ; hexaspilata Walker. This pretty little moth is widely distributed throughout the entire United States, and is very generally associated with the preceding species in locality and time of appearance. Genus TEPHROCLYSTIS Hiibner This is a very extensive genus, composed for the most part 01 small and inconspicuous species. It is found in both hemispheres. We select, for purposes of illustration, one of the commoner species, which is found in both Europe and America. 327 Geometridae (i) Tephroclystis absinthiata Clerck, Plate XLII, Fig. 32, 6. (The Absinth.) Syn. miniitata Treitschke ; notata Stephens ; elongata Haworth ; absyntkiata Guen£e ; coagulata Guenee ; geminata Packard. This inconspicuous little creature illustrates the truth of the remark, already made, that the smaller the insect the more and the lengthier the names which it bears or which have been im- posed upon it. Genus EUCYMATOGE Hiibner (1) Eucymatoge intestinata Guenee, Plate XLII, Fig. 30, ?. Syn. impleta Walker ; indoctrinate Walker. The moth is almost universally distributed throughout the United States. It is found in the spring of the year seated upon the trunks of trees, the gray bark of which it assimilates in color. Genus VENUSIA Curtis The genus is common to both hemispheres. Venusia cam- brica Curtis is found in Europe and the United States. Two other species of the genus occur in our territory, and of both of these we give figures. (1) Venusia duodecimlineata Packard, Plate XLIII, Fig. The moth is very widely, if not universally, distributed •throughout temperate North America. (2) Venusia comptaria Walker, Plate XLII, Fig. )}, $ . Syn. condensata Walker; inclinataria Walker; inclinata Hulst; perlineata Packard. The species is common in the eastern portions of the United States. Genus EUCHffiCA Hiibner (1) Euchceca albovittata Guenee, Plate XLIV, Fig. 19, $. (The White-striped Black.) Syn. propriaria Walker ; reciprocata Walker. The moth is found from the Atlantic to the Pacific and ranges well up into Alaska, whence I have obtained specimens taken at Sitka and on Lake Labarge, in the Valley of the Yukon. (2) Euchoeca californiata Packard, Plate XLIV, Fig. 20, $. (The Californian Black.) The moth inhabits the Pacific States. 328 Geometridae n> Euchceca lucata Guenee, Plate XI. IV, Fig. 6, 5. (The ind Black.) The insect is distributed from western Pennsylvania and West Virginia to Illinois, and northward to Manitoba. It is not rare about Pittsburgh. Genus HYDRIA Hubner (1) Hydria undulata Linnaeus, Plate XLII, Fig. 34, ?. (The Scallop-shell Moth.) This neatly marked species is found in both Europe and America. It is the only species of the genus in the United States. Genus PHILEREME Hubner The species of this genus are all Western in their habitat. (1) Philereme californiata Packard. Plate XI II I The specimen figured was taken on the slopes of Mt. Shasta. Genus EUSTROMA Hubner This is quite an 1 Mi the New World and the Old. Of the nine species recognized th curring within the United States, we figure three. (1) Eustroma diversilineata Hubner, Plate XI. II. Fig. 42, ' . (The Diverse-lin The moth is not at all uncommon in the Appalachian subregion. (2) Eustroma prunata Linnaeus, Plate XI. II. Fig. 53, $ . (I he Plum Moth.) Syn So iduval; triangulatum Packard; montanatum Packard. Tlie : ind 111 both Europe and North America. (3) Eustroma atrocolorata Grote, Plate XLII, Fig. 47. '. (The Dark-banded Geometer.) A denizen of the Appalachian subregion. It is one of the most beautiful ol the geometrid moths found in the Atlantic States. Genus RHEUMAPTERA Hubner A genus of moderate size, the species of which are found in the temperate and boreal regions of both hemispheres. (1) Rheumaptera hastata Linnaeus, Plate XLII, Fig. 40, $, Fifif. 41. 9, var. (The Spear-mark.) The species is very variable, and half a dozen forms have been named. The only differences existing between these forms are 329 Geometrida; in the relative amount of black and white upon the upper side ol the wings. The moth is found all through northern Europe and Asia, and is widely distributed through the northern United States and Canada as far west as Alaska, where it is very common. (2) Rheumapteraluctuata Denis & Schiffermuller, Plate XLII, Fig. 39, S . The remarks made as to the preceding species apply equally well to the present. I have received it in recent years in great numbers from Alaska. (3) Rheumaptera rubrosuffusata Packard, Plate XLII, Fig. The moth is a native of the Pacific States. Genus PERCNOPTILOTA Hulst This genus is represented in North America by a single species, Percnoptilota fluviata Hubner, which is shown on Plate XLII, Fig. 48, by a male specimen. The moth also occurs in Europe and northern Asia, and has been described under at least fifteen different names. The synonymy is too extensive to burden the pages of this book with it. Genus MESOLEUCA Hubner This is an extensive genus found in the temperate regions of the northern hemisphere on both sides of the Atlantic. (1) Mesoleuca ruficillata Guenee, Plate XLIII, Fig. 21, $. The habitat of the species is the northern United States and southern Canada. (2) Mesoleuca gratulata Walker, Plate XLII, Fig. 47, 3 . Syn. brunneiciliata Packard. The insect is found in the Pacific subregion. (3) Mesoleuca lacustrata Guenee, Plate XLII, Fig. 50, ?. This is not an uncommon species in Europe and the northern portions of the United States and in Canada. (4) Mesoleuca intermediata Guenee, Plate XLII, Fig. 49, ? . The moth occurs in the Atlantic States. (s) Mesoleuca hersiliata Guenee, Plate XLII, Fig. 46, $ . Syn. flammifera Walker. The home of the species is in the region of the Rocky Moun- tains. It is not uncommon in Colorado. 330 Explanation of Plate XLII (The specimens figured are contained in the Collection of W. J. Holland.) i. Palthis asopialis Guenee, 9 . 2. Gabcrasa ambigualis Walker, c?. 3. Bomolocha manalis Walker, $ . 4. Bomolocha baltimoralis Guenee, 9 . 5. Bomolocha abalinealis Walker, rj1. 6. Bomolocha madefactalis Guenee, cf. 7. Bomolocha bijugalis Walker, cf ■ 8. Bomolocha deccptalis Walker, tf. 9. Bomolocha toreuta Grote, c? . 10. Bomolocha scutellaris Grote, 9 . 1 1 . Bomolocha edictalis Walker, j> . 12. Hypena humuli Harris, cf . 13. Hypena liumuli var., c? . 14. Plathypcna scabra Fabricius, cj1. 15. Nycteola lintnerana Speyer, c? . 16. Brephos infans Moeschler, 9 ■ 17. Calledapteryx dryopterata Grote, c? ■ 18. Melanchroia geomctroides Walker, cf. 19. Melanchroia cephise Cramer, cj1 ■ 20. Sphacclodes vulneraria Hiibner, cf . 2i. Dyspteris abortivaria Herrich-Schaeffer, J1. 22. N yctobia limitata Walker, c? . 23. Cladora atroliturata Walker, rj1. 24. Rachela bruceata Hulst, c? . 25. Paleacrita vernata Peck, rj. 26. Paleacrita vernata Peck, $ . 27. Eudulc mendica Walker, $ . 28. Eudule unicolor Robinson, c? . 29. Heterophleps triguttaria Herrich-Schaeffer, c?' 30. Eucymatoge inteslinata Guenee, 9 ■ 31. Nannia refusata Walker, c? ■ 32. Tephroclyslfs absintliiata Clerck, d1. 33. Vcnusia comptaria Walker, cT- 34. Hydria undulata Linnaeus, 9 ■ 35. Hydriomcna latirupta Walker, rj1. 36. Philercmc californiata Packard, V m 37 ^^Hn i ■'.>•- fcfe ■■'52 Mb F L- Geometridas The moth occurs quite commonly in the Atlantic subregion. (2) Deilinea behrensaria Hulst, Plate XLIII, Fig. j8, 8. A native of the Pacific subregion. The specimen figured is one of the types. Genus SCIAGRAPHIA Hulst (1) Sciagraphia granitata Guenee, Plate XLIII, Fig. j (The Granite Moth.) This small moth, which is a common species in the Appa- lachian subregion, has been described under no less than nineteen names by various authors. The student who is curious as to the synonym v may consult Dyar's List. (2) Sciagraphia heliothidata Guenee. Plate XLIII, Fig. 41, ? . (The Sun-flower M Syn. oeellinata Guenee; restorata Walker; subcolumbata Walker; duplicate, Packard. The moth occurs throughout the region of the Great Plains and 1 ' \ mntains. (3) Sciagraphia mellistrigata Grote, Plate XLIII, Fig. 42, ' . (The ! I ak.) The insect is found in the northern portions of the United States, and ranges westward and southward, being not at all uncommon in northern Texas and in Colorado. Gepus PHILOBIA Duponchel (1) Philobia enotata Guenee, Plate XLIII, I Syn. amulataria Walker; sectomaculata Morrison; notata (ran: '•*)■ The insect appears to be common everywhere throughout the United States and Canada. Genus MACARIA Curtis A considerable genus, represented in b..th hemispheres. (1) Macaria s-signata Packard, Plate XLIII, Fig. 43, $. The species oci i olorado westward to < ilil irnia. (2) Macaria eremiata Guenee, Plate XLIII, Fig. 44, $. Syn. retictata Walker; gradate Walker; retentata Walker; subcinctaria Walker. The habitat of the species is the Appalachian subregion. (3) Macaria hypaethrata Grote, Plate XLIII, Fig. 47, $. 339 Geometrida The insect flies in Colorado and adjoining States. (4) Macaria prseatomata Haworth, Plate XLIII, Fig. 40, $ . Syn. consepta Walker. Not a rare species in the Atlantic States. (s) Macaria glomeraria Grote, Plate XLIV, Fig. 3, ?. The range of this species is the same as that of the preceding. Fig. 202. — Cymatophora ri- bearia, . \. (After Ri ley.) Genus CYMATOPHORA Hiibner (1) Cymatophora ribearia Fitch, Plate XLIII, Fig. 45, ?. (The Gooseberry Span-worm.) Syn. sigmaria Guenee; annisaria Walker; aniusaria Walker; grossulariata Saunders. The gooseberry and the currant are subject in the United States and Canada to the attack of various insects, which do a great deal of damage to them. One of the most frequent causes of injury to these plants are the larvae of the Gooseberry Span-worm, which is represented in Fig. 204. It is, when mature, about an inch in length, bright yellow in color, marked with dark-brown spots upon the segments. The eggs, which are laid by the mature female at the end of June or the beginning of July, are very minute, but upon examination under the microscope are seen to be beautifully ornamented with deep pits or sculpturings. They are pale bluish-green. The eggs are attached by the female to the stems and branches of the plants, not far from the ground. Being almost microscopic in size, they readily elude observation, and this, it is known, accounts for the fact that the insects are often, by the transplantation of the shrubs, transferred from one locality to another in which they have been previously unknown. The eggs, having been laid, remain through the sum- F]G _ E mer and fall and all of the succeeding winter Gooseberry Span-worm. in a dormant state, and do not hatch until ^J."'^' r^P' early in the following spring, when the leaves are beginning to put out upon the bushes. As soon as the 340 Geometridae eggs are hatched, the larva begin to feed upon the young leaves, and they mature very quickly, the rate of their development being marked by a correspond- ing devastation of the plants upon which they have established them- selves. Pupation takes place at the end of May or in the beginning of June. The caterpillar bur- rows into the loose soil about the roots of the bushes, or simply crawls under loose leaves, and, without spinning a i coon, undergoes transfor- mation into a chrysalis, which is smooth and of a shining mahogany color. In this state the insects remain for about two weeks, when they emerge as moths, and the cy< le of life is repeated. The most effectual method of combating the larva is to sprinkle the bushes with powdered white hellebore. This is a good remedy, not only for the species w< lei ing, but I >i several other insects which are likely to occur upon the plants at the same time. (2) Cymatophora inceptaria Walker, Plate XL111, Fig. 46, $ . Syn. argillacearia Packard; Hulst. A native of the Appalachian subregion. h) Cymatophora successaria Walker, Plate Xl.lll, Fig. ?. Syn. perarcuata Walker. Form coortaria Hulst, Plate XLIII. Fig. 49, $ . A widely distributed species, which is not at all uncommon in Middle Atlantic Slates. (4) Cymatophora tenebrosata 1 lulst, Plate XLIII, Fig. 50, S . 34' I - in worm. <;, b, larvae; I i. (After Riley.) 4*. the Geometridae The specimen represented upon the plate is one of Dr. Hulst's types. The moth is found in Arizona. Genus SYMPHERTA Hulst (i) Sympherta tripunctaria Packard, Plate XLIII, Fig. 51, ?. The moth is found in northern California, and ranges north- ward into British Columbia. Genus AP^ECASIA Hulst (1) Apaecasia defluata Walker, Plate XLIII, Fig. 52, $. Syn. subcequaria Walker. The habitat of the species is the northern portion of the Appalachian subregion. Genus CATOPYRRHA Hiibner (1) Catopyrrha coloraria Fabricius, Plate XLIII, Fig. 54, 3 . Syn. accessaria Hiibner; cruentaria Hiibner; atropunctaria Walker. Form dissimilaria Hiibner, Plate XLIII, Fig. 53, $. The insect, which in the mature form presents many varietal differences, due to variation in the form and shade of the mark- ings, is found in the Appalachian subregion. Genus ENEMERA Hulst (1) Enemera juturnaria Guenee, Plate XLIII, Fig. 55, $. The moth is found in the region of the Rocky Mountains, westward to California and northward to Alaska. Genus CARIPETA Walker (1) Caripeta divisata Walker, Plate XLIII, Fig. 58, $. Syn. albopunctata Morrison. The insect is found in the Atlantic States. (2) Caripeta angustiorata Walker, Plate XLIV, Fig. 2, $. Syn. piniaria Packard. The moth, which is as yet quite rare in collections, is, like the preceding species, a native of the Appalachian subregion. Genus PLATEA Herrich-Schaeffer (1) Platea californiaria Herrich-Schaeffer, Plate XLIII, Fig. 57. 3. Syn. uncanaria Guenee. 342 Geometridae The moth flies from Colorado to California. (2) Platea trilinearia Packard, Plate XLIII, Fig. 56, $. Syn. ditlcearia Grote. The insect ranges from northern Wyoming to Arizona. Genus PHILEDIA Hulst (1) Philedia punctomacularia Hulst. Plate XLIII, Fig. 59, 8 . The insect, which is found in the Pacific States, is represented on the plate by a figure of the type. Genus NEPYTIA Hulst (1) Nepytia nigrovenaria Packard, Plate XLIV, Fig. IS, ?. The insed is .1 native of the Pacific suhregion. (2) Nepytia semiclusaria Walker. Plate XLIII, Fig. 60,6. Syn. pulchraria Minot; ptllucidaria Packard; pinaria Packard. The moth occurs in the northern portions of the United States. Genus ALCIS Curtis (1) Alcis sulphuraria Packard, form baltearia Hulst, Plate XLIV, Fig. 1. '. This insect, which is somewhat variable, is represented in the plate by the type of the form to which the Rev. Dr. Hulst applied the name baltearia. The species is widely distributed throughout the United States. (2) Alcis metanemaria Hulst, Plate XLIV, Fig. s, $■ The moth occurs in Arizona and southern California. The figure on the plate is that of the type of the species. Genus PARAPHIA Guen<§e (1) Paraphia subatomaria Wood, Plate XLIV, Fig. 10, $. Syn. nubecularia Guenee ; mammurraria GuvnC-e; impropriate Walker; ex- supera/a Vi Form unipuncta Ha worth, Plate XLIV, Fig. 11, ?. Syn. unipunctata Guenee; triplipunetaria Fitch. The moth, which is variable in the shade of the wings and the markings, is found in the Appalachian subregion. Genus PTEROSPODA Dyar (1) Pterospoda opuscularia Hulst, Plate XLIV, Fig. 18, ?. The insect is a native of California. The specimen figured on 343 Geometridse the plate is the type upon which Dr. Hulst based the description of the species. Genus CLEORA Curtis (i) Cleora pampinaria Guenee, Plate XLIV, Fig. 4, $. Syn. sudlunaria Guenee; frugallaria Guenee; collecta Walker; tinctatia Walker; fraudulentaria Zeller. The moth is a native of the Appalachian subregion, ranging from the Atlantic to the Mississippi and beyond. (2) Cleora atrifasciata Hulst, Plate XLIV, Fig. 8, ?. The specimen figured on the plate is the unique type which was described by Hulst in " Entomologica Americana," Vol. Ill, p. 214. The species has been overlooked in Dyar's List. Genus MELANOLOPHIA Hulst (1) Melanolophia canadaria Guenee, Plate XLIV, Fig. 7, $ . Syn. signataria Walker; imperfectaria Walker; contribuaria Walker. A common species in the early spring throughout the United States. Genus ECTROPIS Hubner (1) Ectropis crepuscularia Denis & Schiffermuller, Plate XLIV, Fig. 9, 6 . This species, which is found alike in Europe and America, has an extensive synonymy, for a knowledge of which the student may refer to Dyar's List or to Staudinger & Rebel's Catalogue. The species is widely distributed throughout the continent of North America. Genus EPIMECIS Hubner (1) Epimecis virginaria Cramer, Plate XLIV, Fig. 28, 8, Fig. 29, $ . Syn. hortaria Fabricius; lirioJendraria Abbot & Smith; disserptaria Walker; amplaria Walker. The insect is found in the Appalachian subregion, but is far more common in the South than in the North. I have taken it in Pennsylvania on rare occasions, but it has been found in great abundance by me in Florida. 344 Geometridae Genus LYCIA Hubner (i) Lycia cognataria Guenee, Plate 1. Fig. 17, larva; Plate XLIV, Fig. n. ' . Syn. spcrataria Walker. This is a common species in the Atlantic States. The larva depicted on the plate is brown. In every brood there are many specimens of the larvx which are green, and some are even yel- lowish. The moth has in the vicinity of Pittsburgh latterly shown a fondness for ovipositing upon imported rhododendrons, and the caterpillars have proved troublesome. Genus NACOPHORA Hulst (1) Nacophora quernaria Abbot & Smith, Plate XLIV, Fig. 14. 9. The species is not as common as the last, but is not rare. It has the same habitat, being a native of the Genus APOCHEIMA Hubner The genus is found in the boreal regions of both hemispheres. Only one species occurs in our fauna. (1) Apocheima rachelae Hulst, Plate XLIV, Fig. 12, (Rachel's Moth.) The moth is found in Montana, Assiniboia, and northward to Alaska. Genus CONIODES Hulst (1) Coniodes plumigeraria Hulst. (The Walnut Span- worm.) In recent years the groves of English walnuts in southern Cal- ifornia have been found to be liable to the attack of a span-worm, which previously had been unknown or unobserved. The trees had up to that timi irded as singularly immune from the depredations of insect pests, and considerable alarm and appre- hension were felt when it was found that a small caterpillar had begun to ravage them. The insect feeds also upon the leaves of various rosaceous plants, and upon the oak. The taste for the foliage of the English walnut has evidently been recently acquired. An excellent article upon these insects was published in 1897 34? Geometridae by D. W. Coquillet in the " Bulletins of the United States Depart- ment of Agriculture," New Series, No. 7, p. 64. From this Fig. 205. ^C plumigeraria. a, male; b, female, magnified. (After Coquillet, " Bull. U. S. Dept. Agric," New Series, No. 7, p. 66.) article we have taken the accompanying cuts, and from it we draw some of the facts herein set forth. In describing the insect Mr. Coquillet says: "The color of the caterpillar is a light pinkish gray, varied with a darker gray or purplish, or sometimes with black and yellow, but never marked with distinct lines; the piliferous spots are black or dark brown, and the spir- acles are orange yellow, ringed with black, and usually situ- ated on a yellow spot. The worms become full grown in the latter part of April or dur- ing the month of May; they ™:fied°6rC' /'"»'>«"«•«. 'a™, then enter the earth to a magnified; b, segment viewed laterally; c, do. viewed dorsally. (After Coquillet, depth of from tWO tO four NoU7,' pU65S) DSPt' AgriC"" NeW SerieS' illcheS and form Sm;lH Cel,S- but do not spin cocoons. The change to the chrysalis takes place shortly after the cells are completed, and the chrysalis remains unchanged throughout the entire summer and until early in the following year, when they are changed into moths, which emerge from the ground from the first week in January to the last week in March. The male moth 346 Geometridae is winged, but the female is wingless and is so very different in appearance from the male that no one not familiar with the facts in the case would ever suspect both belong to the same sp The best means of combating these pests has been found to be to spray the trees, when the caterpillars are just hatching, with a solution of Paris green and water, one pound of the poison to two hundred gallons of water. Genus PHIGALIA Duponchel (i) Phigalia titea Cramer, Plate XLIV, Fig. 16, $ . Syn. tilearia Guen Minot. The species is found in the Appalachian subregion, and is very common in Pennsylvania. Genus ERANNIS Hubner (l) Erannis tiliaria Harris, Plate XLIV, Fig. 17. '. (The Linden Moth.) The species ranges from the Atlantic coast to the Rocky Mountains. Genus CINGILIA Walker (1) Cingilia catenaria Drury, Plate XLIV, Fig. 21. ' . (The Chain-streak Moth.) Syn. kumeralis Walker. The range of this species is much the same as that of the one which has just been mentioned above. Genus SICYA Guenge (1) Sicya macularia Harris, Plate XLIV, Fig. 22, ,J , Fig. 23, ? , var. This species has an extensive synonymy, the insects being variable in the amount of red which they show on the yellow ground-color of the wings. The student who wishes to go into these matters may consult Dyar's List. The insect is very gen- erally distributed throughout our territoi Genus THERINA Hubner (1) Therina endropiaria Grote & Robinson, Plate XLIV Fig. 26, & . 547 Geometridae A native of the Appalachian subregion. (2) Therina athasiaria Walker, Plate XLIV, Fig. 27, $ . Syn. siccaria Walker; scminudata Walker; seminudaria Packard; bibularia Grote & Robinson. The habitat of this species is the same as that of the preceding. (3) Therina fiscellaria Guenee, Plate XLIV, Fig. 25, $ . Syn. flagitaria Guenee; panisaria Walker; eequaliaria Walker. The insect ranges from the Atlantic to Colorado. (4) Therina fervidaria Hiibner, Plate XLIV, Fig. 24, $ . Syn. pultaria Guenee ; sciata Walker ; invexata Walker. The moth is quite common in the Atlantic States. Genus METROCAMPA Latreille (1) Metrocampa prsegrandaria Guenee, Plate XLIV, Fig. 30, $ . Syn. perlata Guenee; perlaria Packard; viridoperlata Packard. The home of the species is the northern part of the United States and southern Canada. Genus EUGONOBAPTA Warren (1 ) Eugonobapta nivosaria Guenee, Plate XLIV, Fig. 31, $ . (The Snowy Geometer.) Syn. nivosata Packard. This is a very common species in the Appalachian subregion. It is particularly abundant in western Pennsylvania. Genus ENNOMOS Treitschke The genus is found in both Europe and America. Three spe- cies are attributed to our fauna, two of which we figure. (1) Ennomos subsignarius Hiibner, Plate XLIV, Fig. 35, $ . Syn. niveosericeata Jones. The moth ranges from the Atlantic westward as far as Colorado. (2) Ennomos magnarius Guenee, Plate XLIV, Fig. 34, o . (The Notch-wing.) Syn. alniaria Packard {non Linnaeus) ; autumnaria Mceschler {non Werne- burg) ; lularia Walker. This is one of the larger and more conspicuous species of the family. It is rather a common insect in the northern United States, 348 Explanation of Plate XLIV (The specimens figured are con Holland.) i. Alois baltearia Hulst, J1, Type. 2. Caripcta angustiorata Walker, 9- 3. Macaria glomcraria Grote, 9 . 4. Cleora pampinaria Guenee, c? . 5. Alois mctancmaria Hulst, cj1 , Type. 6. Euchceea lucata Guenee, c?. 7 . M e Ian 0 I o phi a canadaria Guenee, cf . 8. Cleora atrifasciata Hulst, 9 , Type. 9. Ectropis crepuscularia Denis & Schiffermuller, cT ■ 10. Parapliia subatomaria Wood, \ ,W- ' • H *■» 34 ^^ • 33 4e I ( .'>. THE NEW YORK PUBLIC LIBRARY ASTOR, L6NOX AND TIONS Geometrid£e and appears on the wing most abundantly in the late summer and early fall. Genus XANTHOTYPE Warren (i) Xanthotype crocataria Fabricius, Plate XLIV, Fig. 39, 6 . (The Crocus Geometer.) Syn. citrina Hiibner. Form caelaria Hulst, Plate XLIV, Fig. 40, $ . Quite a common species in the Appalachian subregion. The insect shows great variability in the amount of the dark spots and cloudings upon the upper side of the wings. Genus PLAGODIS Hubner (1) Plagodis serinaria Herrich-Schaeffer, Plate XLIV, Fig. 33, 6. Syn. subprivata Walker ; floscularia Grote. A common species of the Appalachian subregion, particularly abundant among the Alleghany Mountains. (2) Plagodis keutzingi Grote, Plate XLIV, Fig. 36, ' . Syn. keutzingaria Packard. The habitat of this species is identical with that of the preceding. (3) Plagodis emargataria Guenee, Plate XLIV. Fig. 32, $. Syn. arrogaria Hulst. The range of the moth is throughout the northern portions of the Atlantic subregion. Genus HYPERITIS Guenee (1) Hyperitis amicaria Herrich-Schaeffer, Plate XLIV, Fig. 38,3. Syn. nyssaria Guenee; exsimaria Guenee; insinuaria Guenee; laticincta Walker; subsinuaria Gnenee; neoninaria Walker; nconaria Packard; Walker. A very variable species, which has a wide distribution throughout the eastern portions of our territory. Genus ANIA Stephens (1) Ania limbata Haworth, Plate XLIV, Fig. 37, ?. Syn. vestitaria Herrich-Schaeffer; rtsistaria Herrich-Schaeffer; filimentaria Guen^e. By no means rare in the eastern portions of our territory. 349 Geometric! ae Genus GONODONTIS Hubner (i) Gonodontis hypochraria Herrich-Schseffer, Plate XLV, Fig. i,6. Syn. refractaria Guenee ; mestusata Walker. The insect ranges from the Atlantic coast to the central por- tions of the Rocky Mountains. It is very variable in color and in the distribution of the spots and markings. (2) Gonodontis duaria Guenee, Plate XLV, Fig. 2, $ . Syn. hamaria Guenee ; agreasaria Walker ; adustaria Walker. The distribution of this species is coincident with that of the preceding. (3) Gonodontis obfirmaria Hubner, Plate XLV, Fig. 14, 8. The moth is found in the Atlantic States. It is common in western Pennsylvania. Genus EUCHL^ENA Hubner (1) Euchlsena serrata Drury, Plate XLV, Fig. 4,6. (The Saw-wing.) Syn. serrataria Packard ; concisaria Walker. This rather large and showy species is not at all uncommon in the eastern portions of the region with which this book deals. (2) Euchlsena obtusaria Hubner, Plate XLV, Fig. 3, 6 . Syn. propriaria Walker; decisaria Walker. Like the preceding species, a native of the eastern half of the continent. (3) Euchlsena effectaria Walker, Plate XLV, Fig. 24, 6 . Syn. muzaria Walker. A denizen of the Appalachian subregion. (4) Euchlaena amcenaria Guenee, Plate XLV, Fig. 7, 6 . Syn. deplanaria Walker ; arefactaria Grote & Robinson. The habitat of the insect is the same as that of the preceding species. (s) Euchlsena astylusaria Walker, Plate XLV, Fig. 8, 6 . Syn. madusaria Walker; oponearia Walker; vinosaria Grote & Robinson. A native of the Atlantic States. (6) Euchlsena pectinaria Denis & Schiffermuller, Plate XLV, Fig. 25, 6 . Syn. deductaria Walker. Found from the Atlantic to the Mississippi. Geometridae Genus EPIPLATYMETRA Grote (i) Epiplatymetra coloradaria Grote & Robinson, Plate XI.V. Fig. 15,3. The insect is common in Wyoming and Colorado. Genus PHERNE Hulst (1) Pherne parallelia Packard, Plate XLV, Fig. 9, ?. Syn. paralleliaria Packard. The moth is a native of the Pacific subregion. (2) Pherne jubararia Hulst, Plate XLV, Fig. 20, ?. The insect occurs in the State of Washington. The specimen depicted in the plate is the type of the species originally described by Hulst. (3) Pherne placearia Guenee, Plate XLV, Fig. 21, $. Syn. mellitularia 1 1 The habitat of the species is California. Genus METANEMA Guenee (1) Metanema inatomaria Giuiiee, Plate XLV, Fig. 13,3. A widely distributed species, found throughout the entire territory. (2) Metanema determinata Walker. Plate XLV, Fig. 12, ?. Syn. carnaria Packard. The moth occurs in the northern portions of the Appalachian subregion. (3) Metanema quercivoraria Guenee, Plate XLV, Fig. 28, $ . Syn. aliaria Walker; trilinearia Packard. The insect has a wide range in the Appalachian subregion. Genus PRIOCYCLA Guenee (1) Priocycla armataria Herrich-Schaeffer, Plate XLV, Fig. 0, Very commonly found in the eastern portions of our territory. Genus STENASPILATES Packard (1) Stenaspilates zalissaria Walker, Plate XLV, Fig. 5, ?. The moth occurs in the region of the Gulf of Mexico, and is common in Florida. 351 Geometric! se Genus AZELINA Guenee (i) Azelina ancetaria Hubner, Plate XLV, Fig. 23, 3. Syn. hubneraria Guenee; hubnerata Packard; honestaria Walker; pep/aria Hiibner; stygiaria Walker; atrocolorata Hulst; morrisonata Henry Edwards. A very common and a very variable species, which is widely distributed throughout the entire continent, except in the colder portions. Genus SYSSAURA Hubner (1) Syssaura infensata Guenee, Plate XLV, Fig. 10, 2, var. biclaria Walker. Syn. ep hy rata Guene'e; olyzonaria Walker ; csquosus Grote & Robinson; ses- quilinea Grote ; amearia Walker ; puber Grote & Robinson ; varus Grote & Robin- son ; juniperaria Packard. This species, which has a very extensive range in the southern Atlantic and Gulf States, has been frequently redescribed, as a reference to the above synonymy will show. Genus CABERODES Guenee (1) Caberodes confusaria Hubner, Plate XLV, Fig. 29, $. Syn. remissaria Guenee; imbraria Guenee; superaria Guenee; ineffusaria Guenee ; floridaria Guenee; pJiasianaria Guenee ; interlinearia Guenee ; varadaria Walker; arburaria Walker; amyrisaria Walker; myandaria Walker, etc. This is a very common moth, universally found throughout the temperate portions of the territory with which this book deals. It is somewhat variable, but there is hardly any excuse for the application to it of the multitude of names which have been given. The student is likely to recognize it in any of its slightly varying forms from the figure we have supplied in our plate. (2) Caberodes majoraria Guenee, Plate XLV, Fig. 31, $. Syn. pandaria Walker. This is a larger species than the preceding, with more delicate wings. It ranges from the Atlantic to the Rocky Mountains. Genus OXYDIA Guenee (i) Oxydia vesulia Cramer, Plate XLV, Fig. 11, $. This moth has a very lengthy synonymy, which we will not attempt to give. It is one of the larger species found within our territory, and ranges from Florida and Texas southward to the Valley of the Rio de la Plata in South America. Geometridae Genus TETRACIS Guen<§e (i) Tetracis crocallata Guenee, Folate XLV, Fig. 16, $. Syn. allediusaria Walker; aspilata Guenee. This is a common species in the Atlantic subregion. Genus SABULODES Guenee (i) Sabulodes sulphurata Packard, Plate XLV, Fig. 18, ?. Syn. imitate Henry Edwards. A native of the Appalachian subregion. (2) Sabulodes arcasaria Walker, Plate XLV, Fig. 17, $. Syn. depontanata Grote. The moth has the same habitat as the preceding species. (3) Sabulodes lorata Grote, Plate XLV, Fig. 19, $. Common in the eastern portions of our term (4) Sabulodes truxaliata Guenee, Plate XLV, Fig. 26, $. The insect ranges from Colorado to California. (5) Sabulodes transversata Dairy. Plate XLV, Fig. 34, $. Syn. irunsmutans Walker; contingens Walker ; (ransfindens "Walker ; goniata Guenee; transvertens Walker ; trunsposita Walker; incur, G This is one of the commonest species which are found in the Atlantic subregion. It is very abundant in Pennsylvania in the late summer and early autumn. There is also a brood which appears in the early summer. (6) Sabulodes politia Cramer. Plate XLV, Fig. 30, $. The moth, which is found in Florida, and southward through the warmer portions of America, has a very extensive synonymy, which will be found in Dyar's List. Genus ABBOTANA Hulst (1) Abbotana clemataria Abbot & Smith, Plate XLV, Fig. 32, ? , Fig. 33, $ , v.ir. Syn. transferals Walker ; transducens Walker. A somewhat variable species, which is widely distributed through the Appalachian subregion. It is not uncommon in Pennsylvania. " Moths, which the night-air of reality blows to pieces." Ci.ive Holland. — My Japanese Wife. 353 Geometridae SUBFAMILY MECOCERATIN/E Genus MECOCERAS Guenee (i) Mecoceras nitocris Cramer, Plate XLV, Fig. 22, 8 . Syn. nitocraria Hubner; peninsularia Grote. The habitat of the species is Florida. Genus ALMODES Guende (1) Almodes terraria Guenee, Plate XLV, Fig. 27, $ . Syn. stellidaria Guenee ; squamigera Felder ; ialteolata Herrich-Schoeffer ; assecoma Druce ; calvina Druce ; rivularia Grote. This is a tropical species, the sole representative of its genus found within our borders. It ranges from Florida southward into Central and South America. SUBFAMILY PALYADIN/E Genus PALYAS Guenee (1) Palyas auriferaria Hulst, Plate XLV, Fig. 36, $ . The specimen figured in the plate is the type which was loaned by the writer to the author of the species. Genus PHRYGIONIS Hubner (1) Phryigonis argenteostriata Strecker, Plate XLV, Fig. 35.?- Syn. cerussata Grote ; obmssata Grote. This moth, like the preceding species, is a native of Florida. SUBFAMILY SPHACELODIN/E Genus SPHACELODES Guenee (1) Sphacelodes vulneraria Hubner, Plate XLI1, Fig. 20, i . Syn. floridcnsis Holland. The moth is found from the southern portions of North Caro- lina along the Atlantic coast to Florida, and ranges southward into South America. SUBFAMILY MELANCHROIIN/E Genus MELANCHROIA Hubner (1) Melanchroia cephise Cramer, Plate XLII, Fig. 19, 6 . 3M Explanation of Plate XLV (The specimens figured are contained in the collection of W. Holland.) Gonodontis hypochraria Herrich-Scha?ffer, c? . Gonodontis duaria Guenee1, 9 . Euchtatna obtusaria Hubner, rj1 . Euchicena serrata Drury, cf . 5. Stenas pilates zalissaria Walker, 9 . 6. Priocycla armataria Herrich-Schffiffer, rj1. Euchlcena anitxnaria Guenee, rf . Euchlcena astylusaria Walker, rj1. Pherne parallelia Packard, 9 • Syssaura infensata Guenee, var. biclaria Walker, 9 • Oxydia vesulia Cramer, (J1. Metanema detcrminata Walker, 9 • Metanema inatomaria Guenee, cf . Gonodontis obfirmaria Hubner, cj1 ■ Epiplatymetra coloradaria Grote & Robinson, c?. Tetrads crocallata Guenee, c? ■ Sabulodes arcasaria Walker, cj1 . Sabulodes sulphurata Packard, 9 • Sabulodes lorata Grote, (J1. Pherne jubararia Hulst, 9 > Type, Pherne placearia Guenee, cj1 ■ Mecoceras nitocris Cramer, c?. Azelina ancetaria Hubner, cT- Euchlcena effectaria Walker, J1. Euchkvna pectinaria Denis & Schiffermuller, c?. Sabulodes truxaliata Guenee, 9 • 27. Almodes terraria Guenee, cT ■ 28. Metanema quercivoraria Guenee, 9 • 29. Cabcrodes confusaria Hubner, rj1. 30. Sabulodes poliiia Cramer, cj1 ■ 31. Caberodes majoraria Guenee, 9- 32. Abbotana clemitaria Abbot & Smith, 9 • 33. Abbotana clemitaria Abbot & Smith, cT , var. 34. Sabulodes transversata Drury, 9 • 35. Phrygionis argenteostriata Strecker, 9 • 36. Palyas auriferaria Hulst, c? , Type. 13 x9 23 The Moth Book. THE NEW YORK PUBLIC LIBRARY ASTOR, I 6NOX AND TION8. Geometridae Found throughout the region of the Gulf southward to South America. (2) Melanchroia geometroides Walker, Plate XLII, Fig. Syn. mors Lucas. The moth occurs in Florida and southern Texas, and ranges thence southward into Brazil. SUBFAMILY BRFPHIN/E Genus BREPHOS Ochsenheimer in Brephos infans Moeschler, Plate XLII, Fig. 16,9. (The Infant.) This is a boreal insect which occurs upon the White Moun- tains in New Hampshire, in northern Maine, and ranges thence northwardly to Labrador. LIVING AND DYING " Then let me joj I with binl and tree, And have no haughtier aim than this, To lie a partner in theil : peace I 1 'in Fed slowly like a who] With sap of healthy thoughts and g That when at last I die No praise may earth deny. But « ith her living forms co To chant a threnody divine." Edmund Gosse. — Tht Farm. 355 FAMILY EPIPLEMID^ " And I will purge thy mortal grossness so, That thou shah like an airy spirit go. Peaseblossom! Cobweb! Moth! and Mustardseed!" Shakespeare. — Midsummer Night's Dream, III, I. This is a family of small moths in many respects closely allied to the GeometridiE, so far as the structure and general appearance of the mature insects are concerned. The larvae are, however, quite different. The family has been described as follows by Hampson, "The Moths of India," Vol. Ill, p. 121: " Proboscis and frenulum present. Fore wing with vein \a separate from \b\ \c absent; 5 from or from above the middle of the discocellulars; 7 widely separated from 8, and usually stalked with 6. Hind wing with two internal veins; vein 5 from or from above the middle of the discocellulars; 8 free from the base. Larvce with five pairs of prolegs and sparsely clothed with hair." The family is much better represented in the tropics of the New World than in our territory, and even better represented in the tropics of the Old World than of the New. Only four genera are known to occur within the United States, Philagraula, Cal- li\ia, Calledapteryx, and Scbidax. Of these we have selected one for purposes of illustration. Genus CALLEDAPTERYX Grote (1) Calledapteryx dryopterata Grote, Plate XLII, Fig. 17, i . Syn. erosiaia Packard. This little moth, which may easily be distinguished by its deeply eroded or scalloped wings, is not uncommon in the Appa- lachian subregion. It has the habit of alighting upon old rails and the trunks of trees, and, before composing itself on its new station, of waving its wings three or four times upward and downward. This peculiar habit enables the collector to quickly recognize it. 356 FAMILY NOLID/E " I would bee unwilling to write anything untrue, or uncertaine out of mine owne invention ; and truth on every part is so deare unto mee, that I will not lie to bring any man in love and admiration with God and his works, for God needeth not the lies of men."— Topsell, writing upon the Unicorn in Tin Hislorie of Four- footed Beasts. This is a small family of quite small moths, which have by many authors been associated with the Litbosiidce. They are characterized by the presence of ridges and tufts of raised scales upon the fore wings. They frequent the trunks of trees, and the larvae feed upon lichens growing upon the bark. The caterpillars have eight pairs of legs and are thinly clad with minute hairs. Four genera occur within the limits with which this book deals. Genus CELAMA Walker Seven species occurring within our territory are attributed to this genus. (i) Celama triquetrana Fitch, Plate XIII. Fiur- 25, 6. Syn. trinotata Walker ; scxmaculata Grote. The moths may be found in the early spring of the year, sitting upon the trunks of trees in the forest. They are easily recognized by the three black tufts of raised scales upon the costa of the fore wing. (2) Celama pustulata Walker, Plate XIII, Fig. 26, ! Syn. nigrofasciata Zeller; obaurata Morrison. This species, like the preceding, is common in the Appalachian subregion. It may be at once distinguished from the former by the wide black band running across the middle of the primaries. Genus NOLA Leach There are three species of the genus found within our fauna. We select the commonest for purposes of illustration. (1) Nola ovilla Grote, Plate XIII, Fig. 24, ! . 357 The habits of this insect are much like those of the species de- scribed under the preceding genus. It is found associated with them at the same time and in the same localities. The moth has a considerable range in the Atlantic States, and is always very abundant in the forests of Pennsylvania in the early spring. It seems to prefer the trunks of beeches and oaks. Genus RCESELIA Hiibner (i) Rceselia fuscula Grote, Plate XIII, Fig. 27, ?. Syn. conspicua Dyar. This moth is a native of Colorado, where it is not uncommon. An allied species, Raselia minuscula Zeller, is found in the At- lantic States. Genus NIGETIA Walker (1) Nigetia formosalis Walker, Plate XIII, Fig. 32, 8. Syn. melanopa Zeller. This rather pretty little creature is common in the woodlands of the Appalachian subregion. It is freely attracted to sugar, and when sugaring for moths in southern Indiana I have taken it very frequently. In fact, it appears to be commoner in southern Indiana than in any other locality where I have found it, though it is by no means rare in Pennsylvania. Fig. 207. — N. formosalis, $ . f. (After Hampson. ) ' . . . all you restless things, That dance and tourney in the fields of air : Your secret 's out! I know you for the souls Of all light loves that ever caused heartache, Still dancing suit as some new beauty toles! Nor can you e'er your flitting ways forsake, Till the just winds strip off your painted stoles, And sere leaves follow in your downward wake." Edith M. Thomas. 3S8 FAMILY LACOSOMID/E " Everything lives by a law ; a central balance sustains all." C. L. VON Kl'EBEU This is a small family of moths peculiar to the Western Hemi- sphere. While the perfect insects show structural resemblances to the Platypterygidce, the caterpillars, which have the habit of constructing for themselves portable cases out of leaves, which they drag about with them, resemble in some respects the Psycbidce. The young larva of Cicinnus melsbeimeri, imme- diately after hatching, draws together two small leaves with strands of silk, and makes between them its hiding-place. Afterward, when more mature, it detaches two pieces of leaves and makes out of them a case which it carries about with it, and which it can desert at will. When at rest it ties the case to a station selected with a few strands of silk, which it bites off when it desires again to st.irt on a journey among the branches. The larva of Lacosoma makes a case by doubling a leaf at the midrib, cutting it off at the petiole, and taking it with it as a portable house. There are only two genera of this family in our fauna. It is more abundantly represented in the tropics of South America. Genus CICINNUS Blanchard (i) Cicinnus melsheimeri Harris, Plate XLI, Fig. 17, ?. (Melsheimer's Sack-bearer.) Syn. egenaria Walker. The species occurs in the eastern portions of our territory. It is not uncommon in Pennsylvania. Genus LACOSOMA Grote (1) Lacosoma chiridota Grote, Plate XLI, Fig. 21, &. (The Scalloped Sack-bearer.) The distribution of this species is the same as that of the foregoing. It occurs quite frequently in western Pennsylvania. Specimens from Florida in the possession of the author are smaller and much darker in color. r->9 FAMILY PSYCHID/E " The habits of insects are very mines of interesting knowledge, and it is im- possible carefully to watch the proceedings of any insect, however insignificant, without feeling that no writer of fiction ever invented a drama of such absorbing interest as is acted daily before our eyes, though to indifferent spectators." J. G. Wood. A family of small or medium-sized moths, the larvae of which feed in a case composed of silk covered with bits of leaves, grass, twigs, or other vegetable matter, which are often arranged in a verv curious manner. From this fact has arisen the custom of calling the caterpillars " basket-worms." In certain species found in Asia and Africa, these "baskets," or "cases," are spiral in form, and so closely resemble the shells of snails that they were, in fact, originally sent to the British Museum as shells by the first person who collected them. The pupa is formed within the larva-case. The males are winged, but the females are without wings. The female in almost all of the genera is possessed of a very lowly organization, being maggot-like, and in truth being little more than an ovary. She is known to deposit her eggs in the larval skin which lines the sack in which she was developed. Copulation takes place through the insertion of the abdomen of the winged male into the sack where the female is concealed. Parthenogenesis is ascertained to occur in one at least of the genera. The moths are obscurely colored. The wings of the males have numerous scales upon them, but they are in many species so loosely attached that they are lost in the first few moments of flight. In consequence the male insects appear to have diaphanous wings. Eight genera, including the genus Solenobia, which has by most authors heretofore been reckoned among the Tineidce, are attributed by Dyar to this family as occurring within our territory. Much remains to be learned both as to the structure and the life- history of these interesting, but obscure, moths. 360 Psychidae Genus OIKETICUS Guilding The genus is found in the hotter parts of Amer- k.i. the typical species having originally been found in Central America. It is also represented in southern Asia and in Australia. Three species occur in the United States — one in southern Cali- fornia, another in New Mexico, and a third in Florida. The latter species was named abboti by Grote, and the male is delineated in Fig. 208. The wings are pale smoky brown, with darker maculation at the end of the cell and just beyond in the primaries. Genus THYRIDOPTERYX Stephens (1) Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis Haworth, Plate XLI, Fig. 12. ' . Syn. 1 oniferarum Pacl The common "Bag-worm," as it is usually called, occurs throughout the Appalachian subregion, from the Atlantic to the Fig. 208.— Oiketicm abboti, $■ b Fig. 209. — Thyridopteryx epkemeraformis. (Hag-worm.) ''• I*" ' . female pupa; . Algeria apijormis Linnaeus, 9 . Bembecia marginata Harris, 9 . Memythrus simulans Grote, 9 ■ Memythrus polistijormis Harris, c~? ■ Memythrus polistijormis Harris, 9- Memythrus admirandus Henry Edwards, c?. Memythrus trieiuettts Harris, 9 • 15. Palmia prcccedcns Henry Edwards, "9 • 16. Parhartnonia pint Kellicott, c?- 17. F'odosesia syringtB Harris, 9- 18. Sanninoidea exitiosa Say, c?. 19. Sanninotdea exitiosa Say, 9 ■ Vespamima sequoice Henry Edwards, cf ■ Synanthcdon bassiformis Walker, rf ■ Synanthedon rileyana Henry Edwards, c?. Synanthcdon rileyana Henry Edwards, 9 ■ Synanthedon pictipes Grote & Robinson, 9 • 25. Synanthcdon pyri Harris, 9 • 26. Synanthedon tipulijormis Clerck, 9 ■ 27. Synanthedon albicornis Henry Edwards, 9 • 28. Synanthedon accmi Clemens, 9 • 29. Synanthedon scitnla Harris, 9 • 30. Synanthedon neglecta Henry Edwards, 9 • 31. Synanthcdon rutilans Henry Edwards, cj1 ■ 32. Synanthedon rutilans Henry Edwards, 9 • 33. Synanthcdon aureopur purea Henry Edwards, c?. 34. Euhagena ncbraskm Henry Edwards, cf ■ 35. Paranthrene heuchcrcc Henry Edwards, rj1. 36. Calascsia coccinea Beutenmuller, 9 • 37. Albuna pyramidalis, var. montana Henry Edwards, J". The Moth Book THE NEW YORK PUBLIC LIBRARY *sto», lenox *nd tilden foundations. c u ^Egeriidae The insect, which is popularly known as the "Grape-root Borer," ranges from Vermont to the Carolinas, and westward as far as Missouri. It inflicts considerable damage upon both wild and cultivated grape-vines. The moth resembles the wasps of the genus Polistes, whence the name. (3) Memythrus simulans Grote, Plate XLVI, Fig. 10, ?.. The insect, which is known to occur from New England to Minnesota, not ranging below the Potomac and the Ohio, feeds in its larval stage upon the wood of the red oak. (4) Memythrus admirandus Henry Edwards, Plate XLVI, Fig. 13, $ . The habitat of the species is Texas. Genus PALMIA Beutenmiiller (1) Palmia praecedens Henry Edwards. Plate XLVI, Fig. The moth is known to occur in North Carolina. It is very rare in collections as yet, and nothing is known of its life-history. Genus /EGERIA Fa'bricius (1) iEgeria apiformis Clerck, Plate XLVI, Fig. 8, ?. Syn. vespiformU Iiufnogel; crabronifmmis Dertis & ScliilTermuller. This insect, which in England is known as the "Hornet- moth," because of its resemblance to a hornet, is found abun- dantly in Europe, but less commonly in North America. Its larva lives in the roots and lower portions of the trunks of poplars and willows, and requires two years in which to undergo trans- formation. Genus BEMBECIA Hiibner (1) Bembecia marginata Harris. Plate XLVI, Fig. 9, ?. Syn. pleciceformii W 'cuius Walker; ruin Riley; flavipes Hulst. The insect, which is popularly known as the •'Blackberry- borer," is not at all uncommon. The grub-like larvae infest the roots of blackberries and raspberries, and when mature eat their way up about three inches through the pith of the dead cane, and cutting their way outwardly, leave only .1 thin layer of the epi- dermis between themselves and the outer air. The pupa is armed at its head with a triangular chisel-shaped process, with which 383 JEgeriidae it cuts through the epidermis of the plant, and then wriggling forward, until half of the body is extruded, the pupal case bursts, and the moth emerges. The males come out in the early after- noon, the females about four o'clock, copulation occurs almost immediately, and the female begins to oviposit before the sun sets. The moths appear at the end of July and throughout August in Pennsylvania. The lame overwinter in the canes. Genus VESPAMIMA Beutenmiiller (i) Vespamima sequoiae Henry Edwards, Plate XLVI, Fig. 20, $ . Syn. pinorum Behrens. This species is said to be very destructive to coniferous trees upon the Pacific slope. The larvae do their mischievous work at the forking of the branches. Genus PARHARMONIA Beutenmiiller (1) Parharmonia pini Kellicott, Plate XLVI, Fig. 16, $. The species is found from Canada to New Jersey. The larvae live under the bark of pine-trees. The moths appear in July and August. Genus SANNINOIDEA Beutenmiiller (1) Sanninoidea exitiosa Say, Plate XLVI, Fig. 18, $, Fig. 19, ?- Syn. persica Thomas ; pepsidiformis Hiibner ; xiphieeformis Boisduval. This is the well-known " Peach-borer." The larvae infest the trunks of peach-trees and wild cherries near the ground, and also attack the upper roots. The species ranges from Canada to Florida, and westward to the Rocky Mountains. It does a large amount of damage in peach-orchards. Genus ALBUNA Henry Edwards (1) Albuna pyramidalis Walker, form montana Henry Ed- wards, Plate XLVI, Fig. 37, $ . This is a variable species, of which several varieties have been described. It ranges from Nova Scotia into New England, and westward to the Pacific in the same latitudes. Nothing is known of its early history or food-plants. 384 ^Egeriidae Genus SYNANTHEDON Hubner (Sesia auctorum.) The name Sesia being properly restricted to a genus of the SpbingidtB, we apply to the genus the name proposed by Hubner in the " Verzeichniss Bekannter Schmetterlinge," p. 129. This appears to be the proper and logical method of procedure under the circumstances. The genus is very extensive. Fifty-eight species are found in our fauna, of which we delineate eleven. (1) Synanthedon rileyana Henry Edwards, Plate XLVI, Fig. 22, $ , Fig. 23, ? . Syn. brunneipennis Henry Edwards; hyperici Henry Edwards. The species ranges from the Virginias and Carolinas west- ward through Ohio and Illinois as far as California and Oregon. (2) Synanthedon rutilans Henry Edwards, Plate XLVI, Fig. 31,3, Fig. 32, 8. Syn. aureola Ik-nry Edwards; htmhona Henry Edwards; lupini H< wards; perplexa Henry Edwards; impropria Henry Edwards; washingtonia Henry Edwards; madaria Henry Edwards. This insect is known as the "Strawberry-borer." It not only infests the crown of these plants, which it generally destroys, but also frequently attacks raspberries and blackberries at the crown of the roots. It ranges from Nova Scotia westward the continent, and in the Mississippi Valley southward into north- ern Texas. (3) Synanthedon neglecta Henry Edwards, Plate XLVI, Fig. 30, ? . . The insect is found in California and Washington. Its early stages are unknown. (4) Synanthedon bassiformis Walker, Plate XLVI, Fig. 21, $ . Syn. lustrans Grotc; eonsimilis Henry Edwards; bolli Henry Edwards; Henry Edwards; sexfasciatn Henry Edwards; infirma Henry Edwards; imitata Henry Edwards. The larva feeds in the stems of Eupatorium purpureum. The insect ranges from New England to Texas. (5) Synanthedon tipuliformis Clerck, Plate XLVI, Fig. 26, ?. The insect, which is found in Europe and Asia, and has also 385 .ffigeriidae been transported to Australia, is an importation into this country from Europe. It feeds in the stems of gooseberry- and currant- bushes. (6) Synanthedon pictipes Grote & Robinson, Plate XLVI, Fig. 24, ? . Syn. inusitata Henry Edwards. The larvae feed under the bark of plums, wild and cultivated cherry-trees, peach-trees, the June-berry (Amelancbier), and the chestnut. The eggs are laid on the trunks and the branches of the trees. The moths are on the wing in June and July. (7) Synanthedon acerni Clemens, Plate XLVI, Fig. 28, ?. Syn. acericolum Gennadius. This is the common " Maple-borer." The larvae tunnel in the sap-wood and do a great deal of damage to trees, especially in our larger cities. At times trees are completely girdled by the galleries made by the insects, and are' thus killed; at other times they are so weakened that on the occasion of high winds or storms they are broken off and greatly disfigured. The insects emerge from the pupae early in the morning, and may be seen at times in small swarms about the trunks of the trees, ovipositing upon the bark. The time of emer- gence is the latter part of May and the beginning of June. The pupae are formed in small cocoons com- posed of silk and pellets of excre- ment interwoven upon the surface. Just before the moths emerge, the chrysalids work their way partially Fig. 215.— icemi. a, larva: ; out of the tunnels in which thev are, i, cocoons; e, male; d, pupa pro- , , ,. , .. . , ,. jecting from burrow. (After Riley.) ;ir>a then the outer sheathing of the pupa splits open and the perfect insect crawls forth, in a few moments to be upon the wing; for the development of the power of flight is with this species, as with almost all the /Egeriida\ exceedingly rapid. The moth is found from New England as far west as Nebraska. 386 >ZJ ^geriidae (8) Synanthedon aureopurpurea Henry Edwards, Plate XLVI, Fig. ^. 5. The moth occurs in Texas. No history of its habits has as yet been written. (9) Synanthedon pyri Harris, Plate XLVI, Fig. 25, ?. Syn. koebelei Henry Edwards. This is a common species everywhere, infesting the bark of pear- and apple-trees. In the vicinity of Pittsburgh many trees have been killed by these mischievous little creatures. (10) Synanthedon scitula Harris, Plate XLVI, Fig. 29. ?. Syn. gallivorum Westwood ; hospes Walsh ; tri>:: The larvae inhabit the bark of chestnut, dogwood, oak. willow, hickory, and the galls of oaks. The moth ranges from Canada to Virginia, and westward through the Valley of the Ohio. (11) Synanthedon albicornis Henry Edwards, Plate XLVI, Fig. 27, $ . Syn. proxima Henry Edwards; modesia Kellicott. The moth is not known to occur south of the Potomac and the Ohio. It ranges from New England to Oregon. The larvae feed upon the trunks and shoots of willows. Genus CALESESIA Beutenmuller (1) Calesesia coccinea Beutenmuller, Plate MAI, Fig. 36, ?■ The habitat of this rare insect is New Mexico. The male and the early stages an- as vet unknown. Genus PARANTHRENE Hiibner (1) Paranthrene heuchera; Henry Edwards, Plate XLVI, 15,3. There are several species in the genus found in the United States, which are all. as vet. rare in collections, and little is known as to their life-history. The present species has been found in New Mexico. FAUNAL SUBREGIONS This volume is an attempt to bring together into compact toim an account of the commoner and more striking species of 387 •ffigeriidae moths which are found in the United States and Canada. The area is vast, and zoologists as well as botanists have for the pur- poses of science subdivided the region into what are known as "faunal subregions," or "botanical subregions." These subdi- visions of the territory are entirely natural and are based upon a knowledge of the flora and fauna of each area. Both flora and fauna are more or less dependent upon conditions of soil, rainfall, and temperature. Beginning with the Atlantic coast, we find a large area ex- tending from Nova Scotia, Quebec, and Ontario, southward through New England, the Middle States, and the Eastern Cen- tral States as far south as the Carolinas and northern Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi, westward into Arkansas, Missouri, and eastern Kansas, then northward through eastern Iowa and Minne- sota, in which, with some slight variations, the predominant fea- tures of the vegetation and of the fauna are alike. In a broad way this territory is known as the Appalachian subregion. It has been subdivided into two parts, to the more northern of which has been applied the name Canadian, and to the southern the name Carolinian. These minor subdivisions of the broader subregion are quite natural, and are based upon the fact that cer- tain groups of plants and animals are characteristic of the one which are not characteristic of the other; yet upon the whole the character of the vegetation and of the animal life of the two lesser areas is in most respects quite similar. The genera are practi- cally the same throughout these territories. It was, when the country was first discovered by white men, a region of trees, except in northern Indiana and parts of Illinois, Iowa, and Minne- sota, where there were prairies; but on these prairies, where trees grew, they were for the most part representatives of the same genera which were found through the eastern parts of the domain, and in many cases were the same species. Accompanying the plants are the insects which feed upon them. Beginning on the extreme southern portions of the coast of North Carolina and running along the coast of South Carolina through eastern and southern Georgia, northern Florida, and westward along the Gulf of Mexico, we have a strip of territory preserving many of the floral and faunal peculiarities of the Appa- lachian subregion, but possessing distinctive features of its own. ^geriidae We detect here the influence of warmer skies and the life of the not-far-off tropics. It is the region of the long-leaved pine, the cypress, the live-oak, the evergreen magnolia, and the palmetto. It is the subregion of the Gulf. It has a fauna of its own. In the extreme southern portion of Florida and on the out- lying islands we find established a northern offshoot of the plant- life and of the fauna of the West Indies. The conditions are dis- tinctly tropical here. A sharp division takes place west of the Mississippi River, at those points where the heavily wooded lands terminate and are succeeded by the grassy, woodless plains, which lie between the western borders of the Valley of the Mississippi and the eastern ranges of the Rocky Mountains. While the Great Plains are traversed by numerous river valleys, in which there is abundant arboreal vegetation, nevertheless the whole region in part only preserves the faunal and floral characteristics of the Appalachian subregion. The southern part of this territory, lying in New Mexico, western Texas, and Arizona, with which, in part, south- ern California is identified, has a large number of genera and species which range southward along the plateaus and treeless highlands of Mexico and Central America. This may be called the Arizonian or Sonoran subregion. The northern half of the belt of the Greal Plains is invaded by forms of both plant and animal life which are related to types predominant in the colder regions of the continent. This is especially true where the plains reach a great altitude above the level of the sea. This subregion may be called the Dakotan. It stretches from northern Colorado northward to the British provinces of Assiniboia and Alberta. West of the Great Plains is a territory traversed from north to south by the ranges of the Rocky Mountains, in which there occurs a commingling of genera and species, some coming in from the far north on the higher ranges, others coming in from the south on the lower levels, and a multitude of forms mingling with these which show the influence of migration both from the Great Plains and from the Pacific slope. The region of the Rocky Mountains is a region in which there are singular com- plexities, owing to the great differences in elevation. Species of the arctic zone may be found having their habitat within a few 389 /Egeriidae miles of species which are in many cases distinctly subtropical. On the high peaks holarctic genera occur, and in the valleys genera which have their metropolis in Mexico. In a general sense the territory may be called the Coloradan subregion. The Pacific subregion includes central and northern California and the valleys lying between the coast and the western outliers of the central cordillera. The subregion extends northward into British Columbia. There is shown here a distinct resemblance to the fauna of Europe and temperate Asia. Beginning in Labrador on the east and extending across the entire northern portion of the continent into Alaska is a region which we may call the Holarctic subregion, in which the genera and species alike of plants and animals are for the most part the same which are found in similar latitudes in the Eastern Hemi- sphere. In Alaska there is evidence of a distinct connection be- tween the flora and fauna of Asia. Greenland and Labrador, together with some of the adjacent islands, show remarkable affinities to the flora and fauna of boreal Europe and the Alps. Various subdivisions of these broader areas have been sug- gested, but in the main the subregions which the writer has indicated suffice to show the differences in these tracts. ". . . From every chink And secret corner, where they slept away The wintry storms— or rising from their tombs To higher life — by myriads, forth at once, Swarming they pour, of all the varied hues Their beauty-beaming parent can disclose. Ten thousand forms ! ten thousand different tribes ! People the blaze." Thomson.-A(;»wit. 390 FAMILY PYRALID/E " All multi])licity rushes to be resolved into unity. Anatomy, osteology, ex- hibit arrested or progrc n each kind ; the lower pointing to the higher forms, the higher to the highest, from the fluid in an elastic sack, from radiate, mollusk, artii ulate, vertebrate, up to man; as if the whole animal world were only a Hunterian Museum to exhibit the genesis of mankind."— Emi I The Pyralidce constitute an enormous complex of subfamilies, genera, and species. They are found in all the temperate and tropical parts of the world, but are more numerous in hot hinds than in the colder portions of the globe. N arlj eighl hundred species belonging to this family are already known to occur within the United States and Canada, and the region will undoubtedly yet yield many n( , to science. We cannot in these pages undertake to give even an outline of the g and the species, but we have selected a tew for illustration in order that the student, encountering these interesting insects, may be able to at least recognize their relative position in the great suborder with which this book deals. The moths of this family are described as follows by Sir George F. Hampson in the Proceedings of the Zoolo of London for 1898, page 590: "Proboscis and maxillary palpi usually well developed; frenulum present. Fore wing with vein u usually free, sometimes forming a fork with 1/'; \c absent; 5 from near lower angle of cell; 8, 9 almost always stalked. Hind wing with veins 1,7, b, c present; 5 almost always from near lower angle of cell; 8 approximated to 7 or anastomosing with it beyond the cell. Larva elongate, with five pairs of prolegs. Pupa with seg- ments 9-1 1 and sometimes also 8 and 12 movable, not protruding from cocoon on emergence." The Pyralidce. have been divided into a number of subfamilies. Of the subfamilies represented in our fauna, we shall in the fol- lowing pages give illustrations of a few species which are com- 391 Pyralidae monly encountered or possess interesting traits. While it is to be wished that we might be able to give a monographic view of the entire family, such a procedure is wholly out of the question, in view of the limits imposed upon us in the matter of space by such a volume as that which has been undertaken. SUBFAMILY PYRAUSTIN/E The genera of this family may be distinguished by the fact that the median nervure is not pectinated upon the upper side, or is at most very slightly pectinated, by the absence of tufts of scales in the cell of the fore wing, and by the further fact that vein 10 of the fore wing rises from the cell. In the hind wing, vein 7 and vein 8 almost invariably anastomose. Fifty-seven genera are found in our territory, represented by two hundred and twenty-four species. Genus ZINCKENIA Hiibner (1) Zinckenia fascialis Cramer, Plate XLVII, Fig. 28, $. Syn. angustalis Fabricius ; recurvalis Fabricius ; diffascialis Hiibner; albifas- cialis Boisduval. The moth is found all over the temperate and subtropical regions of both hemispheres. It is common in the southern por- tions of the United States. Genus DESMIA Westwood (1) Desmia funeralis Hiibner, Plate XLVII, Fig. 37, $. (The Grape-leaf Folder. ) 2 J Fig. 216.— Desmia funeralis. i, larva secreted between folds of leaf; 2, head of larva, magnified ; 3, pupa ; 4, male moth ; 5, female moth. (After Riley.) The caterpillar of this pretty little moth feeds upon the leaves 392 Pyralidae of various wild and cultivated grapes, showing a preference for those species the leaves of which are thin and tender. The caterpillar is of a transparent green color, and is very lively when disturbed. The insects, which do considerable damage in vine- yards, may be kept down by crushing the larva and the pupce when found in the folded leaves, which are easily detected. The moth is found from Canada to the Gulf east of the Great Plains. Genus SAMEA Guende (i) Samea ecclesialis Guenee, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 2, ?. Syn. castellalis (iucr.ee ; luccusalis Walker ; disertalisVfsiV.tr. The insect is widely distributed throughout the hotter parts of the Western Hemisphere. It is common in Florida and ranges south as far as Argentina. Genus DIASTICTIS Hiibner (1) Diastictis fracturalis Zeller, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 1, 3. This is .1 neatly marked species, which is found in Texas and Arizona, and ranges southward into Mexico and Central America. Genus CONCHYLODES Guenee (1) Conchylodes platinalis Guenee, Plate XLVII, Fig. 60, S . Syn. avulalis Guenee; erinalis Walker; magicalis Feliler; concinnalis I [ampson. The moth is found in western Pennsylvania and southward through the southern portions of the United States into South America. < Genus PANTOGRAPHA Lederer (1) Pantographa limata Grote & Robinson, Plate XLVII, Fig. 38, 8 . Syn. suffusalis Druce. The insect occurs from Maine to Patagonia. Genus AGATHODES Guenee (1) Agathodes monstralis Guenee, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 3, <$ . Syn. designalis Guenee; floridalis Ilulst. The moth ranges from Florida to the Rio de la Plata in South America. 393 Pyralidae Genus GLYPHODES Guenee This is a large genus, represented in both hemispheres by numerous species. We give figures of three. (i) Glyphodes nitidalis Stoll, Plate XLV1I, Fig. 41, $. (The Pickle-worm.) The insect feeds in its larval stage upon cucumbers and melons, into which the caterpillar bores. A good account of its habits is given by Riley in the "Second Annual Report of the State Entomologist of Missouri," page 67. It has, like most of the Pyralidce, a wide range, and extends from the southern portions of the United States to the southern portions of South America. (2) Glyphodes hyalinata Linnaeus, Plate XLVII, Fig. 39, $ . Syn. tnarginahs Stoll; lucemalis Hiibner; hyalinaialis Guenee. The range of this species is very much the same as that of the last mentioned. (3) Glyphodes quadristigmalis Guenee. (The Privet- moth.) Fir;. 217. — Glyphodes quadristigmalis. a, lateral view of larva; 6, dorsal view; c, cocoon ; d, moth ; e, lateral view of two segments of larva, enlarged ; f, anal segment of pupa from below, greatly enlarged. (After Riley, " Insect Life," Vol. I, p. 24.) This moth has in recent years proved at times troublesome as an enemy of privet-hedges in the southern portions of the country. As many as four broods of the moths have been detected in one 394 Explanation of Plate XLVII (Unless otherwise indicated, the specimens represented are con- tained in the collection of W. J. Holland.) i. Packardia geminata Packard, d- 2. Lithacodes fasciola Herrich- Schaeffer, J1. 3. Adoneta spinuloides Herrich- Schaeffer, rj1 . 4. Cochlidion biguttata Packard, 9 . 5. Euclea pmnulata Clemens, cj ■ 6. Phobetron pithecium Abbot & Smith, cJ1. 7. Phobetron pithecium Abbot & Smith, ? . 8. Prolimacodes scapha Harris, 9 9. Sibine stimulea Clemens, c? . 10: Euclea indetermina Boisduval rj\ U. S. N. M. 11. Tortricidia testacea Packard, c^ 12. Tortricidia casonia Grote, 9 U. S. N. M. 13. Natada nasoni Grote, c? , U. S N. M. 14. Sisyrosea textula Herrich- Scha:ffer, $ , U. S. N. M. 15. Euclea chloris Herrich-Schaeffer, 9, U. S. N. M. 16. Packardia elegans Packard, 9 • 17. Isochtztes beutenmullcri Henry Edwards, 9 , U. S. N. M. 18. Alarodia slossonice Packard, 9 • U. S. N. M. 19. Adoneta pygmcea Grote & Robinson, rj , U. S. N. M. 20. Heterogenea shurtlefp, Packard, cT, V. S. N. M. 21. Cochlidion y-inversa Packard, d- 22. Monoleuca semifascia Walker, d- 23. Euclea viridiclava Walker, c? . 24. Euclea delphinii Boisduval, 9 • 25. Euclea nanina Dyar, cT . 26. Euclea chloris Herrich-Schjeffer, coco°J\T (Afcter- ChvT'Tv' " Agric, New Series, Vol. IV, p. husks. It Undergoes twice the size of life. 400 (The 1, moth ; i, Bull. U. S. 119.) All larva; Dept. figures Pyralidse transformation quite rapidly and is known to produce as many as four generations in a year. The caterpillars prefer the dark corners of meal-bins and the nooks of granaries and elevators which are least disturbed, and here will, unless they are detected and their ravages checked, establish centers of infection, from which they will go forth to do a vast amount of mischief. The caterpillars form long cases or tunnels of silk mixed with the debris of their food, in which they are quite effectually concealed from view. The best remedy is cleanliness, and frequent moving of stored products. Genus HERCULIA Walker (i) Herculia olinalis Guenee, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 13, 8. Syn. trentonalii Ledcrer. The species is widely distributed throughout the United States and Canada. The larvae feed upon the leaves of the oak. (2) Herculia himonialis Zeller, Plate XLV1I, Fig. 46, $. The moth is found from New England to Pennsylvania. It is not uncommon among the Alleghany Mountains about Cresson. SUBFAMILY CHRYSAUGIN/E This is a small subfamily, represented in our fauna by nine genera. Two of these we have selected for representation. Genus SALOBRANA Walker (1) Salobrana tecomae Riley. Plate XLVIII, Fig. 11, ?. This curious little moth feeds in its larval state upon the inte- rior of the seed-pods of the common trumpet-vine (Tecoma). The eggs are deposited when the pods are forming, and the larvae develop within them until in the fall, when they become dormant, hibernating in their burrows until the following spring, when they prepare for their escape by making an orifice in the outer shell of the pod and transforming into pupce. An excellent account of their habits has been given by the late Professor C. V. Riley in the "American Entomologist," Vol. Ill, p. 288. The moth is found in the southwestern portions of the United States, in the West Indies, and in Mexico and Central America. 401 Pyralidae Genus TOSALE Walker (i) Tosale oviplagalis Walker, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 33, S. Syn. nobilis Grote ; anthacioides Grote & Robinson. This is a common insect in western Pennsylvania, coming freely to sugar. It ranges from the eastern portions of our terri- tory southward into South America. SUBFAMILY SCHCENOBIIN^ This is a small subfamily of peculiar moths in which the pro- boscis is wanting, and which are represented in our territory by four genera and a dozen or more species. Of these we have selected one for illustration. Genus SCIRPOPHAGA Treitschke (1) Scirpophaga perstrialis Hiibner, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 12, ?. Syn. serriradit'lliis Walker ; macrinellus Zellner. The habitat of this moth is the southern part of Florida. SUBFAMILY CRAMBIN/E The Crambince, or "Grass-moths," as they are commonly called, constitute a large subfamily. The North American species have been well described and delineated by Fernald in his little book entitled "The Crambidae of North America," which was published in 1896. To this the student will do well to refer. There are fourteen genera in our territory, and over eighty species. Only a few of these can be represented in our plates. Genus CRAMBUS Fabricius (1) Crambus laqueatellus Clemens, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 17, $ . Syn. semifusellus Walker. The moth ranges from New England to Texas. Like all the other species of the genus, it feeds in its larval state upon the grasses. (2) Crambus alboclavellus Zeller, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 18, & . The insect is verv common in the Appalachian subregion. (;) Crambus turbatellus Walker, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 19, ?. Syn. bipunctellus Zeller. 402 Pyralidae The insect occurs from Canada and New England in the North to the Potomac and the Ohio in the South. (4) Crambus trisectus Walker. Plate XLVIII, Fig. 20, $. Syn. inlerminellus Walker j exsiccatus Zeller ; biliturellus Zeller. This is a very common and widely distributed species, rang- ing from the Atlantic to the Pacific through more temperate latitudes. Genus DIATR^A Guilding (1) Diatraea saccharalis Fabricius. (The Larger Corn-stalk Borer.) leucanicllus Walker; lineoscllus Walker; obliteratellus Zeller; crambi- 1 .rote. As early as the year 1N2S the attention of the world was called to the damage inflicted upon the sugar-cane in the West Indies by the larva of a lepidopterous insect. The author of the paper in which it was described was the Rev. I.ansdown Guilding, who was awarded a gold medal by the Society of Arts for his account Of the insect. About thirty years later, attention was called to the ravages of a similar insect in the island of Mauritius, into which it had been intro- duced. From the West In- dies the insect was transport- ed to Louisi- ana, and a study of its pernicious habits was ac- curately made inthe veari88i by Dr. L. O. Howard of the United States Department of Agriculture. Louisiana as a pest since 1 85=.. 403 Fig. 223.—^?. saccharalis. a, b, r, varieties of larva, en- lai < I d, third thoracic segment; <•, eighth abdominal seg- ment if, abdominal segment from side; g, same from above, enlarged. (After Howard, "Insect Life," Vol. IV, p. IOI.) It had been known in Pyralidae The ravages of the insect are not confined to the sugar-cane. It attacks with equal avidity sorghum and the stalks of the com- mon Indian corn, or maize. The insect has gradually worked its way northward from the region of the Gulf, having found lodg- ment here and there throughout the Southern States, and is now known to occur quite abundantly at times as far north as Mary- land. It is double-brooded in Virginia. The most serious damage is inflicted upon the crop where the larvae attack young stalks. Plants which are older and well established, though they may suffer to some extent from the insects, are generally not damaged suffi- ciently to prevent the maturing and harden- ing of the grain; but where the stalks are young and quite ten- der, they fail to mature, are stunted, sicken, and ultimately die. The accompanying figure shows the dwarfed and sickly appearance of such a stalk, which has been invaded by the borer. The life- history of the insect has been briefly given by Howard as follows : " In early spring the parent moth lays her eggs upon the young cane near the axils, and the young borer pene- trates the stalk at or near the joint, and commences to tunnel, usually upward, through the soft pith. The larval growth is rapid, and the borer is active, 404 Fig. 224. — D. saccharalis. a, appearance of corn-stalk infested by larva ; i, stalk cut open to show larval tunnel and pupa. (After Howard, "Insect Life," Vol. IV, p. 99.) Pyralidae and frequently leaves the stalk at one place and enters at another, making several holes in the course of its growth. When ready to transform, it burrows to the surface, making a hole for the exit of the future moth, and transforms to the pupa state. There are several generations in the course of a season, and the insect hibernates in the larval state within the stalks." The fact that the insect makes its home in the winter months in the dry stalks furnishes the means for most effectually com- bating its attacks. The remedy is found in destroying the stalks, either by burning them or by gathering them nd feeding them to live stock. It is well known that where crops are ro- tated, and the stalks are not left standing in the fields all winter, the insect does not succeed in inflict- ing much damage. Care- ful and intelligent tillage of the soil, cleanliness in the fields, will do much to pre- vent the increase of these insects, as well as of many other injurious species which might be named. In addition to feeding upon sugar-cane, sorghum, and corn, it has been ascertained that the insect will attack "Gama-grass" (Tripsacum dactyloides), and it is recommended to bum over fields in which this grass grows in proximity to corn-fields. The student who is desirous to know more about this insect may consult the pages of " Insect Life," Vol. IV, p. 95, where Dr. Howard has written at length upon its habits. It is from this article that much of the infor- mation contained in the preceding paragraphs has been drawn. SUBFAMILY GALLERIIN/E This is a subfamily the larva; of at least one species of which have the remarkable habit of making their abode in the hives of 405 JL Fig. 225. — D. saccharalis. a, female, en- ■■■', wings of male; c, pupa, enlarged. Howard, "Insect Life," Vol. IV, P- 95-) pyralidae bees, where they feed upon the wax and destroy the young of the insects upon whose industry they prey. Genus GALLERIA Fabricius (1) Galleria mellonella Linnaeus. (The Bee-moth.) Syn. cereana Linnjeus ; cerella Fabricius ; obliquella Walker. The Bee-moth was undoubtedly introduced into this country from Europe. It is a well-known enemy of the apiarist, and has been active in doing mischief on this side of the Atlantic for more Fig. 226. — The Bee-moth, a, larva; b, cocoon; r, pupa; , or hidden in a few seared and silk-sewn leaves as at Figure 229, are unerring tokens of past injury to the tree, and symbols of increased injury in the future, unless re- moved. The bunches of leaves anchored to the tree by strong silken cables and breasting defiantly every winter's wind are, indeed, significant insignia upon which is written in characters, if not in words — 'result of careless culture and unpardonable neglect.' There is but one brood a year, and the larva, about one-third 409 FlG. 229. — Cluster ot leaves hiding larval case of M. indi- genella. (After Riley.) Pyralidae grown, invariably passes the winter protected in its case. At this season of the year it is always of a deep reddish-brown color. As the leaves expand in spring it rouses from its winter lethargy, and after 'heaving anchor' — to use a nautical expression — by severing the silken connections of its case, travels in search of food, and having found it, secures its case again, and breaks its long fast. Toward the end of May it acquires its growth, when the earlier brown color frequently takes on a more or less decided deep green hue. It is a smooth worm with the head and thoracic joints as represented at c. The case at this time usually presents the appearance of Figure 228, a, being crooked and twisted like a little horn, gradually enlarging, cornucopia-fashion, from tip to mouth, and reminding one strongly of a piece of bird-dung. It is formed of the worm's excrement and other debris, interwoven with silk, and is completely lined on the inside with a carpet of the last-named material. The worm leaves it for feeding pur- poses mostly during the night. The chrysalis is formed inside this case, and the moths commence to make their appearance during the fore part of June, and later as we go farther north." The insect feeds principally upon the Rosacece, and is very injurious to orchards, attacking apple-trees, plums, quinces, cher- ries, and certain varieties of pears, especially the Seckel pear. Genus AMBESA Grote (1) Ambesa laetella Grote, Plate XLV1II, Fig. 16,3. The moth is not uncommon in Colorado, Wyoming, and Utah. It is found in the sage-brush in August. Genus MELITARA Walker (1) Melitara fernaldialis Hulst, Plate XLV11I, Fig. 8, 2. The insect is not at all uncommon in Arizona, and is also said to occur in Mexico. 410 Pyralidae Genus ZOPHODIA Hiibner (i) Zophodia grossulariae Riley. (The Gooseberry Fruit- worm.) Syn. turbiUlla Grote. The larva of this little moth, which is glass-green, feeds upon currants and gooseberries as they are forming upon the branches, hollowing out their interiors, and often fastening a cluster of them together with a web of silk. The berries attacked by the larvae do not generally fall to the ground, but shrivel up where they are. attached to the stalk. The caterpillars transform into pupa; on the ground, under leaves and among rubbish. There is but one brood during the year. The insect is widely distributed from New England and southern Canada westward and southward into the Valley of the Ohio and the upper portions of the Mississippi Valley. FlG. 2 30. — Z. gross it la ri„~. Moth and cocoon. (After Riley.) Genus CANARSIA Hulst (l)Canarsiahammondi Riley. (The Apple-leaf Skeletonizer. ) I he larva of this little moth feeds upon the parenchyma, or soft green pulpy covering of the leaves, of the apple and allied .^leaving the framework of \^ j veins and veinlets untouched. ^S^^/^w^^-^hJB Sometimes it devours all of the ^IjSjUBEM^fcaBy upper surface of the leaf and ■J completely skeletonizes it; more x:-- -:^\; / frequently it only eats portions here and there. In the fall of the year orchards are often made to appear quite sear and blighted by the inroads of the minute larva;, which are gregarious and are at times found literally in millions upon the trees. The insect has an extensive range, and is found from New 411 Fig. 231. — C. hammondi. <7,Iarva ; t>, enlarged dorsal view of segment ; c, enlarged view of head and anterior segments; ./,1110th. (After Riley.) Pyralidae England and Ontario southward through the valleys of the Ohio and the Mississippi as far as northern Texas. By weakening the trees the larvae cause the fruit to fall pre- maturely, and not a little damage is thus caused to the crop. It has been recommended to treat trees which are infested by the insect to a dust-bath made of air-slaked lime. It is said that this has the effect of destroying the larvae. A better method of pro- cedure is to give the trees a spraying with a very weak solution of one or the other of the coal-oil emulsions which are in use as disinfectants in orchards. Genus EPHESTIA Guenee (i) Ephestia kuehniella Zeller. (The Flour-moth.) Syn. gitonella Druce. This wretched pest, the original habitat of which is not known, has within recent years caused a great deal of trouble and expense to millers and dealers in grain on both sides of the Atlantic. It is believed by many European entomologists to be of American origin, but this cannot be proved. Others hold that FlG. 232. — E. kuehniella. (All figures greatly enlarged.) a, larva; b, pupa; r, moth; tl, enlarged head of larva; e, enlarged segment; _/", moth at rest ; g, front wing, showing characteristic markings ; //, i, neuration of wings. (After Riley, " Insect Life," Vol. II, p. 166.) it is an importation from the Orient, and it goes under the name of the Mediterranean Flour-moth in some localities. Wherever the creature came from, it is a decided plague. Rapidly multi- plying, it takes possession of mills and grain-warehouses, and 412 Explanation of Plate XLVIII (Unless otherwise indicated, the specimens figured are contained in the collection of W. J. Holland.) i. Diastictis fracturalis Zeller, cT , U. S. N. M. 2. Samea ecclesialis Guenee, 9 , U. S. N. M. 3. Agathodes monstralis Guenee, cf , U. S. N. M. 4. Phlyctcenodes oberthuralis Fernald, rj\ U. S. N. M. 5. Plilyctcenodes triumphalis Grote, 9 , U. S. N. M. 6. Titanio proximalis Fernald, c? , U. S. N. M. 7. Cornifrons simalis Grote, J1, U. S. N. M. 8. Melitara fcrnaldialis Hulst, 9 , U. S. N. M. 9. Noctuelia thalialis Walker, c? , U. S. N. M. 10. Nymphula obscuralis Grote, 9 , U. S. N. M. 11. Salobrana tecoma Riley, 9- 12. Scirpophaga perstrialis Hiibner, 9 , U. S. N. M. 13. Herculia olinalis Guenee, cT , U. S. N. M. 14. Yuma trabalis Grote, 9 , U. S. N. M. 15. Acrobasis betulclla Hulst, 9 , U. S. N. M. 16. Ambesa Icetella Grote, cf ■ 17. Crambus laqueaiellus Clemens, J1. 18. Cra:nbus alboclavellus Zeller, c? ■ 19. Crambus turbatellus Walker, 9 . 20. Crambus trisectus Walker, 9 ■ 21. Arcliips cerasivorana Fitch, 9 , U. S. N. M. 22. Tortrix albicomana Clemens, c? , U. S. N. M. 23. Amorbia humerosana Clemens, 9 , U. S. N. M. 24. F'latynoia flavedana Clemens, 9 . var. 25. Platynota labiosana Zeller, 9 , U. S. N. M. 26. Commophila macrocarpana Walsingham, cT , U. S. N. M, 27. Eucosma dorsisignatana Clemens, cT ■ 28. Cenopis groteana Fernald, cT ■ 29. Ecdytolopha insiticiana Zeller, 9 • 30. Archips purpurana Clemens, J1. 31. Archips parallcla Robinson, cT- 32. Archips rosaceana Harris, 9 ■ 3^. Tosale oviplagalis Walker, J1. 34. Archips argyrospila Walker, 9 , U. S. N. M. 35. Cenopis pettitana Robinson, 9 , U. S. N. M. 36. Atteva aurea Fitch, d\ U. S. N. M. 37. Atteva gemmata Grote, cT , U. S. N. M. 3S. Semioscopis merricella Dyar, 9 • 39. Eulia alisellana Robinson, 9 • 40. Epagoge tunicana Walsingham, c?\ U. S. N. M. 41. Stenoma sclilmgeri Zeller, c? , U. S. N. M. 42. Anaphora popeanella Clemens, rj1. 43. Acrolophus plumifrontcllus Clemens, c?. 44. Ypononwuta multipunctella Clemens, cj1 , U. S. N. M. 45. Adela bella Chambers, J1. Plate XLVIII. ^ %0 ^f^ M I -V &* *jf ^ Vr : V I ? f Tf - ^W V J THE NEW YORK PUBLIC LIBRARY ASTOR, LENOX AND TILOE.N FOUNDATIONS. Pyralidas seems to defy attempts to eradicate it. Each female lays from six to seven hundred eggs, and the process of generation seems, where buildings are warm, to go on continuously. Moving and airing the wheat does no good, as the insect seems to multiply in the pipes in which Hour is transported in a mill from one place to another by air-pressure. Much damage is done by the habit which the larvae pos- sess of gnawing the fine gauze of the screens in a flour- mill. When the insect has once established itself in an elevator or mill, the only remedy appears to be to shut down, and thorough- ly clean the place from top to bottom, and keep shut down and go on cleaning until not a nook or cranny is known to harbor the larvae, cocoons, or moths. The accom- panying illustrations, which are taken from the pages of " Insect Life," Vol. II, will enable the student to recognize this creature in its various stages of development. Thus far it has not become universally distributed throughout the country, but it has appeared in alarming numbers in some parts of Canada and New England. In England, Germany, and Belgium its attacks have been the subject of frequent comment. It shares an unenviable reputation with another species of the same genus, which we shall presently speak of, and with a spe- ci s of Plodia, of which we shall also have something to say. " Bee to the blossom, moth to the flame ; Each to his passion ; what 's in a name? " Helen Hunt Jackson.— Vanity of Vanities. 413 Kir,. 233.— n. Enlarged view of cocoon of Flour- moth from below, showing pupa through thin silk which was attached to a beam. 6, Cocoon vi< wed ive, with meal clinging to it. (After Riley, "Insect Life," Vol. II, p. 167.) Fig. 234.- Ser., No p. 8.) Pyralidae (2) Ephestia cautella Walker. (The Dried-currant Moth.) Syn. cahiritella Zeller ; pasulella Barrett ; desuetella Walker. This insect, which in many respects closely re- sembles the preceding species, like it is destructive to stored food-products. It is known to feed upon Zante currants, raisins, cacao-beans, or chocolate- nuts, on flax-seed, flax-meal, and figs. It is re- garded as probable that upon occasion it may de- velop a tendency to feed upon almost any substance which, containing nutriment, accords in its general character with the commodities which have been named. It is especially likely to attack dried fruits ■r. of any kind in which there is sugar or oil. That the dze^'of 'Tire? msect nas been introduced from abroad into our (After chit- fauna is beyond reasonable doubt. Its ravages on U?des.' "oept! the other side of the Atlantic have been described by Agric.," New writers long ago, while its appearance in this coun- try seems to date from about the time of the At- lanta Cotton Exposition. Just as most of the common weeds in our fields are of European origin, having been brought over in the seeds which were originally imported, or at a later time in the hay and straw which are used to stuff crates and packing-boxes, so many of the destructive insects, which have greatly multi- plied in America, are for- eign in their origin. It is not without reason that the government maintains a set of officers, whose function it is to inspect vegetable importations for the purpose of quarantin- ing those which appear to be likely to introduce insect pests. Had the custom of quarantining plants been instituted earlier, our farmers would to-day be happier. 414 Fig. 235.— E. cautella. a, moth; b, vena- tion of wings; d, eggs. All figures enlarged. (After Chittenden, "Bull. U. S. Dept. Agric," New Ser., No. 8, p. 8.) Pterophoridae Genus PLODIA Guenee (i) Plodia interpunctella Hubner. (The Indian-meal Moth.) Syn. zeir Fitch. The larva of this moth has a propensity to feed upon almost anything edible which comes in its way. It feeds upon Indian meal with particular avid- ity, but does not disdain grain of any kind, whole or ground. It breeds in all sorts of dried fruits and vegetables. It eats English walnuts, is said to invade beehives, and is known at times to dam- age herbariums and to attack collections of dried insects. There is nothing which seems to come amiss to its appetite, and it is, when established in a house or store-room, a veritable nui- sance. There are, according to the temperature of the building which it inhabits, from four to seven generations a year, and the reader cf these lines will do well to remember that if the thing has establis " itself under his roof it will require industry, pa- tience, and great regard to cleanliness and order to get rid of it. Fig. 236. — P. interpunctella. a, moth ; h, pupa ; c, larva ; d, front view of head of larva ; view of segment of larva. All figures enlarged. (After Chittenden, " Bull. U. S. Dept. Agric,"New Ser., No. 4, p. ug.) FAMILY PTEROPHORID/E " Nature never did betray The breast that loved her ; 't is her privilege, Through all the years of this our life, to lead From joy to joy." Wordsworth. The Plume-moths, as they are called, constitute a comparatively small family of elegant insects, in which the wings are divided in such a manner as to suggest feathers. The hind wings are generally trifid, sometimes quadrifid; the fore wings are gener- ally bifid, sometimes trifid. The larvae are slow in movement, clumsy in appearance, and live on the surface of leaves. They 41s Pteroporidaeh are generally hairy. The pupse are very remarkable, being soft and hairy like the caterpillars, and attached in pendant position by the cremaster, very much as the chrysalids of some butterflies, though a few have rudimentary cocoons in the form of strands of silk thrown about them. There are six genera and about sixty species of Plume-moths known to occur in the United States. We can take space to represent only one of these species. Genus OXYPTILUS Zeller (i) Oxyptilus periscelidactylus Fitch. (The Grape-vine Plume.) An exceedingly readable and very interesting account of the habits of this insect, which is universally distributed over the whole Appalachian subregion, is given by the late Professor Riley in the "Fourth Missouri Report." The moths may generally be found in vineyards and about grape-vines, when they are beginning to put out their leaves. The eggs are laid on the branches before they begin to blossom, and about the time the third bunch of grapes on a given shoot is beginning to mature, it will be found that the terminal leaves have been drawn together with a few strands of silk, and in the tan- gle thus prepared, under cover from heat and rain, will be found the curi- ous little caterpillars of the Plume- moth. The accompanying cut, taken from the paper of Professor Riley to which allusion has been made, will serve to tell the story better than can be done in brief compass by words. The damage done by the insects is not usually very great, and it is an easy matter for the vine-grower, when he discovers the "leaves drawn together in the way pointed out, to pluck off the end of the shoot and destroy the insects. 416 237. — The Grape-vine a, larvae; />, pupa; c, en- iew of process on back of pupa ; d, moth ; e, lateral view of segment of larva. (After Riley.) Fig. Plume, larged FAMILY ORNEODIDy^ "Very close an] diligent looking at living creatures, even through the best microscope, will leave room for new and contradictory discoveries." George Eliot. This is a very small family of moths, represented in our fauna by but a single genus and species. The moth has both the fore and the hind wings divided into six plumes, as is the case in all the insects of the family. Genus ORNEODES Latreille (i) Orneodes hexadactyla Linnaeus. (The Six-plume Moth.) The moth, which measures half an inch in expanse of wings, is found in Hurope and in the cooler portions of North America, exclusive of the arctic regions. It has been reported to occur as far south as Mis- souri, but is more commonly found in New England, New York, Canada. Mani- toba, and the Northwestern States on the Pacific coast. It is nowhere apparently a common insect, or else is overlooked by collectors on account of its small size. FAMILY TORTRICII)/H " Die Kritik nimmt oft dem Baume Raupen und Bliithen mit einander." Jean Paul Richter. The Tortricida constitute a very large assemblage of genera and species. Because of the habit of the larva: of many species of rolling up the leaves of the plants on which they feed, these insects have been often called " Leaf-rollers." Many of the larvae live in the inside of the stems of plants, or burrow in fruits, and the famous " jumping-beans " of New Mexico and Arizona are simply the seeds of a species of Crohn or Sebasticuiia in 4'7 which is lodged the larva of a species of Tortricid, which has the power, by changing its position on the inside of the seed, of making the seed move. In the case of Croton seeds the insect is Cydia saltitans Westwood; in the case of Sebastiania seeds the insect imparting the motion to the thing is the larva of Enar- monia sebastianice. It is quite impossible for us in a work of the present scope to give even an epitome of the nearly five hundred species of Tor- tricids which are at present known to occur within the limits of the United States and Canada. We shall content ourselves with an account of a few species, which will serve to show the reader what a mine of interesting inquiry presents itself to view in this single family of beautiful little moths. Genus EUCOSMA Hiibner (i) Eucosma scudderiana Clemens, moth.) Svn. saligncana Clemens ; The moth was called (The Misnamed Gall- ffusana Zeller. the Misnamed Gall-moth " by Professor Riley because Clemens had given it a specific name which implied that it was a denizen of wil- low-trees or willow- galls, when in fact it has been ascertained to live in the galls of the Golden- rod (Soltdago). The in- sect is not uncommon in western Pennsylvania, and is possibly an inqui- line or intruder in the galls, which are pro- duced by another spe- cies, Gnorimoschema gallcesolidaginis Riley. (2) Eucosma dorsisignatana Clemens, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 27,3. Syn. similana Clemens ; , Walsinsrham. Fig. 239. — K. scudderiana. a, moth ; /', lar val skin protruding from a gall of the Golden rod. (After Riley.) uni Walker ; Zeller ; "raduatana 418 Tortricidae It This is a common species in the Appalachian subregion. is found abundantly in western Pennsylvania. Genus ANCYLIS Hiibner (i) Ancylis comptana Frolich. (The Strawberry Leaf- roller.) Syn. amflexatia Walker; fragttria Walsh & Riley. This little insect has proved a very destructive foe of the strawberry in parts of the Mississippi Valley. There are two broods annually. The insects roll up the leaves, and feeding upon the tender paren- chyma, cause the plants to wither and drv. So bad have the ravages of the larva; proved in some places that horticultur- ists have been led to 240.—.'/ 'ptatiti. larva, natural abandon growing Straw- size; />, enlarged view of anterior portion of berries in those localities. I"va;/' moth ; ''• anal se8ment '" larvJL (Af,cr Riley.) The insect is found in Canada and in the portions of the United States immediately south of the Great Lakes. Although the moth occurs in v Pennsylvania, no great loss from its attacks has as yet been re- ported from this part of the country. Genus ECDYTOLOPHA Zeller (1) Ecdytolopha insiticiana Zeller, PlateXLVIlI, Fig. 29, i . The larva of this species has the habit of boring under the bark and causing gall-like excrescences to appear upon the twigs of the common locust (Robinia). Genus CYDIA Hiibner (1) Cydia pomonella Linnaeus. (The Coddling-moth.) This well-known and most destructive little insect is estimated to inflict an annual loss upon the fruit-growers of America which amounts in the aggregate to tens of millions of dollars. Every one is familiar with the pinkish worm which is encountered at the heart of apples and pears. But for every apple and pear 419 Tortricidae which survives the attacks of these insects and develops suffi- ciently to come to market and to the mouth of the consumer, there are scores of apples and pears the development of which is entirely ruined, and they fall to the ground undersized and worthless. There are two broods of the insects annually. The sec- ond brood hibernates in the cocoon. We quote again from Riley: "The same temperature which causes our apple-trees to burst their beauteous blossoms releases the coddling-moth from its pupal tomb, and though its wings are still damp with the imprint of the great Stereotyping Establishment of the Almighty, they soon dry and expand under the genial spring-day sun, and enable each to seek its companion. . . . The moths soon pair, and the female flits from blossom to blossom, deftly depositing in the calyx of each a tiny yellow egg. As the fruit matures, the worm develops. In thirty-three days, under favorable circumstances, it has become full-fed; when, leaving the apple, it spins up in some crevice, changes to a chrysalis in three days, and issues two weeks after- wards as moth, ready to deposit again, though not always in the favorite calyx this time, as I have frequently found the young worm entering from the side." The best remedy for the coddling-moth is to destroy all wind- falls and immature fruit lying upon the ground. Make it a duty to keep the wind-fallen fruit garnered up once a week and fed to the pigs. Let the pigs into the orchard, if possible. Bind bands of hay about the trees. The caterpillars will form their cocoons among the hay in preference to any other place. Once a week crush the hay with the cocoons in it, and move the band up and down. Burn the wisp of hay if it gets full of cocoons, and bind 420 Fig. 241. — C. pomonella. a, burrow in apple ; b, point where egg is laid ; e, full- grown larva ; d, pupa ; f, moth at rest ; g, moth with wings expanded ; /;, enlarged head of larva; i, cocoon. (After Riley.) Tortricidae on another. The coddling-moth is an importation from Europe. Not all the live stock brought into America from Europe, biped or hexapod, has turned out well. Genus ALCERIS Hubner (1) Alceris minuta Robinson. (The Green Apple Leaf-tier.) Syn. malivorana Lc Baron ; vacciniivorana Packard ; variolana Zeller. The larvae of this insect feed in the early spring upon the young leaves of apple- and pear-trees, which they crumple up and tie together with threads of silk. Under the folded leaves they live and at last undergo their transformation into the pupal state. The caterpillars are green in color, and very nimble when dis- turbed, dropping to the ground or lowering themselves quickly upon a strand of silk. The chrysalis, as shown in the annexed cut, has a peculiar horn-like boss or projec- tion at the upper end. The insect does much damage in the spring by preventing the proper expan- sion of the leaves in the terminal buds and by devouring the blos- soms. The writer has for several years been greatly interested in observing the manner in which these pernicious little creatures have steadily robbed him of all fruit upon a couple of dwarf pear-trees which are growing at the rear of his city home. It has been found that a thorough spraying with a strong infusion of tobacco stems and slaked lime brings their work to a speedy end, and it is recommended to fruit-growers to resort to the application of this old-fashioned remedy when needed. Fig. 242. — Alceris minuta. a, larva ; /<, pupa ; ,-, moth ; ./, folded apple-leaf concealing pupa. (After Riley.) Genus EPAGOGE Hubner (1) Epagoge tunicana Walsingham, Plate XLV1II, Fig. 40, $ . This rather neatly marked moth, which may be accepted as a good representative of its genus, inhabits the Pacific subregion. 421 Genus CENOPIS Zeller (1) Cenopis pettitana Robinson, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 35, 9. The habitat of this species is the Appalachian subregion. (2) Cenopis groteana Fernald, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 28, * . The insect is not uncommon in the Valley of the Ohio. Genus ARCHIPS Hiibner (1) Archips rosaceana Harris, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 52, ?. Syn. vicariana Walker ; gossypiana Packard ; arcticana Mceschler. This is a common species found all over the northern por- tions of the United States and southern Canada. The larvae in- flict considerable damage at times upon roses and the foliage of allied plants. (2) Archips purpurana Clemens, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 30, $ . Syn. gurgitana Robinson ; lintneriana Grote. In many respects this species is very closely allied to the last mentioned, from which it may be distinguished by the darker, more smoky color of the primaries. It has the same distribution as rosaceana. (3) Archips cerasivorana Fitch, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 21, 9. The larva of this insect, as its name implies, is addicted to feeding upon the leaves of various species of wild cherry. It is found in the northern portions of the United States and southern Canada. (4) Archips parallela Robinson, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 31. " . The species ranges from New England westward into the Valley of the Mississippi. (5) Archips argyrospila Walker, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 34, 9 . Syn. furoana Robinson; v-signatana Packard. The species, which is not at all uncommon, ranges through the northern portions of the United States from the Atlantic to the Pacific. Genus PLATYNOTA Clemens (1) Platynota flavedana Clemens, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 24, 9- Syn. concursana Walker ; laterana Robinson. The moth is a native of the Appalachian subregion. (2) Platynota labiosana Zeller, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 25, 9. 422 Yponomeutidae The insect is found in the southwestern portion of our terri- tory, having been reported from Colorado and Texas. Genus TORTRIX Linnaeus (i) Tortrix albicomana Clemens, Plate XLVI1I, Fig. 22. ' . The moth flies in the eastern portions of our region, being commoner in the Atlantic States than elsewhere. Genus EULIA Hiibner (1) Eulia alisellana Robinson, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 39, 9 . The insect is common in the Valley of the Ohio. It occurs .11 western Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Indiana. Genus AMORBIA Clemens (1) Amorbia humerosana Clemens, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 23, $ . The species is indigenous in the northern portions of the Appalachian subregion. Genus COMMOPHILA Hiibner (1) Commophila macrocarpana Walsingham, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 26, 2 . The insect is a native of the Pacific subregion. I Wlll.Y YPONOMEUTIIVE " Thus hath the candle sing'd the moth." Siiaki SPEARE, — Merchant of Venice, I, 9. This is a family of moderate size, represented in our fauna by twenty-two genera and over sixty species. The species have a characteristic facies, which when once recognized will enable the student to readily separate them from their allies. We are able to figure only three species, owing to the necessary limitations of space. Genus YPONOMEUTA Latreille (1) Yponomeuta multipunctellaClemcns, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 44. • . Syn. ordinatellus Walker ; euonyntella Chambers ; orhimaculella Chambers ; wakarusa Gaumer. 423 The insect is found in the Appalachian subregion, but more particularly in the southeastern portions thereof. Genus ATTEVA Walker (i) Atteva aurea Fitch, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 36, £ . Syn. compta Clemens. The insect is common in the southern portions of our region, being distributed from the Gulf States southward and westward in o Mexico and lands still farther South. (2) Atteva gemmata Grote, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 57, £ . Syn. fastuosa Zeller; floridana Neumoegen. The moth is found in the warmer parts of Florida. FAMILY GELECHIID/E " He buildeth his house as a moth." Job. — xxvii, 18. This is a very extensive family of small moths which possess habits of considerable interest to students. Many of them are Fig. 243. — P. operculella. a, section of tuber showing eye and eggs deposited about it, natural size; b, egg, dorsal view; c, egg, lateral view, greatly enlarged; (/, k, mines of larva in potato; j, pupa at end of mine, seen through skin of potato, somewhat reduced ; e, larva, dorsal view ; f, larva, lateral view ; g, larva, third ab- dominal segment, lateral view; /;, do., dorsal view, still more enlarged; i, pupa; /, moth, enlarged. (After Riley, " Insect Life," Vol. IV, p. 239.) 424 known to be more or less injurious to vegetables, in which they either burrow in their larval state, or upon the foliage of which they prey. We can speak of only a few of them. Genus PHTHORIM^EA Meyrick (i) Phthorimaea operculella Zeller. (The Potato-moth.) Syn. terrella Walker ; solanella Boisduval ; tabacella Ragonot. This insect, represented in Fig. 24), the ravages of which upon potatoes in Algiers and other Mediterranean countries have been 'well known for many years, and which has more recently caused much mischief in New Zealand and Australia, has quite recently found lodgment in California, having been apparently accidentally imported from Australia. In Algiers it is known in certain years to have destroyed fully two thirds of the potato-crop. It is a dan- gerous and annoying pest. The best remedy for it is said to be the total de- struction of infected potatoes, and the protection of the stored tubers from access by the ovipositing females. Genus GNORIMOSCHEMA Busck fi) Gnorimoschema gallaesoh- daginis Riley. (The Solidago Gall- moth.) The man who has loitered by the waysides in the country must often have noticed the manner in which the stems of the common golden-rod are frequently swollen and enlarged about two thirds of their length from the root. This swelling may be caused by the larvae of several insects, but one of the most frequent causes of the ab- normal growth is the larva of a little moth to which the above sesquipeda- lian name has been given. The life- history of the insect was carefully worked out by Professor Riley, and from his interesting paper upon the subject, contained 425 FIG. 244. — Galls of the Soli- dago Gall-moth. (After Riley.) a, section of gall showing bur- row at if, larva at e; l>, gall, opening at c. Gelechiidae in the " First Missouri Report,'' the accompanying cut has been taken. It shows a gall as it appears from the outside, and also a section of a gall, revealing the home which the larva constructed for itself in the enlargement of the stem. The moth is very common in many parts of the country, but particularly in western Pennsylvania. Genus ANARSIA Zeller (i) Anarsia lineatella Zeller. (The Peach-twig Borer.) Syn. pruniella Clemens. The insect which we are considering was in all probability intro- luced into California, where it is now most firmly established, from Asia, probably from Japan. The eggs are deposited at the point where the leaves are attached to the stems, or where the stem of the fruit is located. The larvae make minute burrows un- der the bark of the twigs and into the stem of the fruit, and thus cause dam- age both to the trees and to the peaches. The insect is double-brooded. The larvae are secretive, and hide so effectually that it is said to be very difficult to detect them. The insect remains in the pupal state about ten days, when the moth emerges. The imago is about half an inch in expanse of wing. The fore wings are of a beautiful gray color, clouded on the costa with darker markings. The insects of the second generation hibernate as larvae in their burrows in the bark of the twigs. A very full and excellent account of the habits of this insect has been published in the " Bulletin of the United States Department of Agriculture " by Mr. C. L. Marlatt. It is 426 Fig. 245. — A. lineatella. a, new shoot of peach withering from attack of larva ; /', larva, enlarged; r, pupa, enlarged. (After Marlatt, "Bull. U. S. Dept. Agric," New Ser., No. 10, p. 1 1.) Gelechiidse from this paper that we have been with great kindness per- mitted to draw the illustrations which are herewith given. As a means of combating this pest, it has been recom- mended to spray the peach- trees, just as the leaves are beginning to open in the spring, with a solution of one pound of lime and one pound of Paris green mixed in two hundred gallons of water. It is also recom- mended to spray the trees in February, or even injanuary, with kerosene emulsion, which is said to penetrate the little burrows in which , . . rlG. 246.—./. ItncatcUa. 11, moth with tne larvae hibernate and kill wings expanded; t, c, moths with wings them. The latter method is folded AU figures enlarged. (After Marlatt, , . , " Bull. U. S. Dept. Agric," New Ser., No. undoubtedly preferable. 10, p. 12.) Cirili'S CANDLE ' Round her flaming heart they hover, Lured by loveliness they l;.. Moth-like, every man a lover, Captive to its gleam and glow. Old and young, the blind anil blinking, — Fascinated, frenzied things,— How they flutter, never thinking \\ hat a doom awaits their v It is all the same old story, — Pleasure hung upon a breath : Just a chance to taste of gh.rv Draws a legion down to death. Fire is dangerous to handle; Love is an uncertain flame; But the game is worth the candle When the candle 's worth the gam ! " Felix Carmen, in Life, Vol. XI. I, p. 494. 427 Xylorictidse FAMILY XYLORICTID/E A small family which contains in our fauna two genera and nine species. The group may be represented by Stenoma schlaegeri Zeller, which is portrayed on Plate XLVI11, Fig. 41, by a male specimen. The insect is very common in the Appa- lachian subregion, and is particularly abundant in western Pennsylvania. FAMILY CECOPHORID/E "Entomology is a science, not a pastime." — Westwood. This is another comparatively small family of interesting in- sects, numbering in our fauna about ninety species, which are distributed into thirteen genera. We can represent only a couple of them, for the purpose of showing the readers of " The Moth Book " what they are like. Genus DEPRESSARIA Haworth (1) Depressaria heracliana De Geer. (The Parsnip Web- worm.) Fig. 247.— /?. heracliana. a, larva, side view; i, dorsal view; c, pupa; d, anal extremity of pupa ; e, moth, enlarged ; /, umbel of parsnip webbed together by the larvae, natural size. (After Riley.) Syn. heraclei Retzius ; umbellana Fabricius ; umbellella Zetterstedt; pasti- nacella Duponchel; ontariella Bethune. The Parsnip Web-worm is an importation from Europe, 428 Blastobasidae where it has been known from time immemorial as an enemy of umbelliferous plants. A full account of the insect is given by Riley in "Insect Life," Vol. I, p. 94. To this the reader may refer. The remedy for the insect is to gather the portions of the plants which have become infested, and to burn them, The in- sects, many of which conceal themselves in the stems or are hid- den in the foliage, are thus most conveniently destroyed. Genus SEMIOSCOPIS Hiibner (1) Semioscopis merricella Dyar, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 38, ?. This is not at all an uncommon insect in western Pennsyl- vania. There are numerous specimens in the collection of the writer which have been taken during the past twenty years. FAMILY BLASTOBASID/H This is a considerable family of minute moths, as representa- tive of which we have selected for illustration a species of the genus Holcocera, to which Professor Riley applied the specific name glandulella.be- cause it infests acorns. The Acorn-moth is an inquiline; that is to say, it takes possession of the remnants of the repast left in the acorn by the grub of a wee- vil, which has devel- oped within the fruit I : . .^S. — //. glandulella. ,1, :.,:,.rn showing larva; b, acorn showing opening left for moth; c, enlarged view of head of larva; ,/, lateral view of segment; e, dorsal view of segment; /; mo , nodule to which antenna articulates. (After Riley.) and forsaken its burrow in order to undergo transformation else- where. Between the weevil and the larva of the moth very little is left of the contents of the acorn, and farmers who expect to derive sustenance for their hogs from the oak-mast are often dis- appointed. The accompanying cut shows the different stages in the development of the larva, and also the moth. The insect is quite common in Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Indiana. 429 FAMILY ELACHISTID/E Fig. 249.— Wahhia amorphella. This is a large family of moths, many of which are almost microscopic in size, but all are very beautiful. One of the larger species we have se- lected for illustra- tion. It lives in the galls which its presence produces in the stems of the Falselndigo(y4/Hor- pba fruticosa). It belongs to the genus Walshia, and was described under the specific name amor- phella by Clemens; In its habits it re- minds us somewhat of the moth with the frightful name which lives in the galls of the Golden-rod, about which something has already been said. The accompanying cut, which has been taken from Professor Riley's "Second Missouri Report," shows at a a figure of the female moth enlarged. The larva, which is a soft white little affair, is delineated at /', and the figures c and d show the galls as they appear. The insect is found in the Appalachian subregion. FAMILY TINEID/E "Lay not up for yourselves treasures upon earth, where moth and rust doth corrupt, and where thieves break through and steal: but lay up for yourselves trea- sures in heaven, where neither moth nor rust doth corrupt, and where thieves do not break through nor steal." Matthew. —VI, 19, 20. The Tineidce are a very great family of moths, some of which are of moderate size, but most of which are very minute. Among them there are many insects which are exceedingly beautiful, although they are so small, while many of them have great economic importance, being destructive or beneficial. Of a few of these we shall take opportunity to speak briefly. 430 Genus BUCCULATRIX Zeller (i) Bucculatrix canadensisella Chambers. (The Birch- leaf Bucculatrix.) This little insect in its larval stage is known to infest the leaves of the birch and the wild cherry. The caterpillars feed upon the parenchyma of the leaves, attacking both the upper and the lower sides, and completely skel- etonizing them. Forests of birches in New England are known to have been completely stripped oi liv- ing tissue in the fall of the year, in such a manner as to suggest that a fire had pissed over the trees. The larvae ate sluggish in their movements, when dis- t in bed dropping down by a silken cord. The cocoons are white and ribbed, .is represented in the annexed figure. They turn dark alter they have been spun up for some time. The insect is not uncommon in Rhode Island, and is known to occur throughout New England, northern New York, and Canada. It probably has even a wider range, and may be found in the mountains of Pennsylvania, where its food-plant is abundant. The best account of its habits has been given by Professor A. S. Packard in "Insect Life," Vol. V, p. 14. (2) Bucculatrix pomifoliella Clemens. (The Apple-leaf Bucculatrix.) Syn. pomonclla Packard ; curvilineatella Packard. The minute moth, a greatly enlarged figure of which is given in the annexed cut, has the habit of denuding the leaves of apple- 43' • :.o. — />'. canadensisella. a, skeletonized birch-leaf; />, ps< 1 . larva; ;in Fig. 258. — P. y-im sect Life," Vol. IV, p 373-) (After Riley, Tineidae and gives the dorsal aspect of these organs. At c we have a lateral view of the same parts magnified eighteen diameters. The ovi- positor of the female is shown at d exserted from the anal joint of the abdo- men. At e there is given another lateral view of the tip of the ovipositor much more enlarged. This view shows the pe- culiar saw-like structure of the organ, by help of which incisions are made in the soft outer bark of the growing stems of the Yucca. Both this and the preceding species are found in California. (4) Prodoxus reticulata Riley. This pretty little moth, the habits of which are much the same as those of the preceding three species, is a native of the State of Colorado. The figure represents a female with her wings ex- panded, and the drawing is mag- nified more than three times the size of life. The insect is undoubtedly, so far as the mark- ings of the wings are concerned, the most attractive species in the entire genus. (s) Prodoxus coloradensis Riley. Fig. 260 is devoted to the illustration of the salient specific features of a fifth insect belonging to the genus Prodoxus. As the name implies, this species, like the preceding, is found in Colorado. The front wing is shown four times the size of life, the hair-line below the figure in- dicating the natural size. The genitalia of the male are shown at b viewed from above, and at c viewed laterally. 440 Fig. 260. — P. coloradensis. (After Riley, "Insect Life," Vol. IV, p. 374.) (6) Prodoxus cinereus Riley. This species is known to breed in the flower-stems of Yucca whippki. The best way in which to set the species before the ill.— P. cinereus. a, larva; />, head and first thoracic joint; i, anal hooks; J, pupa: e, pupal sin 11 protruding from stalk; /", adult female; g, ol adult male. All figures greatly enlarged. (After Rile) ," Vol. V, p. 306.) reader sterns to be to reproduce, as we have done, the figure given by the author of the species, in which its characteristic features are carefully depicted. It is found in California. Genus PRONUBA Riley (1) Pronuba yuccasella Riley. (The Yucca Moth.) No discovery in recent years has been more interesting to students of insect and plant life than that which was made in 1872 by Professor Riley, of the intimate relationship which sub- sists between the beautiful plants, known as Yuccas, and the genus of moths to which the present species belongs. It has been ascertained that the fructification of the various species of Yucca is almost absolutely dependent upon the agency of the female moth ; and, strangely enough, it has also been ascer- tained that the pollenation of the flowers is not the result of mere accidental attrition of the wings and other organs of the insect when engaged in seeking for nectar in the flower and when en- gaged in laying her eggs, but that she deliberately collects the 441 , 262. — P. yitceasella. a, lar- va ; b, female moth with closed wings ; c, do. with wings expanded ; d, side view of larval segment ; e, head of larva from below; f, do. from above ; g, thoracic leg of do. ; //, maxilla; i, mandible; j, spin- neret and labial palpi; k, antenna, enlarged. (After Riley, "Insect Life," Vol. IV, p. 360.) pollen with her mouth, which is peculiarly modified to enable her to do this, and then applies the pollen to the stigma with in- finitely better care than it could be done by the most skilful horticul- turist usingthe mostdelicate human appliances. There are several species of the genus Pronuba, and they hold a positive and well-ascertained re- lationship to the various species of the plants in the economy of which they perform so important a function. Pronuba yuccasella pollenizes in the Eastern States the blossoms of the common Yucca fihiiiieufosa, and on the Western plains it performs the act for the blossoms of Yucca angustifolia. Yucca brevifolia is pollenized by Pronuba syntbelica. Yucca wbipplei is pollenized by Pronuba maculata. No doubt there are other species of Yucca which will be ultimately discovered to have species of Pronuba which are adapted in their organs to the work of pollenation according to their peculiar requirements. The larva of Pronuba, after it has attained to full size, drops to the ground, having three pairs of thoracic legs, which enable it to move about and burrow into the earth. It then undergoes transformation into the pupal state. The chrysalis, which is depicted in Fig. 263, has the back armed with peculiar spinous processes, which enable it to make its way through the loose soil. The student who desires to become fully acquainted with this interesting chapter in insect life must consult the altogether admi- rable papers written upon the subject by Pro- fessor Riley, to whom we are indebted for almost all that we know in regard to the subject. These papers may be found in the Publications of the St. Louis Academy of Science, the "Fifth 442 Fig. 263. — P. yuc- casella. /, male chry- salis ; 111, female chry- salis. (After Riley, " Insect Life," Vol. IV, p. 368.) Annual Report of the State Entomologist of Missouri, " and in the fourth and fifth volumes of "Insect Life." Genus ACROLOPHUS Poey (1) Acrolophus plumifrontellus Clemens, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 43, 6 . Syn. bombycina Zeller. As a representative of this well-marked genus, quite a number of species of which are found in our fauna, we have selected tl e species which is most common in the Appalachian subregion. The other species are mainly Southern and Western. Genus ANAPHORA Clemens (i) Anaphora popeanella Clemens, Plate XLVIII, Fig. 42, ' . Syn. agrotipennilla Grote; scardina Zeller. The insect ranges from the Atlantic States to the Rocky Moun- tains. There are other species in the genus, which are found in the South and the West FAMILY HLPIAUD/E This family is compose I of 1 irge or moderately large insects. They are very peculiar in their structure, and are now by syste- matise generally accorded a position of inferiority at the bottom of the series of lepidopterous families, being regarded as repre- senting an ancestral stock. Some go even so far as to deny that they are lepidoptera at all. This is, however, an untenable position. Genus STHENOPIS Packard (i) Sthenopis argenteomaculatus Harris, Plate XLI, Fig. 14, &. (The Silver-spotted Ghost-moth.) Syn. argentata Packard ; alni Kellicott. The larvx feed at first upon the roots of the alder, and then enter the stems. The insect is found in the northern portions of the United States and Canada. The moths have the habit of dancing in the air at sunset, and perform very peculiar gyrations over the spot where oviposition is to take place. (2) Sthenopis quadriguttatus Grote, Plate XLI, Fig. 13, & . Syn. semiauratus Neuma*gen & Dyar. 443 Hepialidae The range of this species is the same as that of the preceding. It occurs rather abundantly in Assiniboia and Alberta. Genus HEPIALUS Fabricius (i) Hepialus hyperboreus Mceschler, Plate XLI, Fig. 15,3. Syn. pulcher Grote ; macglashani Henry Edwards. The moth is found in New England and southern Canada. (2) Hepialus gracilis Grote. (The Graceful Ghost-moth.) This species, the neuration of the wings of which is repre- sented in the text at Fig. 12, is not an uncommon species in the northern portions of our territory. (3) Hepialus lemberti Dyar, Plate XLI, Fig. 16, $. (Lem- bert's Ghost-moth.) The moth is found in California. It is not as yet common in collections. FAMILY MICROPTERYGID/E This family is represented in our fauna by two genera of minute insects and six species. They are remarkable because revealing certain anatomical features which are believed to point to an ancestral connection between them and other orders of insects. One of the remarkable features which they reveal is the persistence in them of mandibles in the pupae, which are lost in the imaginal form in the genus Micropteryx, which is not repre- sented in our fauna, but are persistent in the genus Eriocepbala, which does occur in North America. We have arrived at last at the end of our necessarily com- pacted but rather extensive survey of the families of moths rep- resented in the fauna of the United States and Canada. We have thrown the doors of our subject open to the curious. We have thrown them wide open. Much has been omitted which might have been said; possibly some things have been said which will have little interest for the general reader; but, upon the whole, we feel, in bringing this book to its end, that we have given a fuller and more complete review of the whole subject to Ameri- can students than has ever been essayed in any book by any 444 Micropterygidae other writer. Throughout the task has been to a large degree a labor of love, with the purpose of popularizing knowledge and helping those who have eyes to see and ears to hear, to under- stand something of the wonders of a world which becomes the more wonderful the more we know of it. THE FINAL GOAL 1 O, yet we trust that somehow good Will be the final goal of ill, To pangs of nature, sins of will, Defects of doubt and taints of blood ; That nothing walks with aimless feet ; That not one life shall be destroyed, Or cast as rubbish to the void, When God hath made the pile complete ; That not a worm is cloven in vain, That nut a moth with vain desire Is shrivelled in a fruitless fire, Or but subserves another's gain." Tennyson. — In Memoriam, i. ml THE END When the moon shall have faded out from the skv, and the sun shall shine at noonday a dull cherry-red, and the seas shall be frozen over, and the ice-cap shall have crept downward to the equator from either pole, and no keels shall cut the waters, nor wheels turn in mills, when all cities shall have long been dead and crumbled into dust, and all life shall be on the very last verge of extinction on this globe; then, on a bit of lichen, growing on the bald rocks beside the eternal snows of Panama, shall be seated a tiny insect, preening its antennae in the glow of the worn-out sun, representing the sole survival of animal life on this our earth,— a melancholy "bug." 44S INDEX Abagrotis, genus; crratica, 180 abakneatis, Bomolocha, 286 Abbot. John. 27 , Abbotana, genus; clematana, transduccns, transferens. 353 abbotana, Phobetron, 366 abboti, Oiketicus, 361 abbotti, Sphecodina. 70 abbreviatella, Catocala, 268 Abdomen, 14, 18 abortivaria, D Abrostola, genus; ovalis urentis, 240 . abrupta, Raphn. absinthia tis, 328 absorpta - absynthiata, Tephroclystis, 328 accepta. Fruva, acccssaria, Catopyrrha, 342 acericola, Apatela. 153 acericolum, Synanthedon, 386 aceris, Apatela, 1 53 accrni, Synanthedon, 386 ■ 1 achatina Achat. • I ' . 212 achcmon, 1 ' ■ >, genus; ferraria, omata, Acherontii rise, 13 "Acheta Domestica," quoted, 140 Acoloithus, genus; falsarius, sanbomi, l I ne, 1 2 2, 1 23 Acrobasis, genus; betulella, 40S ;enus; bombycina, plurmfrontcl- IUS, 44.1 ■nus, 86; luna, is, 172; ramosula, 173 acutalis, Phiprosopus, 245 acutaria, Doryodes, 245 acutilinca, Schinia, 227 acutipennis, Mamestra, 19s Adela, genus; bella, 437 , , . Adclocephala, genus, 96; bicolor, distigma, gt> Adelphagrotxs, genus; prasina, 170 1 rausta, 397 ;enus; chionanthi, 177 . Mai ■ istra, 104 . ■. tnorus, 196 admirandus, Meraythru . Adoneta, genus; ferrigera, nebulosu , rnaa, spmuloides voluta, 365 adoptiva, Catocala, 267 adu lata lis, Yuma, 407 adumbrata, Syneda, 259 adustaria, Gonndontis, 350 adversa, Caenurgia, 257 icdessa, Fenaria, 233 genus; paiformis, crabroniformis, 1 iEfjenidse, Family, 2s, 36. 370 aliaria. U Emilia, genus; ambigua, bolten, cinnamo- mea, occidentalis, Red-banded, Rosy, sanguivenosa, signincans, syracosia, 1 37 aemula, ; Synanthedon, 3S7 xmulatar... a?qualiaria, Therii -a, Ipimorpha, 220 a;quosus, Syssaura, 352 area. Phi aeroides. Plusia, a;sculi, Zeuzera, ■ aetheria, affinis, Hei affusana, Eucosn 1:1a, 86 . Agaristida;, 3, 24. 32, 1 I ics, genus; designahs, nondalis, m«>n agilis. Fell Agnomonia, genus; anilis. sesquistnans, 271 - 3S° agricola, Drasteria, 257 agrippina, Catocala, 260 lennella, Anaphora. 443 . A ' ' ' ' .. genus; badinodis, 181; gcniculata, a, suffusa, telifera. ypsilon, 1S2 aholah, Catocala. 268 1 Ailanthus, 82 nus; argillacea, bipunctina, grandipuncta, xylina, 24 i alabamae, Catocala, 269; Peridroma, 183 . :,e, 366 albarufa. Apatela, 1 57 alberta?, Dodia. 1 17 albescens, Hyloicus, 5° albicans, Ophar; albicoma, Harp via, 200 albicomana, Tortrix, 421 albicornis, Synanthedon. 387 albicosta, Euchsetias, 1 $5 albida. Cl< Estigmene, 122 albidula, Eustrotia, 247 albifascialis, Zinckenia, albifrons, Symmerista, albifusa, Mamestra, l <> ■ albilinea, 1 1 albipennis, Euxoa, 189 albipuncta, Platysenta, albisignalis, Bomolocha, 286 ivellus, Crambus, 402 albofascia, Gluphisia, 300 albolineata, Syssphinx, 96 447 alboplagiata, Tristyla, 220 albopunctata, Caripeta, 342 albosigma, Melalopha, 293 albosignata, Gypsochroa, 332 albovenosa, Arsilonche, 159 albovittata, Euchoeca, 328 album, Copablepharon, 222 Albuna, genus; montana, pyramidalis, 384 Alceris, genus; malivorana, minuta, vac- ciniivorana, variolana, 421 Alcis, genus; baltearia, metanemaria, sulphu- raria, 343 Alcothoe, genus; caudata, 382 Aleptina, genus; inca, 162 aleucis, Schinia, 227 Alexicles, genus; aspersa, 122 algens, Hillia, 166 alia, Graphiphora, 204 alinda, Hylesia, 90 alisellana, Eulia, 423 allediusaria, Tetracis, 353 allegheniensis, Crambidia, 104 alleni, Syneda, 259 Allotria, genus; elonympha, 272 Almodes, genus; assecoma, balteolata, cal- vina, rivularia, squamigera, stellidaria terraria, 354 alni, Sthenopis, 443 alniaria, Ennomos, 348 alope, Erinnyis, 58 Alsophila, genus; pometaria, restituens, 326 alternata, Rhynchagrotis, 179 alticola, Syngrapha, 240 Alypia, genus, 143. 232; bimaculata, 144; brannani, 143; desperata, 144; dipsaci, 143; disparata, 143. 144; edwardsi, 143; gracilenta, 144; hudsonica, 145; langtoni, 143, 145; lorquini, mac-cullochi, 143; mari- posa, 143, 145; matuta, 144; octomaeulata, 143, 144; quadriguttalis, 1 44 ; ridingsi, 143. 145 ; sacraments, 145 ; similis, 143 , wittfeldi, 143, 144 Alypiodes, genus; bimaculata, trimaculata 145 ~ amasia, Catocala, 14S, 268 amatrix, Catocala, 263 amaturaria, Erastria, 333 Ambesa, genus; la?tel!a, 410 Emilia. 137 ambigualis Gaberasa, 284 Ambulycinae, 41, 42, 54 Amelanchier, 386 amella, Campometra, 276 Anieria, genus, 327 americalis, Epizeuxis, 280 americana, Apatela, 153; Epicnaptera, 314; Harrisina, 372; Malacosoma, 312; Mela- lopha, 293; Neuronia , 196; Oreta, 321 a, Catocala, 269 aria, Hyperitis, 349 ulatalis, Cindaphia, 397 Melittia, 380 Euchkena, 350 Amolita, genus; fessa, 244 Amorbia, genus; humerosana, 423 Amorpha fruticosa, 430 amorphella, Walshia, 430 ampelophaga, Pholus, 65 Ampelopsis, 66, 70, 72, 144, 371 Amphion, genus, 72; nessus, 72 amphipyroides, Latebraria, 279 ampla, Autographa, 240; Doa, 309 amplaria, Epimecis, 344 amplissima, Parallelia, 273 amplus, Axenus, 231 amputatrix, Hadena, 169 Amyna, genus; octo, orbica, tecta, 242 arnyntor, Ceratomia, 47 amyrisaria, Caberodes, 352 Anacreon, Ode to an Insect, quoted, 291 Anal angle, 18 Anaphora, genus; agrotipennella, popeanella scardina, 443 Anaplodes, genus; iridaria, rectaria, 337 Anarsia, genus; lineatella, pruniella, 426 Anarta, genus; Black-mooned, Catocaline, cordigera, 198; curta, Dull Brown, im- pingens, leucocycla, 199; nigrolunata, 198; nivaria, perpura, richardsoni, Richardson's, schcenherri, Schcenherr's, 199 Anatomy of moths, 10 ancetaria, Azelina, 352 anchocelioides, Rhynchagrotis, 178 Anchocelis, genus: digitalis, 216 ancocisconensis, Hyppa, 171 Ancylis, genus; fragariae, comptana, con- flexana, 419 andremona, H ypocala, 272 Andre wsia, genus; belfragiana, jocasta, messalina, 272 andromache, Catocala, 267 andromeda?, Hyloicus, 50 Anepischetos, genus: bipartita, 24s angelica, Apatelodes, 293; Copibrvophila, 162 anguina, Dasylophia, 296; Mamestra, 195 angulalis, Palthis, 285 angulidcns, Autographa, 239 angulifera, Callosamia, 86 angulosa, Lophodonta, 295 angusi, Catocala, 262; Datana, 293 angustalis, Zinckenia, 392 angustiorata, Caripeta, 342 angustipennis, Magusa, 175 Ania, genus; filimentaria, Hmbata, resistaria, vestitaria, 349 anilis, Agnomonia, 274 Anisota, genus, 94; astymone, _ pellucida, rubicunda, 05 ; senatoria, stigma, 94 ; Virginian, 95; virginiensis, 94, 95 aniusaria, Cymatophora, 340 anna, Apantesis, 130 Annaphila, genus; diva, lithosina, 246 annexa, Feltia, 187 annisaria, Cymatophora, 340 annulifascia, Halisidota, 138 anodonta, Conservula, 215 Anomis, genus; erosa, 244 Anona laurifolia, 236 anonae, Cocytius, 44 Anomceotes, genus, 371 Anorthodes, genus; prima, 164 antaeus, Cocytius, 44 Antaplaga, genus; dimidiata, 220 Antennas, 3, 4. 13. i3; of Eriocephalid lar- va;, 8; of Telea polyphemus, 13 antennata, Xylina, 206 anthcecioid.es, Tosale, 402 Antiblemma, genus; canalis, inexaeta, 275 antica, Euchaetias, 135; Trichoclea, 1 99 Anticarsia, genus; gemmatihs, 275 antigone, Estigmene, 123 antinympha, Catocala, 267 antiphola, Halisidota, 137 antiqua, Notolophus, 306 Ants, 147 Anytus, genus; Obscure, obscurus, privatus. Sculptured, sculptus, 101 Aon, genus; noctuiformis, 234 Apa?casia, genus; defluata, subaequaria, 342 Apantesis, genus, 1 29; achaia, anna, arge. 130; arizonensis, autholea, 131: b-atra, 132; behri, blakei, bolanderi, 131; cera- mica, 132; ccelebs, 130; colorata. 132; 448 g —Continued i ; dccolnrata, ita, docta. 130; excelsa, } 3 2 incompleta. media, 139; bturata, 131; lugubn mexi mormonica, 131; runs, 13a; ncn 1 ncva •hone, 130; pha recti ahasl u Apati : 1 brum ■ oolinita, 1 5 : sahci . telutn. ' uncta '. ■i. 393 1 1 ■ \ Aporophila \ \ apnea, 1 aquilonari . . Palthis, 285 \, 100 ■ arburaria. ' ■ ana, v-siKnatana, 42a penus, 1 1. 1. 134; auripennis, caia tana, utahensis, wiskotti, 134 1 arcticana, Archips, 432 .114 mis, 71; lucidus, tcrlnoi, 71 ■ phylos toment ; ] I.l. ';.. :i.i, 1 m; i. 350 . 130 1 38; Sthenopis, 443 . ! argenteomacu'-.L* m j ..-■■■: 1 -.105 arpillacearia, Cymatophora, u< ra, genus; turcilla, 255 argus, Autumeris, 89 arpyrospila. Arch a, 390 arixonaria veria, 31 armaia. armataria, . ■ e Pall, 174 a 7 ■ . ;a; Trichotarachc, ■ inx, 55 . ■. ■ ■ ■ • 350 ia, subusta, 330 - ja, 49 \ 163 ■ 1 'neoencmis, 176 .. e. 308 - ma, 339 a, 34 3 ■ . 80 , 81 enus; aurca, compla, fastuosa. auge, O a, 364 Arachnis, 1 24 aurantiaca, Incita, 346 aurea, Atteva, 424; Dysodia, 375 I'atucala, 266 aureola, Synanthedon, 385 ■ U anomma, 355 ■ auripenni Siavana, 373 ia, 253 aurora, i I ■ . '■ aurotus. Philosamia, 83 australis, Baileya, 102 autholea, Apantesis, 131 Autographa, genus 237; ampla, 240; anguli- dens, 239; basigera, 240; biloba, bimacu- lata, brassicae, culta, dyaus, echinocystis, egena, flagellum, fratella, hamifera, in- cludens, 238; indigna, 239; insolita, 238; laticlavia, 240; monodon, 238; mortuorum, 239. omega, omicron, 00, ou, 238; oxygram- ma, 239; precationis, pseudogamma, ques- tionis, 238; rectangula, 239; rogatioms, rutila, 238; selecta, 239; simplex, 240; u-brevis, 238; vaccinii, 239; verruca, 238; viridisignata, 239 Automeris, genus, 89; argus, aurosea, corol- laria, fabricii, io, pamina, varia, zellen, zephyria, 89 autumnata, Paleacrita, 324 autumnalis, Hydriomena, 331; Laphygma, 174 autumnaria, Ennomos, 348 avimacula, Gluphisia, 300 avuncularia, Dasyfidonia, 338 Axenus, genus; amplus, arvalis, ochraceus, 231 axillaris, Hsemorrhagia, 63 Aye-Aye, 77 azalea?, Darapsa, 68 Azelina, genus; ancetaria, atrocolorata, honestaria, hubneraria, hubnerata, mor- risonata, peplaria, stygiaria, 352 Azenia genus; implora, 24S B babavaga, Catocala, 263 badia, Catocala, 267; Schizura, 299 badicollis, Semiophora, 180 badinodis, Agrotis, 1S1 badipennis, Pyrausta, 397 badistriga, Homohadena, 176 Bad-wing, The, 323 Bag-worm, The, 361 Bailey, J. S., 36 Baileva, genus; australis, doubledayi, opn- tha'lmica, 162 baileyi, Xylina, 207 balanitis. Choriz agrotis, 185 balluca, Plusia, 237 baltearia, Alcis, 343 balteolata, Almodes, 354 baltimoralis, Bomolocha. 2S6 Balsa, genus; malana, obliquifera, 16^ Barathra, genus; curialis, occidcntata, 196 barberiana, Epipyrops, 370 Barnes, Dr. William, ix barometricus, Ufeus, 191 Basal dash, 18; line, iS basalis, Catocala, 261 26S; Euxoa, 189; Inguromorpha, 378 basiflava, Olene, 308 basigera, Autographa, 240 basilinea, Hadena, 168 Basilodes, genus; pepita, 234 _ Basilona, genus; imperatoria, impenalis punctatissima, 97 basitriens, Notodonta, 295 bassiformis, Synanthedon, 385 b-atra, Apantesis, 132 Bats, 147 beani, Phragmatobia, 126 beata, Noctua, 185 Bee-moth, The, 406 Beggar, The, ^7 behrensaria, Deilinea, 339 Behrensia, genus; conchifornns, 241 behri, Apantesis. 131 belae, Didasys, 99 belfragiana, Andrewsia, 272 belfragei, Holomelina, 1 1 fi hella, Adela, 437; Utetheisa, 117 belladonna, Dysocnemis, 229 bellicula, Lithacodia, 248 bellulalis, Pyrausta, 308 Bellura, genus; densa, gostynides, melano- pyga, vulnifica, 2 1 1 belmaria, Holomelina, 116 Beloved, The, 265 Bembecia, genus; flavipes, marginata, ody neripennis, pleciceformis, rubi, 383 benignalis, Bomolocha, 286 beskei, Crinodes, 301 Bessula, genus; luxa, 221 bertholdi, Hypopta, 379 Bertholdia, genus; Grote's, trigona, 140 Betrothed, The, 26s betulella, Acrobasis, 408 Beutenmuller, W. 31, 32, 36, 380 beutenmnlleri, Isochretes, 366 bianca, Catocala, 262 bibularia, Therina, 348 bicarnea, Noctua. 183 biclaria, Syssaura, 352 bicolur, Adelocepbala, 96; Diacnsia, 12S, Lexis, 105 bicolorago, Orthosia, 217 bicoloralis, Cindaphia, 397 bicoloraria, Chloraspilates, 338 bicolorata, Eufidonia, 337'. Hydriomena, 331; Neleucania, 203 bidentata, Nerice, 296 biferalis, Hypenula, 283 bifidalis, Gaberasa, 284 biguttata, Cochlidion, 367 bijugalis, Bomolocha, 286 bilineata, Falcaria. 321; Heterocampa, 297 biliturellus, Crambus, 403 biloba, Autographa, 23S bilunata, Caradrina, 164 bimaculata, Alypia, 144; Alypiodes, 145. Autographa, 238; Holomelina, 116 bimatris, Pippona, 221 binocula, Tarache, 251 bipartita, Anepischetos, 245 biplaga, Eustrotia, 247 bipunctellus, Crambus, 402 bipunctina, Alabama, 24; birivata, Hydriomena, 331 biselliella, tineola, 432 biseriata, Eudule, 327 bisselliella, Tineola, 432 bistnaris, Doryodes, 245; Paralleha, 273 biundata Heterocampa, 297 bivittata, Ectvpia, 13?; Hormisa, 2S2 Black, The Californian, The White-striped, 328; Woodland, 320 blakei, Apantesis, 131 blanda, Pseudoglaea, 216 Blastobasida?, 26, 429 Bleptina, genus; caradrinalis, clomasahs, 283 boerhavix, Xylophanes, 75 Boisduval, J. A., 30 bolanderi, Apantesis, 131 bolli, Synanthedon, 385 Boll-worm, The, 222 bolteri, Emilia, 137. Euchaetias, 135 Bombycia, genus; improvisa, tearli, 304 Bombycidas, Family, 12, 25, 34, 3*5 bombyi_iformis, Eutolype, 177 bombycina, Acrolophus, 44 > bombycoides, Lapara, 53 Bombyx, genus; mori, 315 _ Bomolocha, genus; abalinealis, achatinaJis. albisignalis. baltimoralis, benignalis, biju- galis, caducalis, damnosalis, deceptalis, Index Bomolocha — Continued . . edictalis, fecialis. laciniosa, lentieinosa, madefactalis, manalis, pallialis, perangu- lahs, profecta, scutellaris, toreuta, velll- lera. B»ks about North American M lis, Asteroscopus, 209; Harpyia, 299; Hemcrocamps. 306; Hypnoraia, 128 B per, The Peach-twig, 426 Bouvardia. 75 brannani, Alypia, 1 1 I brassies, Autographa, 23S larvs. 5 , Subfamily, 355 i, genus, infans, 355 Schinia, 228 Lrevicornis, Holomelina, iif> brevipennis, Euxoa, 188 bridghami. Hadena, 166 lomorpha, 231 British Museum. Trustees, IX !. 32' Brother. The. 1 ia, genus; iris. 21 5 Browning, E. B . Brown-tail Moth. The, 309 bruceata. Rachela. 324 brucci, Coss>: '. «*'• Phragmatobia, 126; Schinia, 227 Bruceia. genus: hubbardi, pulvcnna, 10S brumosa, Apatela, 157 brunnea. Ctenucha. 102 brunnciciliata. Mesoleuca, brunneipennis, Synanthed Bryant, W. C, quoted, 113 ,„..,« itrix. genus; Apple-leaf, Birch-leat. canadciisiselia, curvilincatella, pomitou- '• ->" ~ ■ , Buck -moth, 01; Nevada. 02; Tricolor, oi [iss, Achcta Domestica. •1 is, Hxmorrhagia, 63 bullula, Pterxth. i, H?lena, 168 G '■ Butterfly Book, The." 4 Byi ed, 309 Caberodes, genus; amyrisana. arburana, .ana. rtoridaria, imbrana. ineltusana, Hnearia, maioraria, nr daria. phasianaria, remissaria, superana, varadaria. 352 Cable, G - : 3U cacuminatis, Hypenula, 283 >a, Hypoprepia, 106 cadmia, Cargida, 300 nolocha, 286 iruptiana, 121 Canurgia, genus; adversa, convalescens, s, 257 csrulea, Drasteria, 257 ■ Lia, 368 tia, 414 caia. Arctia, 1 1 1 caicus, Erinnyis. 60 linea, Ophideres, 276 calasvmbolus. genus. 5 5; astylus, exexcatus, int'egerrima, io, myops, pavonina, rosace- arum, 56 Calesesia, genus; coccinea, 387 calgary, Noctua, 184 Cahdota, genus; cubensis, laqueata, mun- color. Streaked, strigosa, 139 California?, Leptarctia, 121 calilorniaria, Eois, 336; Platea. 342 californiata, Eois, 336; Euchceca, 328; Philereme, 329 californica, Catocala, 263; Estigmene. 123; Hemileuca, oj, Malacosoma, sis Orrhodia, 218; Pheosia, 295. Phrygamdia, 291; Samia, 84 calilornicus, Mclicleptna, 230 Calledapteryx, genus; dryopterata, erosiata 356 calleta, Callosamia, S6 callitrichoides, Phiprosopus 24s Callizia. genus, 356 Callopistria, genus; flondensis, 252 genus, 84; angulifera, calleta, Calocampa, genus, 207; curvimacula. nupera. 208 ,sia. genus; strigata, 170 genus; canadensis. Canadian, pur- fmrascens, sobria. 230 vina, Almou, Calymnia, genus; canescens, onna, 219 cambrica, "Cambi ' 'i campestris. Euj Campometra. genus; amella, int.. mima. stylobata, 276 , , . cana. Clemcnsia, 108; Dasylophia, 296; Herii ■ Lapara, 53 canadana, Melanolophia, 344 . canadensis, Calpe, 236; Celeno. 76; Hyloicus canadensisella, Bucculatrix. 431 canalis, Antiblemma. 27? Canarsia, genus; hammondi, 411 candens. I i| canescens, Calymnia, 219 Canidia, genus; scissa, 226 da, 300 . Canker-worm, The Fall. 326; The Spring. 324 canning!, Philosamia. 82 Capis, genus; curvata us; punctivena. 277 caprotina, Estigmene, 123 L, 204 capticola, 19 cara. Catocala. 1 [64 a, extimia, 165; fidiculana, merali" multifcra, 1(14; punctivena, spilomcla, 1 1 caradrinalis, Blertina, 283 Carama, genus; cretata, pura, (68 carbonaria. Eurycyttarus, 362; II < Cargida, genus; cadmia, obliquilim a pyrrha, 301 Carica, 58 tius, 44 carina, Acopa, 163 Caripeta, genus; albopunctata, angustiorat n ■ 1, piniaria, 342 I as, quoted, 210 ted, 427 carnal ia, W itji Car:-.. I >■ dication to. v Carneades, genus. 188 ' r 11a. 247 a, 1 a1 . .1 -''.i : Eucereon, 100 Haploa, 11S, Protoparce, 45 Carpenter-worms, 375 Carpet- moth, The, 434 carpi nifolia, Epicnaptera, 314 Carter, Sir Gilbert T., 54 caryoe, Halisidota, 13S Case-bearer, The Walnut, 408 casta, Crambidia, 104 castellalis, Samea, 393 Castniidffi, 3. 4 . Catabena, genus; lineolata, miscellus, 163 Catalogues and Lists, 29 catalps. Ceratomia, 48 cataphracta, Papaipema, 214 catenaria, Cingilia, 347 Caterpillars, 6; Coloration of , 9; gregarious, 9 catharina, Semiophora, 180 Catocala, genus, 79. i47t 148, 260; abbrevia- tella, 268; adoptiva, 267; agnppma, 260; aholah, 268; aholibah, 265; alabarriEe, 269; amasia, 26S; amatrix, 263; arnica, 269 andromache, 267; angusi, 262; antinympha, 267; augusta, 264; aurella, 266; babayaga, 263; badia, 267; basalis, 261, 268; bianca, 262; briseis, 264; californica, cara, 263; Carolina, 261; celia, 265; cerogama, 266; cleopatra, 263; coccinata, 263; coelebs, 268; concumbens, 263; consors, 266; crataegi, 268; dejecta, 261; delilah, 267; desdemona, 267; desperata, 261; eliza, 266; epione, 260; evelina, 261; faustina, 264; flebilis, 262; formula, 268; fratercula, gisela, gracilis, 269; groteiana, 264; grynea, 269; guenei, 261 ; habilis, 26S; hermia, 264; hinda, 266; ilia, 265; illecta, 267; innubens, 265: insolabilis, 262; iaquenetta, 269; judith, 262; lacrymosa, 261; lineella, 369; luciana, 263; maestosa, 261 ; magdalena, 267; marmorata, 263; meskei, 264; minuta, 269;mopsa, 26s; muliercula, 267; nebraska?, 263; nebulosa, neogama, 266; nerissa, 269; nurus, 263; obscura, 262; olivia, 269; osculata, 265; palaeogama, 266; parta. 264; paulina, 261; phalanga, piatrix, 266; polygama, 26S; pra;clara, 269; pura, 264; relicta, retecta, robinsoni, 262 ; rosalinda, 26S; sappho, 260; scintillans, 266; serena, 267; similis, 268; somnus, stretchi, 263; subnata, 266; subviridis, 261; tristis, 262; ultronia, 265; unijuga, 264; uxor, verril- liana, 265; vidua, viduata, 261; whitneyi, 268 Catopyrrha, genus; accessaria, atropunctana, coloraria, cruentaria, dissimilaria, 342 caudata, Alcothoe, 382 cautella, Ephestia, 414 Cautethia, genus, 61; grotei, 61 ceanothi, Samia, 84 Ceanothus thyrsiflorus, 84 cecropia, Samia, 83, 84 Celama, genus; nigrofasciata, obaurata, pustulata. sexmaculata, trinotata, trique- trana, 357 Celerio, genus, 75; canadensis, chamaneni, daucus, epilobii, galii, intermedia, lineata oxybaphi, 76 celeus, Protoparce, 45 celia, Catocala, 265 Celiptera, genus; discissa, elongatus, frustu- lum, 275 Cenopis, genus; groteana, pettitana, 422 centerensis, Cossus, 37 7 cephalica, Crambidia, 104; Stylopoda, 229 cephise, Melanchroia, 354 ceramica, Apantesis, 132 Cerapoda, genus; stylata, 177 cerasivorana, Archips, 422 Cerathosia, genus; tricolor, 253 Ceratocampidce, Family, 24, 31, 70, 80, 94 Ceratomia, genus, 47; amyntor, 47; brontes 48; catalpa?, 48; quadricornis, 47,repenti- nus, 48; ulmi, 47; undulosa, 48 Cercis, 369 cereana, Galleria, 406 cerella, Galleria, 406 cerintha, Chamyris, 250 Censyi, Sphinx, 54 cerivana, Hadena, 168 Cerma, genus; cora, festa, 161 cerogama, Catocala, 266 ceromatica, Scopelosoma, 218 cerussata, Papaipema, 214; Phrygionis, 354 Cerura, genus; multiscripta, scitiscripta, 209 cervina, Euherrichia, 253 ceto, MeUttia, 3S0 Chalcosiida?, Family, 373 chamamerii, Celerio, 76 Chambers, V. T., 37 Chamyris, genus; cerintha, 250 chandleri, Oncocnemis, 176 Chapman, T. A., 8 characta, Hadena, 167 Charadra, genus ; circulifer, contigua, 152. decora, 153; deridens, 152; dispulsa, felina, 153; illudens, pythion, 152 chenopodii, Mamestra, 193 chersis, Hvloicus, 50 chionanthi, Adita, 177; Protoparce, 45 Chionanthus, 46, 51 chiridota, Lacosoma, 359 Chkenogramma, Genus, 46; jasminearum rotundata, 46 Chloraspilates, genus; arizonaria, bicolor- aria, 33S l . 4 , Chloridea, genus; rhexia?, spectanda, vire- scens, 222 chloris, Euclea, 365 Chlorochlamvs, genus; chloroleucana, den- saria, deprivata, indiscriminaria, 336 chloroleucaria, Chlorochlamys, 33b chlorostigma, Hadena, 16S Chcephora, genus; fungorum, 216 chcerilus, Darapsa, 68 Chcerocampinas, Subfamily, 75 choriona, Holomelina, 116 Chorizagrotis, genus; balanitis, inconcinna introferens, 185 Chrysauginse, Subfamily, 401 chrysellus, Schinia, 227 chrysorrhoea, Euproctis, 309 Chvtohta, genus; morbidalis, 2S2 Chytonix, genus; iaspis, palliatricula, ifu cibalis, Oncocnemis, 176 Cicinnus, genus; egenaria, melsheimeri, 359 Cilia, genus; distema, 244 cimbiciformis, Ha-morrhagia, 63 Cindaphia, genus; amiculatahs. bicolorahs, incensalis, julialis, pulchripictalis, 397 cinerascens, Heterocampa, 297 cinerea, Epidemas, 170; Harpyia, 299; Misogada, 297;,Xylina, 206 cinereofrons, Schizura, 298 cinereola, Ogdoconta, 241; Selicams, 216 cinereomaculata. Euxoa, 190 cinereus, Prodoxus, 441 cinerosa, Erinnyis, 59 Cingilia, genus; catenaria, humerahs, 347 cingulata, Herse, 43 cingulifera, Homoptera, 278 cinis, Melipot.is, 2s8 cinnamomea, Emilia, 137; Olene, 308 circulifer, Charadra, 152 Oris, genus; wilsoni, 233 Cirrhobolina, genus; deducta, incandescens, pavitensis, mexicana, 259 Index Cirrhophanus. genus; triangulifer, 234 Cissu^a, genus ; inepta, raorbosa, sabulosa, .. vegeta, 256 Cisthenc lactea. 10S Cithernnia, genus; mexicana, regalis, sepu^hralis, 97 citrina. Xanthotype, .ho -1, 224 civica, Caradrina, 165 turata, geminata, 324 I rluphisia, 300; Noctua, 1S4 ela, 290 clarlox, Proserpinus, 73 clarus, Comacla, 107 Classification of moths, 22 claudens. Hade;; 1 clavana, Eucosma, 418 claviform spot, 18 claviformis, Pachnobia, 180 claviplena, Mamestra, 192 Clearwing, Bruce's, 64 ; California! Graceful, 63 ; Humming-bird, 62 ; Snow- berry, clemataria, Abbotana. 353 I Clemens Brackenridge, 28, 30, 37 I nsia, genus; albata, albida, cana, l, umbrata, 108 1. Catocala, 263 I l. ncnus; atrifasciata, collecta, fraud u- lentaria. frusallaria, pampinaria, sublu- naria, tinctan 1 I 1, 205 I 277 I . I ina, 283 clorinda, >a I t, 434 67 rm, The. 399 clymene, rlapl ia, 1 is c-nigrum . Darapsa, 68 l, P 369 coaguhi* 1 coccinata, Catocala, 140, 265 cocci iv > hoglene, no I'rothymia, 24S 1 1 nily, 8, 9. 25. 35. Cochlidion, genus; biguttata, recttlinea -inversa, 367 cochrani, Buxoa, 189 inonav, anta^us; caricav, hvlaspus; jatrophrc; medor; tapayusa, 44 Coddling-mnth, The, 419 1 1 alpe, genus, costinotata, fervifactaria, a, ceneiformis, strigularia, 332 L . 3 -i 1 Collar lap collaris, Noctua, 1S4 collecta, CI '■ I, 144 L, Il8 colorada, Arsilonche, 159 coloradai tw tra, 351 coloradei P Loxus, 440; Raphia 1 -■ 1 ; pandora, 91 coloradus, Hyloicus, 52 coloraria, Catopyrrha, 342 colorata, Apantesis, 132 Columbia, Samia, 84 Comacla, genus; clarus, fuscipcs .; iple ■:, texana, 107 comma, Haploa, 118 e, Prodenia, 174 commoides, Heliopbila, 203 Commophila, genus; macrocarpana, 423 complicata, Apantesis, 131; Heliopbila. 201 Composia, genus; fidelissima, olymp: Composite , 1 o 1 , 253 compressipalpis, Plusiodonta, 235 compta, Atteva, 4-'4 comptana, Ancylis, 419 comptaria, Vcnu Comstock, T- H., 29 comstocki, Momophana, 172 conchiformis, Bchrensia, 241 Conchy lodes, genus; concinnalis, erinalis icalis, ovulalis, platinalis, 393 concinna, Schizura, 208 concinnalis, Conch ylodes, 393 concinnimacula, Eustrotia, 247 Kpizeuxis, 280 concisaria, EuchL-cna, 350 concumbens, Catocala, 263 concursana, Platynota, condensat 1 rata, Eurycyttanis, 363 confine, Eucereon, 100 conflexana, Ancylis, 419 confluens Graphiphora. 204 confusa, Haploa, 119; Morrisonia, 197 confusai . 352 congermana, Mamestra, 193 ae, 123 coniferarum, Hyloicus, 52; Lapara 53; Thyridopteryx, 361 Coniodes, genus; plumigeraria, 345 conjungcns, Crambodes, 1O3 connecta, Apatela, 156 consccutaria, Eois, 335 i, Macaria, 340 Conscrvula, genus; anodonta, 215 consimilis. Synanthedon, 3S5 consita, Haploa, 1 : I, 266 J he, 266 conspicua, Drasteria, 257; Hadena 168* Rresi.'': a, ;ra, 298 constipal 19s . . contexta, Euchalcia, 237 contigua, Charadra, 152, Haploa, 119 contingens. Sabulodes, 353 continua, Gnoph.-ela, 290 contracta, Homopyralis, 256; Schinia 228 contrahcns, Himella, 204 contrariu, Hyppa, 171, Mamestra, 193 contribuaria, Melanolophia, 344 .ens, Oenurgia, 257 convexipennis, Cueullia, 208 conviva, Caradrina, 165 Convolvula convolvuli, Her coortar. 1 I i, 141 copablepharon, genus; album, grandis lon- gipenne, 222 Copibryophila, genus; angelica, 162 Copicucullia, genus; propinqua, 208 I as. genus, 141; cosyra, 142; gloveri 141 Copipanolis, genus; cubilis, 177 Coquillet, D. W., 346 cora, Lerma, 161 Lanthracia, 278 cordigera, Anarta, iq8 Cornifrons, genus; simalis, 399 Corn-stalk Borer, The Larger, 403 comuta, Metalepsis[ 1 8 1 corollaria, Automens, 89 Cortissoz, Ellen Mackay Hutchinson, quoted. Cosrnia, genus; discolor, infumata, paleacea, 217 Cosmosoma, genus; auge, mehtta, omphale, 98 G>ssid:e, Family, 25, 35. 375 Cossula, genus; magninca, norax, 379 Cossus, genus; brucei, centerensis, undosus, 377 costEemaculalis, Noctuelia, 399 costalis, Hypsopygia, 399 costinotata, Coenocalpe, 332 Cosymbia, genus; lumenaria, pendulinaria quadriannulata, 3$$ cosyra, Copidryas, 142 Cotton-worm, 243 Cowper, quoted, 369 Coxa, 14 15 crabroniformis, ^geria, 383 Crambidia, genus ; allegheniensis, casta cephalica, lithosioides, pallida, unifornus, 104 Crambinae, Subfamily, 402 Crambodes, genus; conjungens, talidiformis 163 Crambus, genus; alboclavellus, 402; bili- turellus, 403; bipunctellus, 402; exsiccatus, interminellus, 403; laqueatellus, semi- f usellus, 402 ; trisectus, 403 ; turbatellus 402 crameri, Erinnyis, 59; Pachylia, 60 crantor, Pholus, 66 crassatus, Plathypena, 2S7 crassipes, Podagra, 178 crassiuscula, Drasteria, 257 cratajgi, Catocala, 2 68 Crataegus, 62 crenulata, Orthodes, 203 crepuscularia, Ectropis, 344 cressonana, Ctenucha, 102 Cressonia, genus, 5 7 ; instabilis, juglandis pallens, robinsoni, 57 cretata, Carama, 368 crinella, Tineola, 432 Crinodes, genus; beskei, 301 crispata, Lagoa, 369 crocallata, Tetracis, 353 crocataria, Xanthotype, 349 crocea, Pseudanarta, 175 Crocigrapha, genus; normani, 204 Crocota, genus, 115 crcesus, Xylophanes, 75 crotchi, Pseudalypia, 232; Trichosellus, 226 Croton, 417 crucialis, Xylomiges, 197 Cruciferae, 239 cruentaria, Catopyrrha, 342 crustaria, Pseudacontia, 225 Ctenucha, genus, 101; brunnea, cressonana, latreillana, multifaria, rubroscapus, 102; venosa, 101 ; virginica, walsinghami, 102 cubensis, Calidota, 139 cubilis, Copipanolis, 177 cuculifera, Dasylophia, 296 Cucullia, genus; Asteroid, asteroides, Brown- bordered, convexipennis, intermedia, Inter- mediate, speyeri, Speyer's, 208 cucurbitae, Melittia, 380 culea, Graphiphora, 204 culta, Autographa, 23S cumatilis, Schinia, 227 cunea, Hyphantria, 123 cupes, Trichosellus, 226 cupida, Rhynchagrotis, 17S Cupid's Candle, 427 cupressi, Isoparce, 48 Cupuliferse, 366 curialis, Barathra, 196 curta, Anarta, 190 cur^ata, Capis, 285 curvilineatella, Bucculatrix, 431 curvimacula, Calocampa, 208 Custard-apple, 236 custodiata, Hydriomena, 331 Cyathissa, genus; Darling, pallida, percara 161 cycladata, Heliomata, 338 Cydia, genus; pomonella, 419; saltitans, 418 Cydosia, genus; aurivitta, imitella, majuscula, Cy matophora, genus ; 340; argillacearia, coortaria, 341; grossu- lariata, 340; inceptaria, modestaria, perar- cuata, 341; ribearia, sigmaria, 340; succes- saria, tenebrosata, 341 cymatophoroides, Pseudothyatira, 304 cynica, Orthodes, 203 cynthia Philosamia, Si, 82 D dactylina, Apatela, 153 d;edalus, Pi >r< isagrotis, 1S7 Dagger (Dagger-moth), American, 153; Burglar, 157; Chieftain, Connected, 156; Cottonwood, 154; Darkish, Dart, 155; Delightful, 156; Fingered, 153; Forked, 15s; Fragile, 156; Frosty, 157; Gray, 156; Interrupted, Lobelia, 155; Lupine, 159; Printed, 157; Quadrate, 156; Reddish-white, Smeared, 157; Streaked, 156; Unmarked, 155; White-veined, 159; Yellow-haired, 157 Dahana, genus; atripennis, 103 Dahlia hesperioides, 3 dahurica, Apantesis, 131 Dalceridae, Family, 25, 35, 369 Dalcerides, genus; ingenita, 369 dama, Spragueia, 252 damalis, Eutolype, 177 damnosalis, Bomolocha, 286 danbyi, Gluphisia, 300 Dandy, The, 153 Darapsa, genus, 68; azaleae, chcerilus, clo- rinda, cnotus, myron, pampinatrix, pholus 68; versicolor, 69 Dargida, genus; procinctus, 196 Daritis, genus; thetis, 289 Dark, World of the, 77 Dart (Dart-moth), Acorn, 185; Added, 1S7; Basal, 189; Black-fronted, 180; Black- girdled, 184; Black-letter, 1S3; Calgary, 184; Catocaline, 17S; Clandestine, Collared, 1S4; Daedalus, 1S7; Dappled, 179; Disso- nant, 1S9; Fillet, 190; Finland, 183; Flame-shouldered, 184; Fleece-winged, Four-toothed, 1S8; Furtive, 190; Fuscous, 1 87; Great Black, Great Brown, Great Gray, 1 S2 ; Greater Red, Green-winged, 179; Havilah, 1S4; Inelegant, Interfering, iS<;; Lesser Red, 17S; Masters, 1S6; Muddv, 189; Norman's, 183; Obelisk, 190; Old Man, 187; Olive, 188; Pale-banded, 181; Pale- winged, 18^; Parental, 190; Pink-speckled, 185; Placid, 17S; Polished, iSS; Rascal, 187; Reaper, iSS; Red-breasted. 178; Reddish-speckled, 180; Riley's, 187; Rosy, 183; Rubbed, 1S8; Scribbled, 184; Short- winged, 1 8S ; Sigmoid, 179; Silly, 1 89 ; Slippery, 185; Smaller Pinkish, 183 ; Soothsaver, 184; Subgothic, Swordsman, 186; Tessellate, Tippling, 189; Tripart, 187; Two-spot, 179; Uncivil, 183; Vancouver, 1 86 ; Variable, 1 So ; Venerable, Voluble, 1S6, White-winged, 1S9; Yellow-bellied, 190; Yellow-streaked, 1S4; Yellow-toothed, 188; Ypsilon, 182 Darwin, quoted, 150 Dasyfiantcsis, 130 D <, 291 Diospv: - v , 1 60 ■ : I . I. 173 . a, 220 Discal ma discissa. * discistriga, Platyperig'-a, 164 discivana, Par.i discolor, Cosmit discoloralis, Rem - ■ 337 la, 290 disertali ia, 308 disparal 144 : na, 206 dispulsa, Chara-lra, 153 ..1,175 dissimilaria, Catopyrrha, 34 2 Euxoa, 189 soma, 313 1. Ciiia, 244 distigma, Adelocephala, 06 distil' - ,418 \ naphila, 240 1 , 17S divergens, Lithacodes, 367; Schinia, 228; ., 259; Syngrapha, 240 ia, 329; Polia, 1 71 '. 17s divisa, Doryodes, 245 '-. 342 Doa, genus; ampla, 309 docta, A Mamestra, 195 . 117 Dolba, genus, 46; hylsus, 46 Doll, Jacob, ix, 49 d< »lli, Hyj icus, 52 [es, 197 us, Ennnyis, 59 dorainicata, Palindi V tantesis, 130 dorsisignatana, Eucosma, 418 Doryodes, genus; acutana, bistriaris, divisa promptella, 245 455 doubledayi, Baileya, 162 Double mount, 21 Drasteria, genus ; agricola, aquamarina. casrulea, conspicua, crassiuscula, erechtea, erichto, mundula, narrata, patibilis, sobria, Drepana, genus; arcuata, fabula, genicula, Dried-currant Moth, The, 414 Druce, Herbert, 29 drupacearum, Malacosoma, 313 drupiferarum, Hyloicus, 52 druraei, Herse, 43 Dryobota, genus; illocata, stigmata, Wander- ing, 171 dryopterata, Calledapteryx, 356 duaria, Gonodontis, 350 dubia, Estigmene, 123 , dubiella. Tinea, 433 dubitans, Hadena, 16S dubitata, Triphosa, 331 ducta, Hadena, 1 60 dulcearia, Platea, 343 dunbari, Litholomia, 207 duodecimlineata, Venusia, 328 duplicata, Sciagraphia, 339 Dyar, Harrison G., ix, 23, 29, 31, 33, 34, 35, 33 dyari, Haploa, 118 dyaus, Autographa, 238 Dysocnemis, genus; belladonna, 229 Dysodia, genus, 374; aurea, 375; Eyed, 374; fasciata, montana, oculatana, 374; plena, 375 dyspteraria, Meskea, 375 DyspteridincE, Subfamily, 32? Dyspteris, genus: abortivaria, 323 E eavesi, Kodiosoma, 133 ecclesialis, Samea, 393 Ecdytolopha, genus; insiticiana, 419 echinocystis, Autographa, 238 echo, Seirarctia, 122 Ecpantheria, genus; deflorata, muzina, scri- bonia, 1 20 Ectropis, genus; crepuscularia, 344 Ectypia, genus; bivittata, nigroflava, Two- banded, 133 edictalis, Bomolocha, 286 edmandsi, Schizura, 29S eductalis, Lornanaltes, 285 edusa, Homoptera, 278 edwardsi, Alypia, 143; Apantesis, 130; Erinnyis, 5S; Hemihyalea, 138; Lymire, 100; Syneda, 260 effectaria, Euchkena, 350 emcitalis, Pyrausta, 398 effusalis, Epizeuxis, 280 egena, Autographa, 238 egenaria, Cicinnus, 359 Eggs, of moths, 4, 5 eglanterina, Pseudohazis, 93 egle, Euchsetias, 135 r-LTlencn^is, Pareuehaetes, 134 Elachistidffi, Family, 26, 430 electra, Hemileuca, 91 elegans, Odontosia, 294; Pygarctia, 136 elegantalis, Pangrapta, 254 elimata, Semiophora, 180 Eliot, George, quoted, 417 eliza, Catocala, 266 Ellida, genus; caniplaga, gelida, transversata, 300 ello, Erinnyis, 58 elongata, Tephroclystis, 328 elongatus, Celiptera, 275 elsa, Dictyosoma, 40 emargataria, Plagodis, 349 Emerson, R, W., quoted, 41, 98, 288, 291 emphytiforrms, Gaea, 381 Enanmniia sebastiana?, 418 End of All, 445 endropiaria, Therina, 347 Enemera, genus; juturnaria, 342 enervis, Orthodes, 203 enotata, Philobia, 339 English sparrow, 95 enhydris, Hexeris, 375 Ennomins, Subfamily, 337 Ennomos, genus ; alniaria, autumnaria, lutaria, magnarius, niveosericeata, subsignarius, 348 ennucleata, Synelys, 333 enthea, Fishea, 170 Eois, genus, 334; calif orniaria, californiata, 336; consecutaria, inductata, ossularia, 335; pacificaria, 336; ptelearia, 334; siderana, 336; sobria, suppressaria, 335 Eosphoropteryx, genus; thyatiroides, 237 Epagoge, genus, tunicana, 421 Epelis, genus; faxoni, truncataria, 337 ephemeraeiormis, Thyridopteryx, 361 Ephestia, genus, 412; cahiritella,_ cautella, desuetella, 414; gitonella, kuehniella, 412; pasulella, 414 _ ephippiatus, Sibine, 364 ephyrata, Syssaura, 352 Epicnaptera, genus; amcricana, carpinifolia, occidentis, 314 Epidemas, genus; cinerea, 170 Epidroma, genus; delinquens, 274 Epigla?a, genus; decliva, deleta, pastillicans, 219 epilais, Syntomeida, 99 epilobii, Celerio, 76 Epimecis, genus; amplaria, disserptaria, hortaria, Hriodendraria, virginaria, 344 epimenis, Psychomorpha, 232 epione, Catocala, 260 epionoides, Pangrapta, 254 Epipaschiinae, Subfamily, 407 Epiplatymetra, genus; coloradaria, 351 Epiplemidse, Family, 25, 34. 356 Eprpyropidae, Family, 25, 35, 370 Epipyrops, genus, barberiana, 370 Epistor, genus, 61; fegeus, luctuosus, lugu- bris, 61 Epizeuxis, genus; Eemula, americalis, concisa, 280; denticulalis, 2S1; efTusalis, hermin- ioides, lubricalis, mollifera, phaealis, 280; scobialis, 281; scriptipennis, surrectalis, 280 Erannis, genus; tiliaria, 347 Erastria, genus; amaturaria, 333 erastrioides, Tarachc, 251 Erebus, genus; agarista, odora, 279 erechtea, Drasteria, 257 erecta, Mamestra, 195 erectalis, Plathypena, 287 cremiata, Macaria, 339 eremitoides, Hyloicus, 49 eremitus, Hyloicus, 49 erichto, Drasteria, 257 Erinnyis, genus, 57, 58; alope, 58; caicus, 60; cinerosa, crameri, domingonis, 59; ed- wardsi, ello, fasciata, 58; festa, 59, flavicans, janiphae, lassauxi, 58; melancholica, 59; menanae, 5S, 59; obscura, oenotrus, pal- lida, penasus, picta, phalaris, piperis, rhcebus, rustica, 59 Eriocephala, genus, 444 456 erinalis, Conchylodes, 393 Eriocephalidae, 8 erosa, Anomis, 244; Malacosoma, 313 erosiata, Calledapteryx. 356 erosneahs, Pyrausta, 398 erratica, Abagrotis, 180 errato, Euproserpinus, 74 erycata, Sylectra, 254 eson, Aylophanes, 75 Enigmcne, genus, 122; acnta, 122, 123 122; antigone, athena, californica caprotina, congrua. dubia, klagesi, men thastrina, mexicana, packardi, 123, pnn.a 122; pscuderminea, ncksccken, White bodied, 123 i 1 morrhagia, 62 Eubaphe, genus, 115 Eucalyptera, genus; strigata, 244 Una, confine, Floridan, Mas, genus; albicosta, antica, bolteri, egle. Mouse-colored, muri oregonensis, perlevis, pudens, 135 Euchalcia, genus; contexta, festuca*, put- nami, striatclla, venusta, .• ■;: Euchkena, genus; amoenana, arefactaria, astylusaria. concisaria, deosaria, dcduc- tana, deplanaria. eflectaria, madusaria, muzaria, obtusaria, oponearia, pectinaria, propriaria, serrata, serrataria, vinosaria, _ 35o Euchccca, genus; albovittata, californiata, 328; lucata, {39; propriaria, reciprocata Eucirraedia, genus; pampina, 215 itus, chloris, delphinii, ferruginea, fratema, indetermina, m nana, namna, px-nulata, quereiojla. stri- gata. tardigrada, vernata, viridiclava, viridis, 365 Euclidia, genus, 257; cuspidea, intercalaris, 258 tocnemis, genus; fimbriaris, obvia, 190 a, genus; affusana, clavana man, 1 1.1,1, graduatana. amilana, 41 8 tis, genus; gratata, inccrtata, oporaria, Eucymatoge, genus; impleta, indoctrinata, intestinal snus; herminiata, 320 Eudule, genus; biscriata, mendica, Plain- colored, unicolor, 327 .if.TOtis, genus; perattcnta, sigmoides, 17., nra, genus; phasma, trimaculata, 120 enus; bicolorata, discopilata, h2 Fagitana, genus; littera, lucidata costatus, obliqua, 217 Fala, genus, ptycophora, 2^5 Falcaria, genus; bilineata. .s-'i falcata, Pseudanarta, 175 fallacialis, Renia. 283 fallax, Diphthera, 160 Fall Web-worm, 123 falsarius, Acoloithus, 371 False Indigo, 430 Families of North American moths, Key to,24 Far out at Sea, 362 farinalis, Pyralis, 400 farnhami, Mamestra, 192 "Far Out at Sea," 363 fascialis, Pyrausta, 397; Zinckenia, 392 fasciata, Dvsodia, 375; Erinnyis, 58 fasciatus, Pholus, 67 fasciola, Lithacod.es, 367 fasciolaris, Melipotis, 258 fastuosa, Atteva, 424 Faunal Subregions, 387 faustina, Catucala, 264 faustinula, Illice, 109 favorita, Apantesis, 132 faxoni, Epelis, 337 fecialis, Bomolocha, 2S6 fegeus, Epistor, 61 felina, Charadra, 153 Felt, E. P., 37 Feltia, genus, 1S6; agi'.is, 186; annexa, decernens, 187; gladiaria, herilis, hortulana, 186; malefida, 187 ; morrisoniana, semi- clarata, stigmosa, subgothica, vancouver- ensis, venerabilis, vohibilis, 1S6 Femur. i4, 15 Fenaria, genus ; a^dessa, longipes, sevorsa 233 fenestra, Telea, 87 Feniseca tarquinius, 6 fennica, Noctua, 183 Fentonia, genus; marthesia, tessella, turbida, 300 Feralia, genus; iocosa, 171 Fernald, C. H„ 31. 37 Fernaldella, genus; fimetaria, halesaria, 337 Fernaldellina?, Subfamily, 337 fernaldialis, Melitara, 410 ferox, Syntomeida, 99 ferraria, Acherdoa, 234 ferrigera, Adoneta, 365 ferruginea, Euclea, 365; Lophodonta, 295 ferruginoides, Pachnobia, 180 fervidaria, Therina, 348 fervifactaria, Ccenocalpe, 332 fessa, Amolita, 244 festa, Cerma, 161; Erinnyis, 59 festivoides, OHgia, 165 festucee, Euchalcia, 237 ficus, Pachylia, 60 Ficus pedunculata, 100 fidelissima, Composia, 289 fidicularia, Caraclrina, 164 fidoniata, Eufidonia, 337 figurata, Apantesis, 132 filimentana, Ania, 349 Fillip, The Three-spotted, 327 fimbrialis, Hypsopygia, 399 fimbriaris, Eucoptocnemis, 190 fimetaria, Fernaldella, 337 Final Goal, The, 445 fiscellaria, Therina, 348 Fishea, genus; enthea, Yosemite, yosemita?, 170 flagellum, Autographa, 238 flagitaria, Therina, 348 flammans, Ptychoglene, no flammicincta, Eumestleta, 249 flammifera, Mesoleuca, 330 Flannel-moth, White, Yellow 369 flava, Pseudanarta, 175 flavago, Xanthia, 214 flavedana, Platynota, 422 flavescentella, Tinea, 433 flavicans, Erinnyis, 58 flavicosta, Therasea, 211 fiavidens, Euxoa, 188 fiavipennis, Tarache, 251 flavipes, Bembecia, 383 rlav'.ifasciata, Proserpmus, 73 flebilis, Catocala, 622 rletcheri, Xylomiges, 197 flexuosa, Raphia, 153; Tortricidia, 368 Flight, Great powers of, 67 floccalis, Pleonectyptera, 246 florida, Rhodophora, 224 floridalis, Agathodes, 393 floridana, Atteva, 424 rloridaria, Caberodes, 352 floridensis, Callopistria, 252; Hsemorrhagia, 63; Sphacelodes, 3S4 floridum, Eupseudosoma, 139 floscularia, Plagodis, 349 Flour-moth, The, 412 fiuyiata, Percnoptilota, 330 Flying Squirrels, 149 Fontaine, De La, quoted, 373 Forester, Californian, 145; Eight-spotted, 144".. Langton's, 145; MacCulloch's, 143; Mexican, 144; Ridings', Two-spotted, 145: Wittfeld's, 144 formosa, Gluphisia, 300 formosa, Polychrysia", 236 formosalis, Nigetia, 358 formula, Catocala, 268 formula, Oreta, 321 forrigens, Phoberia, 273 Fota, genus; armata, minorata, 178 f-pallida, Apantesis, 132 fractilinea, Hadena, 168 fracturalis, Diastictis, 393 fragarias, Ancylis, 419 fragilis, Apatela, 156 fratella, Autographa, 23S frater, Raphia, 153 fratercula, Catocala, 269 fraterna, Euclea, 365 fraudulentaria, Cleora, 344 Fraxinus, 46, 51 Frenulum, 16, 17 Fringes, 18 frugallaria, Cleora, 344 trugiperda, Laphvgma, 174 Fruit-wonn, The Gooseberry, 411 frustulum, Celiptera, 275 frutetorum, Malacosoma, 312 Fruva, genus; accepta, apicella, truncatula. fucosa, Hypoprepia, 106 Fulgora candelaria, 370 fuliginosa, Phragmatobia, 126 fulminans, Perigonica, 205 fultaria, Paota, 332 fulva, Kodiosoma, 133 ful vicollis, Scepsis, 1 o r fulvofiava, Halisidota, 13S fumalis, Pyrausta, 397 fumosa, Diacrisia, 127; Hsmorrhagia, 63 funebris, Pyrausta, 398 funeralis, Desmia, 392 funerea, Pygoctenucha, in fungorum, Chcephora, 216 furcata, Papaipema, 214 furcifera, Apatela, 155 furcilla, Argillophora, 255; Panthea, 15^ Fur-moth, The, 433 furtivus, Euxoa, 190 furvana, Archips, 422 fusca, Porosagrotis, 187 fuscalis, Phlvctaenodes, 395 fuscimacula.'OUgia, 166 fuscipes, Comacla, 107 458 fuscula. Raesclia, 358 fusimacula. Ox. futilis, Litoprosoous, 27 Gaberasa, genus; ambigualis, bifidalis, divisalis, 284 Gxa. genus; emphytiformis, solituda, 381 galbina, Agapema, 86 ialgula, genus; externa, hepara, partita, subpartita, vesca. 247 galianna, Hemcroplanes, 60 galii. Ccierio, 76 galkesolidaginis, Gnorimosch'jma, 41 " .alleria. genus; ccrcana, cerella, mellonella, obliquella, 406 Gallemna:, Subfamily, 40s gallivorum, Synanthedon, 387 „ _ ,. , rail- moth, The Misnamed, 4 "8; The Solidago, garmani, Graphiphora, 204 .aura biennis, 224 gaure, Pogocolon, 72; Rhodophora, 224 ,:cnus. 30s Gelechiidx-. Family, 2<>, iH, 424 gelida. Apantesis. 131, Ellida, 300 gelidalis, Noctuelia, 399 geminata. Cladnra. 324; Tephroclystl geminatus. Sphinx, 55 gemmat 1 gemmatilis. Anticarsia »7S generalis, Rcnia, 283 gencrosa, Pyrausl genicula, Drepana, 321 geniculata, Agrotis, 182 gentilis, Parastichtis, 217 P I Kiit lined, ; 1 G [49 Para . 134 r, 25. 34. 322 rinse, Subfamily, 1 16 geometroides, M >5i Pangrapta. 2^4 georgica, 1, 294 germana, Lithomoia, 206 ena, 187 gibbocosl ', 332 gilvipennis, RhynchagrotK 17s Gingla. genus; latcreuke, 373 gisela, Catocala, 299 S'tonella, Ephestia, 412 il, Lcmbcrt s, 444; Silver-spotted. 443 glabella, Pyrophila 1, Feltia. 186 Gl.ca. genus, inulta, sericea, viatica, 218 glandulella. Holcocera, 429 , , , Glassy-wing, Edwards', 138; Freckled. 130 glaucovaria, Mamestra, iqi hia, 06 glomeralis. Pyrausta, 398 glomeraria, Macaria 340 gloveri. Copidryas, 141; Banna, 84 rlovena, genus; arizoncnsis, dentata. how- ardi, psidii, 311 Glover's Purslane-moth, 141 Gluphisia, genus; albofascia, avimacula, clandestina, danbyi. formosa, nipta, sep- tentrionalis scvera, slossom, trihneata, wrighti, 300 Glyphodes, genus; hyalinata. hyaunatalis, lucernalis, marginalis, nitidalis, quad- ristigmalis, 394 Gnophxla, genus; arizons, clappiana, con- tinua. discreta, hopfferi, latipennis, mor- ris'.ni. vermiculata, 200 , , , Gnorimoschema, genus, 425; galtesolidaginis, 4"8. 425 goasalis, Philometra, 2S2 Goat-moths, 375 goniata. Sabuiodes, 353 Gonodonta, genus; unica, 236 Gonodontis, genus; adustaria, agreasana duaria, hamaria, hypochraria, mestusata obfirmaria. refractaria. i;o Gooseberry Fruit-worm, 1 Gooseberry Span-worm, The, 340 gordius, Hyloicus, 51 na, genus; immanis. Hop-vine, nicti- tans. 212; obliqua. Oblique. 213; sera. I, velata, 212 les, Bellura, 211 1. 355 - ia, Arehips. 422 gracilenta, Alypia, 114 gracilior, Leptomeris, 333 graci!i Hepial gradata, Macana, 34° graduatana. Eucosma. 41 B ueta, 155 Gne;>eria, genus; magnit Grammodes. genus; smithi. 274 GrammiH grandipuncta. Alabam.i grandiri' grandis. Copablepharon. 222; Mamestra. 193; I i>4 granite 1, 339 Sisa, Euherrichia. 253 ler, The. 392 ime, The, 41" iiia. capsella. connuens, ., instabilis, Lea, 204 Gra I -is, 402 1; Oligia, 166 grataria, gratul&ta, Mesoleuca, 330 -id. 96 1 11 la, 15"; H y P" pach a, 312; Illice, 110 griseella, Tinea, 431 grise.. i . 203 grossulan.e, Zophodia, 411 \ K . 29. .ia. 3', 32. 34, 3S. 30 ina, Cenopis, 422 d, Hsmorrhagia. 63; Hcmileuca 91; iphidia. 177 l 1. .'f>4 genus; dis. 220 Groundling; Dusky, Red. 165 grynea, Cat',;. ■ gueneata, Hydriomena, 33' Guenee, A., 27, 32, 39 Catocala, 261 Guettarda elliptica, 139 Guilding, Lansdown, 403 gulans, Euxoa, 190 gulosa. Hemerocampa, 308 Gumppenberg, 1 gurgitans Arehips, 422 guttata, Platyprcpia. i;«; Spiagueia. 252 guttifera, Halisidota, 13S guttulosa, Pyrausta, 397 gyasalis, Heterugramma, 284 Gymnocladus, 96 Gynasphora, genus; rossi. 305 Gypsochroa, genus; albosignata. designata hiesitata, impauperata, propugnata, pro- pugnaria, sitellata, 332 Gypsy Moth, The, 308 Gyros, genus; muiri, 249 H habilis, Catocala, 268 Habrosyne, genus; scripta, 303 Hadena, genus, 166; Airy, 16S; Albertan, 167 amputatrix, arctica, 1 69; arcuata, 167 Base-streaked, basilinea, 16S; Black banded, 167; bridghami, Bridgham's, 166 Broken-lined, Burgess', burgessi, cerivana. 1 68 ; characta, 167; chloro stigma, 1 68 claudens, 167 ; conspicua, 168; contenta 1 69 ; Dark Ashen, 1 70 ; Darker, 1 69 : Dark-spotted, Dark-winged. 167; Destroy- ing, devastatrix, 169; discors, 168; Double- banded, 167; dubitans, 168; ducta, 169; fractilinea, 168; Great Western, 169; Green-spotted, 16S; Half -Moon, 169; Halt- ing, 16S; hilli, 167; incallida, insignata, lateritia, 168; lignicolor, 169; loculata, 168; vnactata, 167; marshallana, 169; misel- oides, modica, 167; molochina, 16S; Mullein, 169; Neumcegen's, 166; nigrior. Northern, 1 69 ; obli viosa, 168; occidens, ordinaria, 169; passer, Passerine, Red- winged, 1 68 ; semilunata, Speckled Gray, 169; sputatrix, 16S; subcedens, 167; transfrons, 166; Turbulent, turbulenta, 167; verbascoides, 169; versuta, 167; vinela, 170; violacea, Violet, 167; viralis, vultuosa, 168; White-spotted, 167; Wood- colored, 169 Hadenella, genus, 162; minuscula, 163; pergentilis, subjuncta, 162 hadeniformis, Meh'potis, 258 Hasmatomis, genus; mexicana, uniformis, 107 Hcematopsis, genus; grataria, saniaria, suc- cessaria, 332 Haamorrhagia, genus, 62, 72; sethra, axillaris, 63; brucei, 64; buffaloensis, cimbiciformis, diffinis, 63; etolus, 62; floridensis, fumosa, gracilis, grotei, marginalis, metathetis 63; palpaus, 64; pelasgus, 62; pyramus, 63; rubens, 64; ruficaudis, 62, 63; senta, 64; tenuis, 63; thetis, 64; thysbe, 62; uniformis, 63 hassitata, Gypsochrea, 332 hageni, Isogramma, 47 halesaria, Fernaldella, 337 halicarniae, Lapara, 53 Halkidota, genus, 115, 137; annulifascia, 138; antiphola, 137; argentata, caryae, 138; davisi, 137; fulvoflava, 13S; Gartered 137: guttifera, 138; harrisi, 137; Hickory, longa. Long-streaked, maculata, porphy- ria. Silver-spotted, Spotted, 138; Tessel- lated, tessellaris, 137 Halpine, Charles G., quoted, 319 hamaria, Gonodontis, 350 hamifera, Autographa, 238 hammondi, Canarsia, 411 Hampson, Sir George F., ix, 18, 23, 31, 32, 33. 34. 35, 36, 37, 98, 103, 114, 140, 151, 288, 289. 292, 303, 306, 311. 3i5, 320, 322. 3S6, 364, 37i, 374. 375. 380, 391 Haploa, genus, 117; Leconte's, 118; Lyman's, 1 19; Carolina, clymene. colona, comma, 118; confusa, 119; consita, 118; contigua, 119; dyari , interruptomarginata, lactata, lecontei, militaris, vestalis, 118 Harpyia, genus; albicoma, aquilonaris, bore- alis, cinerea, scolopendrina, 299 Harris, Thaddeus William, 27 Harris' Three-spot, 159 harrisi, Halisidota 137; Lapara, 53; Pygoc- tenucha, 1 1 1 Harrisimemna, 149, 159; trisignata, 159 Harrisina, genus; americana, texana, 372 harti, Sysyrhypena, 282 haruspica, Noctua, 184 harveiata, Nannia 327 harveyi, Heliophila, 201 hasdrubal, Pseudosphinx, 57 hasta, Apatela, 155 hastata, Rhcumaptera, 329 havilse, Noctua, 184 Hawkmoth, 78; Clemens', 52; Five-Spotted. 45 Head; anatomy of, 12, 18; larval, 7 hebraea, Polyqrammate, 160 hebraicum, Polygrammate, 160, 161 Hebrew, The, 160 heiligbrodti, Syssphinx, 96 Heliaca, genus; diminutiva, 231 Heliochilus, genus, paradoxus, 222 Heliodes, genus; restrictalis, 230 Heliolonche, genus; modicella, 230 Heliomata, genus; cycladata, infulata, 338 Heliophana, genus; mitis, obliquata, 230 Heliophila, genus, 200; albilinea, 201; com- moides, 203 ; comphcata, 201 ; extranea, 200; harveyi, 201 ; heterodoxa, lapidaria, 202 ; minorata, 201 ; multilinea, 202 ; pseudargyria, subpunctata, 201 ; uni- puncta, 200 Heliosea, genus; pictipennis, 230 heliothidata, Sciagraphia, 339 Heliothis, genus; armiger, 222; nuchalis scutosus, 224 Heliotropha, genus; atra, reniformis, 173 helva, Orthosia, 217 Hemerocampa, genus, 305; borealis, cana, 305 ; definita, 307 ; gulosa, intermedia, leucographa, leucostigma, obliviosa, ve- tusta, 306 Hemeroplanes, genus, 60; galianna, licastus, parce, 60 Hemihyalea, genus; Edwards', edwardsi, 138; Freckled, labecula, 139; quereus, translucida, 138 Hemileuca. genus, 91; artemis. californica, 92; electra, grotei, hualapai, 91; juno, 92; maia, neumoegeni, 91; nevadensis, 92; proserpina, sororius, 91 ; tricolor, 93 ; yavapai, 92 Hemileucina?, Subfamily, So, 81, 90 nemizonce, Synanthedon, 3S5 henrici. Hypopta, 379 henrietta, Derrima, 224 hepara, Galgula, 247 Hepialidoe, Family, 15, 16, 26, 443 Hepialus, genus; gracilis, hyperboreus, lem- berti, macglashani, pulcher, 444 hera, Pseudohazis, 93 heraclei, Depressaria, 428 heracliana, Depressaria, 42S herbimacula, Mamestra, 195 Herculia, genus; himonialis, olinalis, tren- tonalis, 401 Herder, Das Lied vom Schmetterlinge, 290 herilis, Feltia, 186 hermia, Catocala, 264 herminiata, Eudeilinea, 320 herminioides, Epizeuxis, 280 Herrich-Schsffer, G. A. W., 27 Herse, genus, 43; affinis, cingulata, convol- vuli, decolora, druraei, pungens, 43 460 hersiliata, Mesoleuca, 330 hertaria, Epimeci 144 Heterocampa, genus; associata. astarte. athereo, bilineata, biundata, cinerascens, manteo, menas, mollis, obliqua, olivatus, pulverea, semiplaga, subalbicans, turbida, ulmi, umbrata, varia, 297 . ica, Heliophila, 202 enea, genus; shurtlem, 368 ,:ramma, genus; gyasalis, pyramu- salis, rurigena Heteropacha. genus; rileyana. 314 hexaspilata, quadrino- tata, triguttaria, 327 heuchcne, Paranthrenc, 387 hexadactyla, Orneodes, 4.17 1 i, ILterophleps. 327 Hexeris, genus; enhydris, reticulina, 375 hibisci, Graphiphora, 204. "Hickory Horn-devil," 6, 97 hieroglyphica, Noropsi ■-., hilaris, Zeuzera, no hilti. Hadena, [67; Hypocala, 272 Hillia, ger hilliana, N 1 1 ua. 1 8 | toptenis, genus, 371 i, genus; contrahens, thecata, 204 . ■ hinda, Catocala, 266 ii i, genus; packardi, 296 hircina, Homoguea hirtella. Eupan>v hirtipcs, Zosteropoda, 203 larasmalus, 242 11 ■'. 147 hochenwarthi, Syngrapha, 240 Holcocera, genus, g Holland, CHve, quoted, 353 1 , ,-..:■., Holmes, 0. W , quoted, 3. 37» Holomelina, genus, 115; choriona, bclfraget, belmaria, bimaculata, Black-banded cornis, diminutiva, Ehnnan I immaculata, Least, Plain-winged. 116; ilia, ostenta, rubricosta, Showy, Tawny, 115 Homogkca, genus; carbonaria, hircina, 219 genus; badistriga, t?6 a. in- tenta, involuta, lunata, putrescent, saun- dersi, m lans, w Li, 378 II« mi. ipyratis, genus; contracta, tact us, zonata, 256 honcsta, Jodia, 215 hi inestaria, Azelina, 352 Honey-locust, 96 Honey-streak, The, 3 (9 I I rnophtela, 290 Hops, 287 Horama, genus; tcxana, 100 I! .. absorptalis bivittata, nu- bilifascia . ipha, 256 Hormoschista, genus; pagenstecheri, 253 i ma, Pholus, 07 Home, R II . quoted, 363 horrida, Zale, .77 hortaria, Epimecis, 346 li »rtu a a, I1' Itia, 186 hospes, Synanthedon, 387 Howard, L. 0., viii, 403, 405 howardi, Gloveria 1 1 howlandi, Syneda, 260 hualapai, Hemileuca, 91 Hubcr, 112 hubbardi. Bruceia. 108 hubneraria, Azelii hubnerata, Azelii hudsonica, Alypia, 145; Syneda, 260 Hulst. Rev. G. D . 33. 34. 36 humeralis, Cingilia, 347 humerosana, Amorbia, 423 humilis, Schizura, 208 humuli, Hypena, 287 Huxley, Thomas Henry, quoted, 38 hyalinata, Glyphodes. 394 hyalinatalis, Glyphodes, 394 hyalinopuncta, Apatelodes 293 hyalinus, Phobetron, 366 Hyamia, genus; perditalis, semilineata, sex- punctata, umbrl^ascia, 254 Ilybl.ca, genus; mirificum, puera, saga, 288 hybnda, Ophideres, 270; Utetheisa. 117 Hydria, genus; undulata. 329 Hydriomena, genus; autumnalis, bicolorata, birivata, custodiata, guencata, lascinata, latirupta, rectangulata, sordidata, specio- sata, hydromeli, Litodonta, 296 hvlx-us, 1 1 ■:enus. 90; alinda, 90 Hyloicus, genus. 40. albescens, 50; andro- meda:, 50; canadensis. 51 ; chersis, 50; radus, 52; coniferarum, 52; dolli, 52; drupiferarum, 52; fremitus. 49; eremil 40. gordius, 51; insolita, 51. kaln la Hbocedrus, 51 ; lugens, 49. 50; luscitiosa, 52 ; oreodaphne, 50 ; pcrclcgans. 5 1 ; pinastri, 5a; ] aniptri, 52; separatus. 50. sequoia-, 52; sordida, 49; vancouverensis, 50; vashti, 50 Hyloicus kalmiac, larva of, 7 hvpx'thrata, Macaria, 339 Hyparpax, genus, aurora, pcrophoroides, rosea, venus, venusta, j«j<> I 1 us; cvanidalis. germanalis. hun a87 Hypenula, genus; biferalis, cacuminalis, opacah , Hyperseschra, genus; georgica, scitipennis, stragula, tortuosa, 294 hyperboreus, Hepialu 1 1 1 hypericij Synanthedon, 385 .nana, amicaria, cx- simana. insinuaria, laticincta, neonaria, nconinaria, nyssaria, subsinuaria, 349 Hyphantria, genus, 122, i23;cunea, 123 .pal- lida, 124; punctatissima, 123. textor, 114 enus; borcalis, parthenos, 12S Hypocala, genus; andremona, hilli, 273 hypocastrina, Zeuzera, 376 1 ! indontis. 350 lias, genus; annillata, Least, minima, [36 Hypopacha, genus; grisca, 312 cadaverosa, fucosa, inculta, mi mat a. plumbea, subornata ■ Hyp 'I'.i. genus; bertholdi, henrici, ^70 1. genus; ancocisconensis. Common, a mtrana, xylinoides, 1 71 Hyps pygia, genus; costalis, fimbrialis, 399 Hypsoropha, genus; hormos, monilis, 256 Ianassa, genus; Ugnicolor, lignigera, virgata. iaspis, Chytonix, 161 Ichneumon-flies, 69 Ichneumonidas, 6, 6J3 idonea, Agrotis, 182 461 ilia, Catocala, 265 illabefacta, Mamestra, 194 illapsa, Noctua, 185 illata, Euxoa, 190 illecta, Catocala, 267 illepida, Polia, 171 illibalis, Pyrausta, 307 Illice, genus, 108; deserta, no; faustinula, 109; grisea, no; nexa, 109, 110; packardi, plumbea, schwarziorum, striata, subjecta, tenuifascia, unifascia, 109 illocata, Dryobota, 171 illudens, Charadra, 152 imbraria, Caberodes, 352 imbrifera, Mamestra, ig2 imitata, Sabulodes, 353; Synanthedon, 3S5 imitella, Cydosia, 253 i mmaculata, Eupseudosoma, 139; Holo- melina, 116 impauperata, Gypsochroa, 332 imperator, Pachysphinx, 57 imperatoria, Basilona, 97 imperfectaria, Melanolophia, 344 imperialis, Basilona, 971 impingens, Anarta, 199 impleta, Apatela, 157; Eucymatoge, 32S implora, Azenia, 248 impressa, Apatela, 157 impropria, Synanthedon, 3S5 impropriata, Paraphia, 343 improvisa, Bombycia, 304 inatomaria, Metanema, 351 inca, Aleptina, 162 incallida, Hadena, 168 incandescens, Cirrhobolina, 259 incarcerata, Melalopha, 293 incarnata, Arachnis, 124; Lerina 111 incarnatorubra, Apantesis, 130 incensalis, Cindaphia, 397 inceptaria, Cymatophora, 341 incertata, Eucrostis, 336 Incita, genus; aurantiaca, 246 incivis, Peridroma, 183 inclara, Apatela, 157 inclinata, Venusia, 328 inclinataria, Venusia, 328 includens, Autographa, 238 inclusa, Melalopha, 293 incognita Agrotiphila, 191 incompleta, Apantesis, 132 inconcinna, Chorizagrotis, 1S5; Scotogramma inconstans, Panula, 258 incorrupta, Apantesis, 131 inculta, Hypoprepia, 106 incurvata, Sabulodes, 353 indentata, Melalopha, 293; Remigia, 274 indetermina, Euclea, 365 Indiana, Eunystalea, 295 Indian-meal Moth, The, 415 indicans, Mamestra, 195 indigenella, Mineola, 409 indigens, Platysenta, 163 indigna, Autographa, 239 indiseriminaria, Chlorochlamys 336 indivisalis, Gaberasa, 2S4 indoctrinata, Eucymatoge, 328 indubitata, Triphosa, 331 inductata, Eois, 335 indurata, Xylomiges, 197 ineffusaria, Caberodes, 352 i nepta, Cissusa, 256 inermis, Peridroma, 182 inexacta, Antiblemma, 275 inextricata, Mellilla, 338 infans, Brephos, 355 infecta, Mamestra, 195 Tnch. Graphiphora, 204 ;, 56; Campometra, infensata, Syssaura, 352 inficita, Marasmalus, 242 innrma, Synanthedon, 3S5 infructuosa, Morrisonia, 197 infulata, Heliomata, 338 infumata, Cosmia, 217 infuscata, Scotogramma, 198 ingenita, Dalcerides, 369 ingenua, Phoberia, 273 Inguromorpha, genus; arbeloides basalis, 378 innexa, Mamestra, 195 innominata, Xylina, 207 inornata, Sisyrosea, 366 ; innotata, Apatela, 155 innubens, Catocala, 265 inqussita, Papaipema, 213 insciens, Graphiphora, 204 inscriptum, Deidamia, 71 insequalis, Pyrausta, 398 insignata, Euxoa, 189; Hadena, insignis, Plusiodonta, 235 insinuaria, Hyperitis, 349 insiticiana, Ecdytolopha, 419 insolabilis, Catocala, 262 insolita, Autographa, 2^8; Hyloi insularis, Philosamia, 82 insulata, Pareuchfete instabilis, Cressonia, insulsa. Euxoa, 189 integerrima, Calasyrr 276; Datana, 294 intenta, Homoptera, 278 intentata, Deilinea, 338 interlinearia, Caberodes, 352 intermedia, Apantesis, 1 29; Celerin, 76; CuculHa, 20S; Hemerocampa, 30S; Utethe- intermediata, Mesoleuca, 330 interminellus, Crambus, 403 interna, Dasylophia, 296 interpuncta, Salia, 285 interpunctella, Plodia, 415 interrupta, Apatela, 155 interruptomarginata, Haploa, 118 intestinata, Eucymatoge, 328 intractabilis, Eustrotia, 247 intractata, Noctua, 183 introferens, Chorizagrotis, 185 inulta, Glaea, 218 inusitata, Synanthedon, 386 invexata, Therina 34S involuta, Homoptera, 278 involutum, Eupseudosoma, 139 io, Automeris, 89; Calasymbolus, 56 Ipimorpha, genus; Eequilinea. pleonectusa, ipomcea?, Schizura, 29S; Syntomeida, 99 iricolor, Oncocnemis, 176 iridaria, Anaplodes, s?7 iris, Brotolomia, 215 irrecta, Pleonectvptera, 246 irrorat.a, Clemensia, 108; Oreta, 321 Isabella, Isia, T24 Isaiah, quoted, 396, 4^4 Isia, genus, 125, T27; isabella, 125 Isogona, genus: natatrix, tenuis, 2=6 Isocha?tes, genus; beutenmulleri. }66 Isogramma. genus, 47; hageni, 47 Isoparce, genus, 48; cupressi, 48 Issus, genus, 370 J Jackson, Helen Hunt, quoted. 413 laguarina, Schinia, 228 jamaicensis, Sphinx, 55 4^2 Janette's Hair, ;,io janiph^e, Erinnyis, 58 janualis, Semiophora, 1S0 Japan, 79, 307 ^aquenetta, Catocala, 269 jasminearum, Chlamogramma. 4& Jaspidia, genus; lspidula. Marbled-green, teratophora, White-spotted, 160 Jatropha, jatropha?, Cocytius, 44 Jean Ingelow, quoted, 179 Job, quoted, 151, 424 joeasta, Andrewsia. 272 jocosa, Feralia, 171 I 1, k'enus; honesta, rufago, 215 1 tie, 171 Jordan, Dr. Karl, ix, 31 Jnrulla, Rothschildia, 82 ^uanita, Pogocolon, 73 jubararia, Pherne, 351 jucunda, Melipotis, 25S; Noctua, i^j iudith, Catocala 262 luglandis, Cressonia, 57; Mineola, 408 is, 87 Jugum, 16 julia, Rhodosea. 225 julialis, Cindaphia, 397 Jumping beans. 417 juncima " ra, 19a juncta, lunctaria, Orthofidonia, June-berr ^uniperaria, Syssaura, 352 juno, Hemileuca, 02 Jussieua, 67 jussieuse, Pholus, 67 jutumaria, Enemera. 343 K I Kentucky Coffee I n keutzin ;aria. P keutzingi. Plagodis, 140 Key to families of North American moths, 24 Killing specimens, 19 1 . tQ : itigmene, 123 Kodiosoma, genus; eavesi, fulva, nigra, tricol' ir, 1, Svnanthcdon, 587 1 C. L. von, kuchniella, Ephestia, 41^ labecula, Hemihyalea, 139 labiosana, Platynota, 42? labruscs, Pholus, 67 laciniosa, Bomolocha, 286 I 1 ; 1. k'enus. chiridota, 550 Lacosomida?, Family. 25, lacrymosa, Catocala. 2f)i .. Eiaploa, 1 [8 lacteolaria, Leuculodes. no lactipennis, Tara« lacustrata, Mesoleuca, 330 lxtella, Ambesa, 410 laetulus, Lomanalti laevigata, Zanclognatha, 281 1 ■ ... genus; crispata, pyxidifera, ,509 lanariella, Tineola, 1 lanceolata, Tarache, 251 langdonalis, Pyrausta, ;<>7 langtoni, Alypia, 143. MS languida, Melicleptria, 230 lanuginosa, hfegalopyge, {69 Lapara, genus, 53; bombycoides, eana, com- ferarum. halicarnia?, harrisi, pineum, 53 Laphygma, genus; autumnalis, frugipcrda, macra, plagiata, signifera, 174 lapidaria, Heliophila, 202 Lappet, collar and shoulder, 18 laqueata, Calidota, 130 laqueatellus, Crambus, 402 larentioides, Phalamostola, 254 Larva;; food of, 6 lascinata, Hydriomcna, 331 Lasiocampidx, Family, 9, 24. 34t 3" lassauxi. Erinnyis, Latebraria, genus; amphipyroid< , laterana, Platynota, 422 latercube, Gingla. 17; lateritia. Hadena. 168 latex, Mamestra, 104 laticincta, Hyperitis, 349 laticinerea, Xylina, 207 laticlavia. Autographa. 240 latipennis, Diacrisia, 128; Gnophaela, 290 latipes, Remigia, 274 latirupta, Hydriomcna. Lathosea, genus; pullata. ursina, 209 latrcillana. I laudabilis, Mamestra, 19S Laugher, The, 152 I rs, 417 lecontci, Haploa, 11S moths, i.i. 15 Hepialus, 144 lena. Lcptantia, 1 -> 1 lentiginosa, Bomolocha, I lepidula, I I ; M. 1" Lcptarcti.i lecia dimi- diata, lena, 1 21 Leptina, genus, \i>i ides, Schizura, 299 Leptomeris, genus, gracilinr. magnctana, quinquelinearia, rubrolinearia, rubrolmca- ta, sentinaria, spuran.i, lepusculina, Apat ] 1 Lerina, genus, in :->. in fa, Anarta, 199 leucographa, Hcmerocampa, 308 1 a, Olene, 308 leucostigma, Hemcrocanv Leuculodes, genus; lacteolaria. *,to ariMllacea, bieolor, 105 libatnx, Scotiopteryx, 215 liU-Tiniformis, 380; . J81 Mellilla, genus; inextneata, snoviana, xan- mellistrigata, Sciagraphia, 339 melHtularia, Phcmc, 351 melloiiella, Galleria. 406 melshcimeri, Cicinnus. 359 Memythrus, genus. 382; admira- polistiformis, 3^.- tricinctus, menas. Ilcterocampa, 297 mendica, Eudule, 327 mendocino, Saturnia, 89 40 menthastrina, Estigmc- mcralis. Caradrina merdella. Tinea 1 mcriana;, Erinnyis Mcrolonche, genus; lupiru, 1 59 mcrricata, Palcacrita, 324 ■ 439 Merrick. F A , i-:. 11S Merrick. H S, be Meskea, genus; dyspteraria, 37S meskei, Catocala. to, 163 brunneicitiata, Hammifera. gratulata. hersiliata. intcrmediata, lacus- trata, ruficillata, messalina, ■ ■dontis, 350 Metalepsis, genus; conn.' mctallica, Tarache, 251 Metancma. genus; a?liaria. carnaria, deter- minata, inatomaria. qucrcivoraria trili- nearia, 351 metanemana, Alas, 341 a, obtusula, per- flava, 250 I ra, 252 i, 282 Metrocampa, genus; perlaria. perlata, prae- grandana, viri do perlata, 348 Apantf 1 ' I "Una, 259; Citheronia, 97; Estigmenc, 123; Ha-iua- I >, 107 michabo, Apantesis, 130 1. genus, 156, 160; diphtheroides, 1 obliterata, 160 Microgaster, 69 1 ygidse, Family, 26, 444 Micropteryx, genus, 444 Micropyle, 5 Midget, Brown-spotted, 166; Festive, 16s; Grateful, 166 Mikania scandens, 99 militaris^ Haploa, 118 mima, Campometra, 274 minea, Apantesis, 130 genus, 408; indigenella, 409; jug- landis, 408; nebulo, zelatella, 409 miniana, Rhododipsa, 225 minians, Nephelodes, 199 miniata, Hypoprepia, 100 minima, Hypocrisias, 130; Pseudomya, 99 465 minimalis, Rhychagrotis, 178, 179; Zan- clognatha, 28 1 ministra, Datana, 293 minorata, Fota, 17S; Heliophila, 201 minuscula, Hadenella, 163; Roeselia, 358 minuta, Alceris, 421; Catocala, 269 minutata, Tephroclystis, 328 mirificum, Hyblaea, 288 miscellus, Catabena, 163 miseloides, Hadena, 167 Misnamed Gall-moth, The, 418 Misogada, genus; cinerea, marina, sobria, iinicolor, 207 mitis, Heliophana, 230 modesta, Pachysphinx, 57; Synanthedon, 387; Ulolonche, 198 modestaria, Cymatophora, 341 modica, Hadena, 167 modicella, Heliolonche, 230 modifica, Graphiphora, 204 moffatiana, Scopelosoma, 21S mollifera, Epizeuxis, 280 mollis, Heterocampa, 297 mollissima, Euherrichia, 253 molochina, Hadena, 16S Molts, larval, 8 Momnphana, genus; comstocki, 172 monacha, Psilura, 309 Monarda, 49 moneta, Polychrysia, 236 monetifera, Metathorasa, 252 monilis, Hypsoropha, 256 monitor, Euclea, 365 monodon, Autographa, 23S Monoleuca, genus; semifascia, 365 monotropa, Selenis, 277 mopsa, Catocala, 265 monstralis, Agathodes, 303 montana, Albuna, 384; Dysodia, 375 montanatum, Eustroma, 329 Montgomery, James, quoted, 302 Moore, Thomas, quoted, 304 morbidalis, Chytolita, 282 morbosa, Cissusa, 256 mori, Bombyx, 315 mormonica, Apantesis, 131 Morrenia, 58 Morris, Rev. J. G., 28 Morrisonia, genus, 196; confusa, 197; evicta, 196; infructuosa, multifaria, 197; sectilis, morrisonata, Azelina, 353 morrisoni, Gnophaela, 290 morrisoniana, Feltia, 186 mors, Melanchroia, 35s mortua, Schinia, 228 mortuorum, Autographa, 239 mcrula, Apatela, 155 Moths; Achaia, T30; Acorn, 429; Acraea, 123 Alinda, 90; Anna, 130; Arge, 130; Astur 139; Carpet, 434; Chain -streak, 347 Clio, 133; Clymena, 118; Colona, 1 1 8 Cora, 161; Cosyra, 142; Cotton-worm, 243 Diverse-line, 329; Dried-currant, 414 Echo, 122; Fall Web-worm, 123; Flour, 412; Fur, 433; Galbina, 86; Glover's Purslane-, 141; Granite, 339; Gypsy, 308 Harrow, T76; Hera, 93; Herbarium, 334 Honey-locust, 96 ; Imperial, 97 ; Indian- meal, 415; Io, 8q; Juno, 92; Leopard, 376 Linden, 347; Luna, 87; Magnet, 333 Magpie, 93; Miehabo, 130; Milk-weed 135; Oithona, 1 29; Pandora, 91 ; Parthenice 129; Persephone, 130; Plum, 329; Poly- phemus, 87; Potato, 425; Privet, 394 Mexican Walnut-, 97; Pine-devil, 97 Rosy Maple-, 95; Royal Walnut-, 97 Morrisonia, 197 Moths — Continued Sand-dune, 143; Scallop-shell, 329; Six- plume, 417; Skiff, 367; Solidago Gall-, 425; Spotless Fall Web-worm, 124; Stigma, 94; Sugar-beet, 395 ; Sun-flower, 339; Yucca, 441 Moth-Song, 310 Muir, John, 249 muiri, Gyros, 249 muliercula, Catocala, multifaria, Ctenucha, multifera, Caradrina, multilinea, Heliophila, 202 multilineata, Pigea, 333 multipunctella, Yponomeuta, 423 multiscripta, Cerura, 299 mundula, Drasteria, 257 muraenula, Porosagrotis, 1S7 muralis, Psaphidia, 177 muricina, Stretchia, 205 muricolor, Calidota, 139 murina, Comacla, 107; Euchaetias, 135 muscosula, Eustrotia, 247 musta, Eustrotia, 247 mustelina, Schizura, 299 Euchlaena, 350 , Ecpantheria, 120 myandaria, Caberodes, 352 Myginda ilicifolia, 99 mynesalis, Tetanolita. 284 myops, Calasymbolus, 56 Myosotis, 134 myron, Darapsa, 68 N Nacophora, genus; quernaria, 345 Nadata, genus; gibbosa, 296 nais, Apantesis, 132 nana, Euclea, 365 nanina, Euclea, 365 Nannia, genus; harveiata, refusata, 327 napsa, Litholomia, 207 narrata, Drasteria, 257 Narthecophora, genus; pulverea, 235 nasoni, Natada, 366 Nasu-no Take, 301 nasutaria, Phiprosopus, 245 Natada, genus; daona, nasoni, rude, 366 natatrix, Isogona, 256 nebraska?, Catocala, 263; Euhagena, 381 nebulo, Mineola, 409 nebulosa, Catocala, 266 nebulosus, Adoneta, 365 necopina, Papaipema, 214 neglecta, Synanthedon, 385 negussa, Mamestra, 196 Neighbor, The, 1 19 Neleucania, genus; bicolorata 203 Nelphe Carolina, 100 Neocastniidae, 3 neogama, Catocala, 149, 266 neonaria, Hyperitis, 349 neoninaria, Hyperitis, 349 Nephelodes, genus; expansa, minians, sobria, subdolens, violans, 19Q Nepytia, genus; nigrovenaria, pellucidaria, pinaria, pulchraria, semiclusana, 343 nerea, Apantesis, 130 Nerice, genus; bidentata, 296 Nerium odorum, 99 nesaea, Omia, 230 nessus, Amphion, 72 Neumaegen, B., 31, 33, 34, 35 neumcegeni, Hemileuca, 91; Xanthothrix 231 Neumcegenia, genus; poetica, 235 Neuronia, genus; americana, 196 466 ncvadae, Mamestra. 103; Thyris, .174 nevadensis, Apantesis, 131; Hemileuca, 92 nerissa, Catocala, 269 nexa, Illice, ioq, iio nicotians, Pmtoparce, 45 Nigetia, genus; formosalis, melan Night air, 80 nigra, Kodiosoma. 133; Peridroma, 182 nigricans, Phobetron, 366 nigriceps, Noctua, 184 nigrior, Hadena, 169 nigripennis, Euxoa, i8q nigrirena, Schinia, 227 nigritula, Eustrotia, 247 nigrofasciata, Cela nigrofimbria, Xanthoptera, 248 nigroflava, Ectypia, 133 nigroguttata, Lu nigrolunata, Ana- 1 enaria, Nepytia, 343 nimia. Orthodes, 203 niobe, Seirarctia, 122 nitela, Papaipcma, 213 nitens, Orthodes, 203 nitida, Schizuru nitidalis, < 1 nitocraria, Mec 1 era i nitocris, . .ecoccras, 354 nivaria, Anarta, igg nivea, Eupseudosoma, 1 q niveiciliahs, Pyrausta, 398 status, Pagitana, ni veosericeata, Ennom 148 nivosaria, Eugonobapta. p nivosata, Eugonobapt.i nobilis. Schinia, 288; Tosalc, 402 .l, Apatela, 157 Noctua, gen 1 ians, 185; atricincta 1S4, beata, 185; bicarnea, is^; calgary clandestina. collaris, 184; c -nigrum, ten nica, 183; grandis, haruspica, havilx. 184 hilliana, 183; illapsa, 185; intractata jucunda, 183; juncta, t*4- lubricans, 185 nigriceps, 1 1 j blata, ob tusa, 1 1, 184; pcrconflua plagiata, 183; plecta, substrigata, uni color, vicana, 1 Noctuelia, genus; cost^emaculalis, gelidalis, oovalis, peruviana, thatialis, Noctuida?, Family, 7. 24. 3a, 151 noctuiformis, Aon, 1 ruerta, 143 Ni ila, genus; ovilla, 357 Nolidae, Pa ;. 1. 357 :, pemiagna, subflava. Yellowish, an nondescriptus, Phobetron, 366 notata, Philobia, 330: Tephroclystis, 338 notataria, Eundonia, 337 notatella, N 1 ten »phaeta, 221 Notch-wing. The, Notodonta, genus, 294; basitricns, simplaria, 205 Notodontidac, Family, as, a, 292 Notolophus, genus; antiqua, nova, 306 norax, Cossula, 370 normani, Crocigrapha, 204 normanniana, Noctua, 183 Noropsis. genus; hieroglyphica, 233 nova, Notolophus, 306 novalis, Noctuelia, 399 nubecularia, Paraphia, 343 nubilifascia, Hormisa, 282 nubilis, Euparthenos, 272 nuchalis, Heliothis, 224 nundina, Schinia, 227 nupera, Calocampa, 208 Nurse, The, 263 nurus, Catocala, 263 nuttalli. Pseudohazis, 93 la. genus. lintnerana revayana. 288 Nyctcolid^, Family, 24, 33. 288 Nycterophaita. genus; luna magdalena. notatella, 221 Nyctobia, genus; Umitata, lobophorata, vernata, 334 Nymphula, genus, obscuralis, 399 Nymphulina\ Subfamily, 399 Ivatica. 161 nyssaria, Hyperitis, 340 o obaurata. Celama. 357 obeliscoides, Euxoa, 190 oberthuralis. Phlj obesaHs, Plathypena, 287 obfirmaria, Gonodontis, 350 oblata, oblinita, Apatela. 157 obliqua, Fagitana. 217; Heterocampa, 297. Sphida, 211 obliquata, Heliophana, 230; Plcroma 206; Sphida, 2 1 1 obliquclla, Galleria, 406 obliquilera. Balsa. 163 obliquilinea, Cargida, 300 1 60 obliviosa, Hadena, it»8, Hemerocampa, 305 oblonga, Nonagria, 211 obnigralis, Pyrausta, 398 nbrussata, Ph- 1 obscura, Apatela. 153; Catocala, 262; Erin- nyis, 59; HolomeUna, 115; Pseudusphinx, obscuralis. Nymphula. 399 obscurus, Anytus, 191 obtusa, Noctua. 183; Metaponia, 250 obtusaria. EuchUtna, 350 obtusula. Metaponia, 210 obvia, Euc< iptocnemis, 1 pryeri, Philosamia 82 Psaphidia, genus; grotei, muralis, rcsumcns, viridescens, 177 Pseudacontia. genus; crustaria, 225 Pseudalypia, genus; crotchi, 232 lanarta, genus; crocea, falcata. Falcate, flava, Single, singula, Yellow, . 7S Pseudanthcecia, genus; tumida, 228 [ inthracia, genus; coracias, 278 pseudargyria. Heliophila, 201 pseuderminea, Estigmcne. 1 ? 1 pseudogamma, Aul Pscudogkea, genus; blanda, dcccpta, txdata, 216 Pseudohazis, genus, or. denudata, eglanten- na. hera, nuttalli, pica, shastaensis, 93 Pseud' »limacodes. genus. 217 ' Pseudomya, genus; minima, 00 ?seudoneustria, Malacosoma, 313 seudorgyia, genus, versuta, 245 Pscudorthosia, genus; yariabilis, 216 Pseudosphinx, genus, 57; asdrubal, hasdrubal, obscura, plumerias, rustica, tetrio, 57 Pseudotamila, genus; vanella, 220 Pseudothyatira, genus; cymatophoroldes, cxpultrix, 304 psidn, Gloveria. 311 Psidium pyrifera. 140 Psilura, genus; monacha, 309 Psychid.-e, Fami'y. 7, 25, 35. 300 Psychomorpha, genus; epimenis. 232 ptelearia. Eois. 334 Pteraetholix, genus; bullula, 243 pteridis, Diacrisia, 1 28 Pterophoridie, Family, 25, 37, 41 s Pterospoda, genus; opusculana. 343 Ptychoglene, genus; coccinea, rlammans, phrada. sanguineola, tenuimargo. no ptycophora. Fala. 235 puber. Syssaura, 352 pudens. Euchaetias, 135; Euthyatira, 304 pudorata, Apatela, 156 puera. Hybliea, 288 puerilis, Orthodes, 204 pulchella, Xylomiges, 197 pulcher, Hepialus, 1 1 1 pulcherrima, Eutelia, 242 pulchraria, Nepytia, 343 pulchripennis, Melicleptria, 230 pulchripictalis, Cindaphia, 397 pullata, Lathosea, 209 pultaria, Therina, 348 pulverea, Heterocampa, 297; Narthecopnora pulverilinca. Matigramma, 276 pulverina, Bruceia, 108 Pulvillus, 14. IS . . punctata, Dasylophia, 206; Diacnsia, 12S punctatissima. Basilona, 97; Hyphantria. 121 punctistriga, Artacc. 312 punctivena, Capnodes, 277; Caradnna, 105 punctomacularia, Philedia, 343 pungens, Herse, 43 pupillaris. Sysyrhypena, 282 pupula. Eustixia. 140, , . pura, Carama, 368; Catocala, 264. Utethcisa, purgata, Csenurgia, 257 purpurana. Archips, 422 purpurascens, Calpe, 236 purpurifascia, Papaipe;: purpurigera, Pancnrysia, purpurissata. Mamestra, 192 pustularia, Physostegar. 1a pustulata, Celama, 357: Opharus. no putnami, Euchalcia, 237 putrescens, Homoptcra, 278 ria. genus; abdominalis. elcgans. Ele- gant. Orange-bodied, spraguei, Sprague's, vivida, 136 isa, Adoneta, 36s; Dircctis, 284; Paectes. 241 I' ctemicha, genus; tunerea, narnsi. pyr- , Cerminalis, voti 1' ralidffi, Family. 21. 15, 3''. - 1 Pyralinte, Subfamily. 399 Pyralis, genus; farinalis. 400 pyralis, Apharetra, 150; Pleonectyptera, 246 lidalis, Albuna. ■ pyramidoides, Pyrophila, 140, 173 pyramus, Haemorrhagia, 63 ■umma, 284 Pyrausta, genus; adipaloides. arsalteahs, badipennis, 107, bellulalis, diffissa, effici- talis, erosnealis, 308: cuphcesahs, fasciahs. fumalis, 397; funebris, generosa, 398; gentilis, 597; glomeralis, 307; hireinalis, 308; illibalis, 307; inse- qualis, 30S; langdonalis. 307; madetcsahs, agnifeiaUs, 307: niveicilialis, ob- nigralis. ochosalis, octomaculata, 398; orasusalis, orphisalis, pcrtextalis. 307; repletalis. 398; subjcctalis. 397; subolivahs, subsequalis, 308; thesealis, 307; tyralis. 308; unifascialis, 307; unimacula, 398 I !itit, Subfamily, 302 pyri, Synanthedon, 387 pvrina, Zeuzera, 376 Pyromorpha, genus; dimidiata, perlucidula Pyrophila, genus: glabella, Gray, Mouse- colored, pyramidoides, repressus, trago- poginis, 173 pyrrha, Cargida, 301 Pyrrhia, genus; umbra. 214 1 . rrhuura. Pygoctenucha, 1 1 1 pythion, Charadra, 152 pyxidifera, Lagoa, 369 Q quadrata, Apatela, 156 quadriannulata, Cosymbia, 333 quadricornis, Ceratomia, 47 quadridcntata, Euxoa, 188 quadrifilaris, Poaphila, 274 quadriguttalis, Alypia, 144 quadriguttatus, Sthenopis, 443 quadrinotata, Heterophleps, 327 quadripunctaria, Eufidonia, 337 quadristigmalis, Glyphodes, 394 Quaker, Boyish, 204; Cynical, Rustic, Small Brown, 203 quinquecaudatus, Sannina, 3S2 quinquelinearia, Leptomeris, 333 quinquemaculatus, Protoparce, 45 quinquepunctella, Prodoxus, 438 quenseli, Apantesis, 131 quercicola, Euclea, 365 querciperda, Prionoxystus, 37S quercivoraria, Metanema, 351 quercus, Hemihyalea, 138 quemaria, Nacophora, 345 questionis, Autographa, 238 R Rachela, genus; bruceata, 324 racheke, Apocheima, 345 Racheospila, genus; hollandaria, lixaria, saltusaria, 336 radians, Apantesis, 132 radix, Mamestra, 193 Ragonot, E. L., 37, 408 ramosula, Actinotia, 173. Rancora, genus; solidaginis, strigata, 209 Raphia, genus; abrupta, coloradensis, rlex- uosa, frater, personata, 153 Rascal Leaf-crumpler, The, 409 rasilis, Oligia, 166 raspa, Syssphinx, 96 'Ratarda, genus, 305 reciprocata, Euchceca, 328 reconditaria, Synelys, 333 rectangula, Autographa, 239 rectangulata. Hydriomena, 331 rectaria, Anaplodes, 337 rectifascia, Atethmia, 220 rectilinea, Apantesis, 129; Cochlidion, 367 recurvalis, Zinckenia. 392 recusans, Pangrapta, 254 redimicula, Euxoa, 190 reducta, Turuptiana, 121 refractaria, Gonodontis, 350 refusata, Nannia, 327 regalis, Citheronia, 97 regia, Citheronia, 97; Porrima, 226 regnatrix, Xanthopastis, 231 Relict, The, 262 relicta, Catocala, 149, 262 Remigia, genus; indentata, latipes, perlata, repanda, texana, 274 remissa, Phragrnatobia, 127 remissaria, Caberodes, 352 Renia, genus; discoloralis, fallacialis, gener- alis, thraxalis, 283 Reniform spot, 18 reniformis, Heliotropha, 173 renigera, Mamestra, 195 repanda, Remigia, 274; Siavana, 273 repentinus, Ceratomia, 48 repentis, Euxoa, 189; Yrias, 277 repletalis, Pyrausta, 39S repressus, Pyrophila, 173 resistaria, Ania, 349 restituens, Alsophila, 326 restrictalis, Heliodes, 230 restorata, Sciagraphia, 339 resumens, Psaphidia, 177 retecta, Catocala, 262 retectata, Macaria, 339 retentata, Macaria, 339 reticulata, Prodoxus, 440 reticulina, Hexeris, 375 Retinaculum, 17 revayana, Nycteola, 28S revocata, Phigalia, 347 Rheumaptera, genus; hastata, 329; luctuata, rubrosuffusata, 330 rhexis, Chloridea, 222 Rhizagrotis, genus; proclivis, 185 rhoda, Apantesis, 132 rhodarialis, Prothvmia, 248 Rhododendrons, 173 Rhododipsa, genus; masoni, miniana, volupia, Rhodophora, genus; citronellus, tlorida, gaurce, matutina, 224 Rhodosea, genus; julia, 225 rhcebus, Erinnyis, 59 Rhopalocera, 3 Rhynchagrotis, genus; alternata, 179; ancho- celioides, cupida, gilvipennis, 1 78 ; mini- malis, 178, 179; placida, rufipectus, velata, • I78- ^ ribearia, Cymatophora, 340 ribesiaria, Eustroma, 329 richardsoni, Anarta, 199 Richia, genus; aratrix, parentalis, 190 Richter, Jean Paul, quoted, 417 rickseckeri, Estigmene, 123 ridingsi, Alvpia, 143, 145 Riley, C. V., 30, 141, i54. 175, 201, 223. 232. ^33, 239, 243. 2So, 281, 335. 3^2. 401, 406, 409, 420, 425 rileyana, Heteropacha, 314; Porosagrotis, 187; Synanthedon, 385 rimosa, Pheosia 29s Rivula, genus; propinqualis, 245 rivularia, Almodes, 354 rivulosa, Schinia, 228 Robinia, pseudacacia, 378, 419 robinia?, Prionoxystus, 37S Robinson, C. T., 29, 30, 3" robinsoni, Catocala, 262; Cressonia, 57; Reese lia, genus; conspicua, fuscula, minuscula, 358 rogationis, Autographa, 238 Rosaceae, 83, 15?. 366, 410 rosaceana, Archips, 422 rosacearum, Calasymbolus, 56 rosalinda, Catocala, 268 rosea, Euhyparpax, 29S; Hyparpax, 290; Mamestra, 193; Oreta 321; Thyreicn, 222 roseitincta, Schinia, 227 rossi, Gvneephora, 305 Rothschild, Hon. Walter, ix, 31 Rothschildia, genus, 82, 83; jorulla, orizaba, 82 rotundata, Chlsenogramma, 46 Royal Walnut-moth, 6 rubens, Hffimorrhagia, 64 rubi, Bembocia, 383 rubicunda, Anisota, 95; Euherricma, 253 rubra, Diacrisia, 12S; Samia, 84 rubricosa, Phragrnatobia, 126 rubricosta, Holomelina, 115 rubripalpis, Artace, 312^ rubrolinearia, Leptomeris, 333 rubrolineata, Leptomeris, 333 rubroscapus, Ctenucha, 102 rubrosunusata, Rheumaptera, 330 rude, Natada, 366 rufago, Jodia, 215 ruficaudis, Ha^morrhagia, 62, 63 ruficillata, Mesoleuca, 33° rufipectus, Rhynchagrotis, 178 rufostriga, Caradrina, 165 rufula, Diacrisia, 128 rugifrons. Stiria, 234 rugosa, Mamestra, 194 rupta, Gluphisia, 300 rurigena, Hcterogramma. 284 Rustic; Brown-streaked, Civil, Convivial, U >oned, Speckled, 164 rustica, Erinnyis, 59; Protoparce, 45; Pseu- dosphinx, 57 rutila, Autographa, 23S rutilans, Synanthedon, 385 Sabal palmetto, 122 Sabulodes, genus; arcasaria. contingens, depontanata, goniata, imitata, incurvata, ] iral a, | litia, sulphurata, transfindens, transmutans, transposita, transvertens, truxaliata. 353 sabulosa, Cissusa, 256; Tuerta. 141 Sack-bearer, Melsheimer's, Scalloped, 359 sacramcnti, Alvpia, 145 Saddle-back, The. 364 saga, Hybkea, 288 rms; interpuncta, 285 salicarum, Pachnobia, 180 saliceti. Sphinx, ss , Apatcla, 157 saligneana, Eucosma, 41 8 Sallow; Angle-striped, 217; Anointed, 218; Even -lined, 220; Lost, Moffat's, 218; Red-winged, 215; Roadside, 218; Round- loaf, 219; Silky, 218; Sloping, Smudged, 219; Unsated, walker's, 218 Salobrana. genus; tccomx, 401 saltusaria, Racheospila, 336 sambuci, Zotheca, 219 Sambucus, 212, 210 Samea, genus; castcllalis, discrtalis. ccclesi- alis, luccusalis, 393 Samia, genus, 83; calif ornica, ceanothi, 84; cecropia, 83, 84; Columbia, euryalus, gloveri, rubra, 84 sanborni, Acoloithus, 371 sanguineola, Ptvchoglene, no sanguivcnosa, Emilia, 137 samaria, Hxmatopsis, 332 saniptri, Hyloicus, 52 Sannina, genus; quinquecaudatus, uroceri- formis, 382 Sanninoidea, genus; exitiosa, pepsidiformis, persica, xiphiajformis, 1 saporis, Triocnemis, 225 sappho, Catocala, 260 satellitia, Pholus, 65 saturata, Schinia, 227 Saturnia, genus, 89; mendocino, 89 Saturniidae, Family, 9, 12, 24, 31, 80 Saturniinae, 80, 81, 86 satyricus, Ufeus, ipi satvriniformis, Mclitlia, 380 saucia, Peridroma, 182 Sauer-kraut, 239 saundersi, Apantesis, 129; Homoptera, 278 sauzaelitae, Ochria, 214 saxea, Svneda, 259 scabra, Plathypena, 287 scabriuscula, Dipterygia, 172 Scale insects, fed upon by larvae. 6 Scape-moth, The Yellow -collared, The White- cullared, 101 scapha, Prolimacodes, 367 Scarce Bordered Straw, 222 scardina. Anaphora. 443 scarlet ina, Palada, 229 Scepsis, genus, 100; fulvicollis, matthewi, packardi, semidiaphana, wrighti, 101 Schaus, W , 33 Schidax, genus, 356 Schinia, genus, 226; acutilinea, 227; alba- fascia, 228; aleucis, 227; arcifera, atritcs, brevis, 228; brucei, chrysellus, 227; con- tracts, 228; cumatilis, 227; designata, diverg^ens, 228; exaltata, 227; jaguarina, 228; bneata, lynx, 227; marginata, mortua, 228; nigrirena, 227; nobilis, 228; nundina, 227; packardi, rivulosa, 228; roseitincta, saturata, separata, simplex, 227; spraguei, tertia, thorcaui, 22S; trifascia, 227 Schizura, genus; badia, 229; cinereofmns, concinna, conspecta, edmandsi, hum i lis, ipomceae, 298; leptinoides, mi; I 2cj(j, nitida, 298; significata, 299; unicornis, 298 schUegeri, Stenoma, 428 -1. Anarta, 199 Schoenobiinae, Subfamily, 402 schwarzmrum, Illice, 109 S-.i agraphia, genus; duplicata, granitata, heliothidata, mellistrigata, occllinata, res- torata, subcolumbata, 339 sciata, Therina, 348 scintillans, Catocala, 266 Scirpophaga, genus; macrinellus, perstrialis, serriradiellus, 402 scissa, Canidia, 226 scitipennis, Hyperacschra, 2<>4 a, Cerura, 299 scitula. Synanthcdon, 387 scobialis, Epizeuxis, 2S1 Scolecocampa, genus, liburni, ligni, 244 Scoliopteryx. genus; libatrix, 21s scolopendrina, Harpyia, 299 Scoparia, genus, 399 ■Scopariinae, Subfamily, 399 Scopelosoma, genus, 217; ceromatica, devia, moffatiana, walkcri, 218 Scotchmen, 80 Scotogramma, genus; inconcinna, infuscata, submarina, 198 Scribbler, The, 324 scribonia, Ecpanthcria, 1 20 i labrosyne, 303 scriptipcnnis, Epizeuxis, 280 scudderiana, Eucosma, 418 sculptus, Anytus, 191 scutellaris, Bomolocha, 286 scutosus, Heliothis, 224 Sebastiania, 417 Seckel pear, 410 sectilis, Morrisonia, 196 sectomaculata, Philobia, 339 sedata, Tarache, 251 Seirarctia, genus; echo, niobe, 122 selecta, Autographa, 239 Selenis, genus; monotropa, 277 Selicanis. genus; cinereola, 216 semiaperta, Tricholita, 205 semiauratus, Sthenopis, 443 semiclarata, Feltia, 180; Orthofidonia, 337 semiclusaria, Nepytia, 343 semicrocea, Exyra, 248 semidiaphana. Scepsis, 101 semifascia, Monoleuca, 365 semiflava, Xanthoptera, 240 semifusellus, Crambus, 402 semilineata, Hyamia, 254 semilunata, Hadena, 169 seminudaria, Therina, 34S seminudata, Therina, 34S Semiophora, genus; badicollis, catharina, dilucidula, elimata, janualis, manifesto- labes, opacifrons, tenebrifera, 180 Semioscopis, genus; merricella, 429 semiplaga, Heterocampa, 297 semipurpurea, Prothymia, 248 senatoria, Anisota, 94 senta, Haemorrhagia, 64 sentinaria, Leptomeris, 333 separata, Schinia, 227 separatus, Hyloicus, 50 septentrionalis, Gluphisia, 300; Porosagrotis, 1S7 sepulchralis, Citheronia, 97: Thyris, 374 Sequoia, 5 2 sequoia?, Hyloicus 52; Vespamima, 384 serena, Catocala, 267 sericea. Glaea, 21S sericeiferata, Paleacrita, 324 serinaria, Plagodis, 349 serrata, Euchlaena, 350; Trichopolia, 199 serrataria, Euchlaena, 350 serriradieuus, Scirpophaga, 402 Sesia, genus, 61, 379; iadus, tantalus, titan 62 Sesiidae, Family, 379 Sesiinae, Subfamily, 57 sesquilinea, Syssaura, 352 sesquistriaris, Agnomonia, 274 Setagrotis, genus; terrifica, 181 Setting-board, 20 Setting -needle, 1 9 severa, Gluphisia, 300 sevorsa, Fenana, 233 sexatilis, Euxoa, 190 sexfasciata, Synanthedon, 385 sexmaculata, Celama, 357 sexpunctata, Hyamia, 254 sexsignata, Litocala, 272 sexta, Protoparce. 45 Shakespeare, quoted, 94, 103, 356, 379, 423 Sharp, David, quoted, 3, 17, 30 shastaensis, Apantesis, 131; Pseudohazis, 93 Sheep-moth, Nuttall's, 93 Siavana, genus; auripennis, repanda, 273 Sibine, genus; ephippiatus, stimulea, 364 siccaria, Therina, 348 Sicya, genus; macularia, 347 Sideraria, Eois, 336 sigmaria, Cymatophora, 340 sigmoides, Eueretagrotis, 179 signata, Dasylophia, 296; Tricholita, 203 signataria, Melanolophia, 344 signifera, Laphygma, 174 significans, Emilia, 137 signincata, Schizura, 299 silago, Xanthia, 214 Silk -culture, The History of, 316 Silk-moth, The Ailanthus, 82; Ceanothus, Columbian, Glover's, 84; Mendocino, 89; Orizaba, 82; Spice-Bush, 84; Tulip-tree, 86; Zephyr, 89 simalis, Cornifrons, 399 similana, Eucosma, 418 similis, Alypia, 143; Catocala, 268- simplaria, Notodonta, 295; Peridroma, 183 simplex, Autographa, 240; Comacla, 107; Xylomiges, 197 simulans, Memythrus, 383 singula, Pseudanarta, 175 sinualis, Melipotis, 258 Sister, The Little, 269 Sisyrosea, genus; inornata, textula, 366 sitellata, Gypsochroa, 332 Six-plume Moth, The, 417 Skeletonizer, The Apple-leaf, 411 Skinner, Henry, ix slossoni, Gluphisia, 300 slossoniae, Alarodia, 366 Slug; Monkey, 366; Nason's, 366; Pygmy, 365; Slosson's, 366, Spiny Oak-, 365 Small Angle Shades, 172 Smerinthus, 54 Smith, Herbert H., 20 Smith, John B., viii, 29, 30, 32, 33, 34, 118, 151 smithi, Grammodes, 274 Smythe, Ellison, 63 Snout-moth, The Meal, 400 snoviaria, Mellilla, 35$ snowi, Melittia, 3S1 sobria, Calpe, 236; Drasteria, 257; Eois, 33s; Xephelodes, 199 socia, Syneda, 259 socors, Caenurgia, 257 Solanaceae, 45 solanella, Phthorimsea, 425 Solenobia, genus, 360 solidaginis, Rancora, 209 Solidago, 101, 117, 126, 252, 41S Solidago Gall-moth. The, 425 solituda, Gsea, 381 Somites, in body of larvae, 6 somnus, Catocala, 263 sordida, Hyloicus, 40; Phlyctaenodes, 395 sordidata, Hydriomena, 331 sororius, Hemileuca, 91 Southey, quoted, 77 stellata, Derrima, 224 stellidaria, Almodes, 354 Stenaspilates, genus; zalissaria, 351 Stenoma, genus; schlaegeri, 42S Sthenopis, genus; alni, argentata. argenteo- maculata, quadriguttatus, semiauratus, 443 Stibadium, genus; spumosum, 234 sticticalis, Phlyctae nodes, 395 stigma, Anisota, 94 stigmata, Dryobota, 171 stigmosa, Feltia, 1S6 stimulea, Sibine, 364 Stinging Caterpillars, 90; spines, 9 Stiria, genus; rugifrons, 234 stragula, HypenEschra, 294 Strawberry-borer, The, 385 Strawberry Leaf -roller, 419 Strecker, Herman, 30, 52 Strenoloma, genus; lunilinea, 147, 276 Stretch, R. H., 32. 35 stretchi, Catocala, 263; Syneda, 260; Utethe- Stretchia, genus; striata, Illice, 109 striatella, Euchalcia, 237 strigata, Calophasia. 1 70; Euclea, 36 * ' Eucalyptera, 244". Rancora, 209 strigataria, Phigalia, 347 strigicollis, Maraestra, 195 strigilis, Pholus, 67 strigosa, Apantesis, 131; Calidota, 139; Melalopha. 293 strigularia, Coenocalpe, 332 stygiaria, Azelina, 352 stylata, Cerapoda, 177 stylobata, Campometra, 276 Stylopoda, genus; cephalica, 229 spadix, Cissusa, 256 ■ Span-worm; Goose-berry, 340; "Walnut, 345 Sparrows, English, 325 Spear-mark, The, 329 Specimens, capture of, killing, mounting, 19 speciosa, Apan tests, 131 speciosata, Hydriomena, 331 spectanda, Chloridea, 223 spectans, Apatela, 156 Spectre, The. 77 Spencer, Herbert, quot< sperataria, Lycia, 34s Spermacocc, 75 speyeri, Cuculha, 208 Sphacelodes, genus; floridensis, vulneraria, 354 Sphacelodina?, Subfamily. 354 Sphecodina, genus, 70; abbot ti, 70 Sphida, genus; obliqua, obliquata, :n Sphingida?, 12, 25, 30, 41 Sphinx, genus, 54; astarte, 55; ceri gcminatus, jamaicensts, 55; ocellata, 54. ophthalmica, pallidulus, saliceti, triparti- tus, ss Sphinx, Abbot's, 70 ; Abbot 's Pi • Achemon, 66; Alope, 58; Ash, 46; Azalea, 68; Bear. 71; Big Poplar, 57: Blinded, 56; Bombyx, 53; Catalpa, 48; Cerisy's, 54. Chersis, 50; Clark's Day-, 7^: Col 52; Cramer's, so; Cypress, 48; Domingo. ned, 47; Galium, 76; Gaudy. 67; Gaura. 72; Giant Gray, 57; Gordian, 51; Gi 61; Hermit, Hermit-like, 40: H Huckleberry, 56; Hydrangea, 60; Laurel. 51 , Lesser Vine. 67; Lettered, 71 ; Lintner's. 51; Lintner's Pine, 53: Madame Merian's. 58; Mourning, 61 ; Nessus, 72; Neumccgen's, 50; Obscure. 50; Occult, 4s; CEnotrus, 50; Papaw, 46; Phaeton, 74; Pine. 52; Pluto. 75; Rustic, 45; Satellite, 6=;; Sequoia, 52; Silver-spotted, 60; Small-eyed. Strecker's, 73; Striped Morning, Tersa, 75; Tomato, 45; Twin-snot. 55; Vancouver, 50; Vine, 67; Walim Wavi .r, 57; white- banded Day-, 6a; Wild Cherry'. 52; Yellow- banded Dav , spilomela, Caradrina. 165 Spinneret, 7 spinosx, Eupanychis. 226 spinuloides, Adoneta, 365 Spinea. 237, 366 spissa. Buxoa, 180 "Splitters" and "Lumpers." 112 Sport, The, 1 ^2 Spots on wings of noctuid moth, 18 spraguei, Pygarctia, 1 j6; Schinia, 228 Spragueia, genus; dama, guttata, onagrus, plumbifimbriata, trifariana, 252 spumosum, Stibadium, 234 spuraria, Leptomeris, 333 Spurs, tibial, 14. 15 sputatrix, Hadcna. 168 squamigera, Almodes, 354 s-signata. Macaria, 339 subaequaria, Apxcasia, 342 subalbicans, Heterocampa. 297 subapicalis, Xylomiges, 197 subatomaria, Paraphia, 343 subcedens, Hadena, 167 subcinctaria, Macaria. 3 *o subcitrina, Megalopyge. 369 subcolumbata, Sciagraphia, 339 subdolens, Nephelodes, 199 subflava, Nonagria, 211 subgothica. Feltia, 186 subjecta, Illice, 100 subjectalis, Pyrausta, 397 subjuncta, Hadenella, 162; Mamestra, 103 sublunaria, Cleora, 144 submarina, Scotogramma, 198 subnata, Catocala, 266 subolivalis, Pyrausta, 398 subornata, Hypoprepia, 106 subpartita, Galgula, 247 subprivata, Plagodis. ;4«> subpunctata, Heliophila. 201 Subregions, Fauna subsequalis, Pyrausta, 39S subsignarius. Ennomos, 348 Libsinuaria, Hyperitiv, substrigata. Nod Subterminal line, 18 subusta, Atethmia, 220 subviridis. Catocala. 261 successaria, Cymatophora. 341; Haematopsis, Sudraka, quoted. 269 sueta. Meliclcptria, 2?o suffusa. Agrotis. 182; Mamestra. 192 suffusalis, Pantographa. 393 Sugar-beet Moth, The, 395 Sugar-cane, 403 Sugaring for moths, 14'* sulphuraria, Alcis. 34 \ sulphurata, Sabulodes. 353 superans, Apatela, 156 superaria, Cabcrodcs, 352 suppressa- l surrectalis, Epizeuxis. 280 sutrix, Tomacontia. 250 Sweetheart, The, 263 Swift, quoted. 370 Swordgrass; American, Dot and Dash, 208 Sylectra, genus; erycata, 254 sylvaticoides, Malacosoma, ji \ Symmerista. genu Sympherta, genus; tripunctaria, 342 Symphoncarpus. Sympistis. genus; proprius, 229 Synanthedon, genus; acericolum, acerni, 3R6; acmula, albicornis, 387; aureola, 383; aureopurpurea, 387; bassiformis, bolli, brunneipennis. consimilis, • gallivorum, 387; hemizonac, 385; h 387; hypcrici, imitata, impropria. infirma, 385; inusitata, 386; kccbelci. 387; lupini. lustrans. madarix, 385; neglecta, perplexa, 385: ! proxima, pyri, 387; rileyana, rutilanj scitula, 3S7 '■ scxfasciata, tipuliformis, washingtonia, 385 Synchlora, genus; Hquoraria, tricoloraria. 336 Syneda, genus; adumbrata. alleni, 250 ; athabasca. 260; capticola, divergens, 259; edwardsi. 260; graphica, 259; howlandi, hudsonica, 260; saxea, socia, 259; stretchi, 260 Synelys, genus; alabastaria, ennucleata, reconditaria, 333 Syngrapha, genus; alticola, devergens, diver- gens, hochenwarthi, 240 synochitis, Eustrotia, 247 Syntomeida, genus; cpilais, euterpe, ferox, ipomese. 99 Syntomidse, 24. 31, 98 syracosia, Emilia, 137 Syringa, 382 syringae, Podosesia, 382 syringicola, Phlyctaenta, 397 Syssaura, genus; xquosus, biclaria, ephyrata, infensata, juniperaria, cemearia. olyzonaria, puber, sesquihnea. varus, 352 Syssphinx, genus, 96: albolineata, heilig- brodti, raspa, White-lined, 96 475 Sysyrhypena, genus; harti, orciferalis, pupil- laris, 282 tabacella, Phthorimaea. 425 tactus, Homopyralis, 256 ta?data, Pseudogtea, 216 talidiformis, Crambodes, 163 tantalus, Sesia, 42. 61, 62 tapayusa, Cocytius, 44 tapetzella, Trichophaga, 434 Tapinostola, genus; variana, 216 Tarache, genus; apnea, binocula, delecta, erastrioides, rlavipennis, lactipennis, lanceo- lata, libedis, metallica, sedata, terminima- cula, virginalis, 251 tardigrada, Euclea, 365 Tarsius spectrum, 77 Tarsus, 14, 15 Taylor, J., quoted, 322 tearli, Bombycia,' 304 Tecoma, 49, 401 tecomae, Salobrana, 401 tecta, Amyna, 242; Orthodes, 203 Telea, genus, 87; fenestra, oculea, paphia, polyphemus, 87 telifera, Agrotis, 182 teligera, Mamestra, 195 telum, Apatela, 155 tenebrifera, Semiophora, 180 tenebrosata, Cymatophora, 341 tenera, Pareuchsetes, 134 Tennyson, Alfred, quoted, 22, 445 tenuifascia, Illice, 109; Oncocnemis, 176 tenuimargo, Ptychoglene, 1 10 tenuis, Haemorrhagia, 63; Isogona, 256 tepida, Xylina, 207 tephra, Olene, 308 Tephroclystis, genus, 327; absinthiata, ab- synthiata, coagulata, elongata, geminata, minutata, notata, 328 teratophora, Jaspidia, 160 terlooi, Arctonotus, 71 Terminal lunules, 18 terminalis, Pygoctenucha, in; Utetheisa, 117 terminimacula, Tarache, 251 terraria, Almodes, 354 terrella, Phthorimaea, 425 terrifica, Setagrotis, 181 tersa, Xylophanes, 75 tertia, Schinia, 228 tertialis, Phlyctaenia, 397 tessellaris, Halisidota, 137 tessellata, Euxoa, 189 testacea, Tortricidia, 36S Tetanolita, genus, 283; mynesalis, 284 Tetracis, genus; allediusaria, aspilata, crocal- lata, 353 tetradactylus, Phobetron, 366 tetragonalis, Phlyctaenodes, 395 tetraspilaris, Cochlidion, 367 tetrio, Pseudosphinx, 5 7 texana, Comacla, 107; Harrisina, 372; Horama, 100; Parora, 255; Remigia, 274 textor, Hyphantria, 1 24 textula, Sisyrosea, 366 thalialis, Noctuelia, 399 Thalpochares, genus; aetheria, 249 thaxteri, Xylina, 207 thecata, Himella, 204 theodori, Polia, T7r Therasea, genus; flavicosta, 251 Therina, genus, 347; a?qualiaria, athasiaria, bibularia, 34S; endropiaria, 347; fervidaria. fiscellaria, flagitaria, invexata, panisaria, pultaria, sciata, seminudaria, seminudata, ' 348 thesealis, Pyrausta, 397 thetis, Haemnrrhagia, 64; Daritis, 289 Thomas, Edith M., quoted, 358 Thomson, James, quoted, 331, 390 thoracica, Malacosoma, 313 thoracicoides, Malacosoma, 313 thorates, Xylophanes, 75 Thorax, 14, 18 thoreaui, Schinia, 228 thraxalis, Renia, 283 Thyatiridae, Family, 25. 34, 3°3 thyatiroides, Eosphoropteryx, 237; Dosylo- phia, 296 Thvrtion, genus; rosea, 222 Thyrididae, Family, 24, 35, 374 Thyridopteryx, genus; coniferarum, ephe- meraeformis, 361 Thyris, genus; lugubris, maculata, Mnurnful, nevadae, perspicua, sepulchralis, Spotted, 374 , . Thysania, genus; zenobia, 279 thvsbe, Haemorrhagia, 62 Tibia, 14. iS Tiger, "78 Tiger-moths, 115; Aulaean, 124; Banded, 132 Bean's, 126; Blake's, 131; Brace's, 126 Eyed, 120; Figured, 132; Great, T34 Intermediate, 129; Isabella, 125; Labrador Little Virgin, 131; Many-spotted, 1 2 r Mexican, 131; Nevada, 131; Ornate, 130 Phyllira, 132; Ranchman's, 128; Ruby 126; Small, 134; St. Lawrence, 128 Straight-lined, 129; Virgin, 129; Virginian Vestal, 127; Williams', 132; Yarrow's, 127 Zuni, 124 triangulatum, Eustroma, 329 triangulifer, Cirrhophanus, 234 tigris, Diastema, 241 Tilia, 300 tihana, Erannis, 347 timais, Xanthopastis, 231 tinctaria, Cleora, 344 Tinea, genus; dubiella, flavescentella, grise- ella, merdella, pellionella, 433 Tineida?, Family, 6, 25, 26, 37, 430 Tineola, genus; biselliella, bisselliella, crinella destructor, lanariella, 432 tipuliformis, Synanthedon, 3S5 titan, Sesia, 62 Titanio, genus; proximalis, 396 titea, Phigalia, 347 titearia, Phigalia, 347 titubatis, Euxoa, 1S9 togata, Orthodes, 203; Xanthia, 214 Tolype, genus; vellcda, 312 Topsell, " Historie of Serpents," quoted 114; "Historie of Four-footed Beasts,' quoted, 35 7 toreuta, Bomolocha, 286 Tornacontia, genus; sutrix, 250 torrefacta, Apatelodes, 292 Tortricidae, Family, 2^, 25, 37, 417 Tortricidia. genus; caesonia, flexuosa, testa Tortrix, genus; albicomana, 423 tortuosa, Hyperseschra, 294 Tosale, genus; anthcecioides, nobilis, ovi- plagalis, 402 Toxocampa, genus; victoria, 273 trabalis, Yuma, 407 trabea, Polychrysia, 236 Trachea, genus; delicata, 172 Tragedy of the Night-moth, 209 tragopoginis, Pyrophila, 173 Trama, genus; arrosa, detrahens, 276 tranquila, Zotheca, 219 transducens, Abbotana, 353 476 transfercns, Abbotana, 353 transfindens, Sabulodes, 353 transfrons, Hadcna, 166 translucida, Hemihyalea. 13S transmontana. Arctia, 134 transmutans, Sabulodt- -- , transposita, Sabulodes, 353 transversata, Ellida, 300; Sabulodes, sSi . Transverse, anterior line, iS; posterior line, 18 trentonalis, Herculia, 401 ,i, genus; antica, 199 Trichocosmia, genus; inornata. fa, genus; semiapcrta, signata, 205 Trichophaga, genus; tapetzella. 434 Trichopolia, genus; serrata, 199 Trichosellus, genus; crotchi, cupe itarache, genus; assirailis, 246 tricinctus, Memythrus, 382 tricolor, Ccrathosia, 253; Hemileuca, 93*. ;irepia, 106; Kodiosoma, 133 tricoloraria, Synchlora, 336 trifariana, Spragueia, 252 trifascia, Schinia, 227 trifoBi, Mamestra, 193 trigona, Bertholdia, 140 Tngonophora, genus; periculosa, v-brun- neum , 215 terophleps, 3*7 trilinearia, Metanema. 351; Plat trilineata, Gluphisia, 300 trimaculata, AJypiodes, I45i Euerythra, 120 trini ttata, Celama, 357 Triocnemis, genus; saporis, 225 isagrotis, 187 tripartita, Dasyl iphia, 296 ihinx, 55 Tnphosa, genus; dubitata, indubitata ■ i, ■ ■ 1 triplipunctana, Paraphia, 343 Tnprocris, genus, 371; constans, latercula, 372; rata, 371; smithsonianus, 372 Tnpsacum dactyloidcs, 40S ira, 250 tripunctana, Sympnerta, 342 ina, Celama, 35 7 1 , Crambus, 403 tristis. Catoeala, 262 Tristyla, genus; alboplagiata, 220 triumphahs, Phlyctamodes, 39S Trochanter. 14, 15 truncataria. Epclis, 337 truncatula, Fruva, 252 truxaliata, Sabulodes, 353 Tubercles, larval, 8 Tuerta, genus; noctuiformis, sabulosa, 143 tumida, Pseudanthcecia, 22S tunicana, Epagoge, 42* turbans, Apanh turbatellus, Crambus, 402 turbida, I Leter h ampa, 297 turbitella, Zophodia, 411 turbulenta, I fa lena, 1 67 ting wild, 14S turris. Euxoa, 100 Turuptiana, genus; caeca, permaculata, rc- ducta, 121 Tvpha latifolia, 21 1 typhon, Pholus, 65 typica, Pronoctua, 185 tyralis, Pyrausta, 398 u u-brevis, Autographa, 23S 1 : . genus; barometricus, plicatus, satyri- cus, 1 9 1 ulmi, Apatela, 155; Ceratomia, 47; Hetero- campa, 297 Ulolonche, genus; modesta. 198 Ulosyneda, genus; valens, 257 ultronia, Catoeala, 265 umbellana, Depressana, 438 umbellella, Depressaria, 428 umbra, Pvrrhia, 214 umbrata, Clemensia, 108; Heterocampa, 297 umbrifascia, Hyamia, 254 uncanaria, Platca, 342 Underwings, The, 260; Agrippina, 260; Aholibah, 265; Amasia, 268; American Copper, 173; Andromache, 267; Angus', 262; Augusta, 264; Babayaga 267; Bianca, 262; Briseis, 264; California, 263; Carrie's, 261; Celia, 265; Cleopatra, . Clouded, 266; Darling, 263; Dejected, 261; Delilah, Desdemona, 267; Epione, 260; Evelina. Faintly Green, 261; Faustina, 264; Glittering, 266; Gloomy, 262; Graceful, 269; G [awthorn, 268; Hermia, 264; Hinda, 266; Ilia, 265; Inconsolable, iudith, 362; Little, 260; Luciana. 263; I Meske's, niing. Obscure. 262; Old-Maid, 368; Oldwife. 266; Olivia, 269; Once-married. 264; Paulina. 261; Phalanga. 266; Pure. 264; Robinson's, Rosalind, 264; Sappho, 260; Scarlet, Serene. 267; Sleepv, Stretch's, 263; Tearful, a n VerrilTs, 265; ward, 367; W 266; Yellow-ijray, 262; Youthful, 266 undatifascia, Pachylia, undifera, IVilimacodes, 367 undosus, undular; undulata, Hydi undulosa, Cerat Ungues, 14. is unica, Gonodonta, 236 . Noctua, r 3 1 unicornis, Schizura, 298 unifascia. Illicc, 100 unifascialis. Pyrausta. 397 uniformis. Crambidia. 104; Htematomis, 107; Hsemorrhagia, '> > unijuga, Catoeala, 264 unilin* a1 l» 278 unimacula. Pyrausta, 398 unimoda, Xylina, 207 unio, Euthisanqtia, 233 unipuncta, Hcliophila. 200; Leucania, 17s; Paraphia, 343 unipunctata, Paraphia, 343 urentis, Abrostola, 240 uroccrifonnis, Sannina, ursina, Lathosca. 209 Utahensis, Arctia, 134 Utetheisa, genus, 114; The Beautiful, The Ornamented, bella, hybrida, intermedia omatrix, pura, stretchi, terminalis, 117 uxor, Catoeala, 265 V vaccinii, Autographa, 239 vacciniivorana, Alceris, 421 Vaccinium, 56 vagans, Diacrisia, 12S valens, Ulosyneda, 257 Valeria, genus; opina, 172 vancouverensis, Feltia, 186; Hyloicus, 50 vanella, Pseudotamila, 229 varadaria, Caberodes, 352 varia, Automeris, Sg; Heterocampa, 297; Oligia, 165 variabilis, Pseudorthosia, 2 1 6 variana, Tapinostola, 216 variolana, Alceris, 421 variolaria, Deilinea, 33S varus, Syssaura, 352 vashti, Hyloicus, 50 vau, Melalopha, 293 v-brunneum, Trigonophora, 215 vecors, Orthodes, 203; Perigea, 165 vega, Pogocolon, 73 vegeta, Cissusa, 256 velata, Orthodes, 203; Rhynchagrotis, 17S velleda, Tolype, 312 velleripennis, Euxoa, iSS » vellifera, Bomolocha, 2S6 Venation of wings, 16 venerabilis, Feltia, 186 elensis, Pachylia, 60 Ctenucha, 101 ventilator, Marasmalus, 242 venus, Hyparpax, 299 Venusia, genus; cambrica, comptaria, con- densata, duodecimlineata, inclinata, in- clinataria, perlineata, 328 venusta, Euchalcia, 237; Hyparpax, 2gg verbascoides, Hadena, 169 Verbena, 163 vermiculata, Gnophaela, 290 vernata, Euclea, 365; Nyctobia, 324; Palea- crita, 324 verrilliana, Catocala, 265 verruca, Autographa, 23S versicolor, Darapsa, 69 versuta, Hadena, 167; Pseudorgyia, 245 verticals, Euxoa, 189 vesca, Galgula, 247 Vespamima, genus; pinorum, sequoia;, 384 vespiformis, ^geria, 383 vesta, Philosamia, 82 vestaliata, Orthofidonia, 337 vestalis, Haploa, 118; Mannas, 127 vestitaria, Ania, 349 vesulia, Oxydia, 352 vetusta, Hemerocampa, 306; Porosagrotis, 187 viatica, GUea, 218; Orthofidonia, 337 Viburnum, 62, 63 vicaria, Noctua, 184 vicariana, Archips, 422 vicina, Mamestra, 195 victoria, Toxocampa, 273 videns, Platysenta, 163 "vidua, Catocala, 261 viduata, Catocala, 261 vinculum , Phurys , 275 vinela, Hadena, 1 70 vinnula, Apatela, 156 vinesaria, Euchkena, 350 violacea, Hadena, 167 violans, Nephelodcs, 199 \*iralis, Hadena, 168 virescens, Chloridea, 222 virgata, Ianassa, 298 virginalis, Platyprepia, 128; Tarache, 251 virginaria, Epimecis, 344 virginica, Ctenucha, 102; Diacrisia, 127 virginiensis, Anisota, 94, 95 virgo, Apantesis, 129 virguncula, Apantesis, 131 viridans, Homoptera, 27S viridescens, Psaphidia, 177 viridiclava, Euclea, 365 viridis, Euclea, 365 viridisignata, Autographa, 239 vindoperlata, Metrocampa, 348 viridula, Zotheca, 219 Vitacea?, 61, 65, 70 vitis, Pholus, 67 vittata, Apantesis, 132; Hypoprepia, 106 vivida, Pygarctia, 136 volubilis, Feltia, 186 volupia, Rhododipsa, 225 voluta, Adoneta, 365 vomerina, Morrisonia, 196 votiva, Pygoctenucha, 1 1 1 v-signatana, Archips, 422 vulneraria, Sphacelodes, 354 vulnifica, Bellura, 211 ' vultuosa, Hadena, 16S w Wainscot ; Comma, 203 ; Dark-winged, False, 201; Heterodox, 202; Lesser, 201; Many-lined, 202; White-lined, 201 wakarusa, Yponomeuta, 423 Walker, Francis, 27, 30 walkeri, Philosamia, S2; Scopelosoma, 218 Walking as a Fine Art, 270 Walnut Case-bearer, The, 408 Walnut Span-worm, The, 345 Walshia, genus; amorphella, 430 Walsingham, Lord, 37, 38 walsinghami, Ctenucha, 102 Walton, Izaak, quoted, 374 washingtonia, Synanthedon, 3S5 washingtoniana, Xvlina, 207 Wasp-moth; Double-tufted, 99; Edwards', 100; Lesser, 90; Polka-dot, 90; Scarlet- bodied, 98; Texan, 100; Yellow-banded, 99 Web-worm, The Parsnip, 428 Westwood, J. O., 35, 370, 428 whitneyi, Catocala, 26S Whittier, J. G., quoted, 292 320 Wife, The, 265 williamsi, Apantesis, 132 wilsoni, Ciris, 233 Wings, structure of, p. 15 wiskntti, Arctia, 134 Wittfeldi, Alypia, 143, 144 Wood, Rev. J. G., quoted, 360 woodi, Homoptera, 278 Woodling, Beautiful, Brown, Fletcher's Grieving Hardened, Oregon, Simple, iq7 Wood-nympn, Beautiful, Pearly, 232 Woolly bears, 115, 125 Wordsworth, quoted, 415 worthingtoni, Porosagrotis, 187 wrighti, Gluphisia, 300; Scepsis, 101 X Xanthia, genus; flavago, silago, togata, 214 xanthioides, Perigea, 1 65 xanthometata, Mellilla, 338 Xanthopastis, genus; regnatrix, timais, 231 Xanthoptera, genus ; nigrofimbria, 248 ; semiflava, 249 Xanthothrix, genus; neumcegeni, 231 Xanthotype, genus; caelaria, citrina, cro- cataria, 349 xiphiaeformis, Sanninoidea, 384 Xylina, genus; antennata, 206; baileyi, 207; cinerea, disposita, 206; innominata, latici- nerea, 207; petulca, 206; pexata, tepida, thaxteri, unimoda, washingtoniana. 207 xylina, Alabama, 243 xylinoides, Hyppa, 171 Xylomiges, genus; cognata, crucialis, dolosa fletcheri, indurata. patalis, perlubens pulchella, simplex, subapicalis, 197 478 Xylophanes, genus, 75; bcerhaviae, crcesus eson, pluto, tersa, thorates, 75 Xylorieticke, Family, 26, 428 Yarrowi, Phragmatobia, 127 yavapai, Hemileuca, 92 y-in versa, Cochlidion, 367; Prodoxus, 439 yoscmitce, Fishea, 170 Vponomeuta, genus ; euonymella, multi- punctella, orbimaculella, ordinatellus, \va- karusa, 423 Yponomeutidte, Family, 26, 38, 423 Ypsia, genus; undularis. 278 ypsilon, Agrotis, 140, 182 Yrias, genus; clientis, repentis, 277 Yucca, 437; angustifolia, filamentosa, 442; whipplei, 440, 442 Yucca-moth. 44' yuccasella, Pronuba Yuma, genus; adulatalis, trabalis, 407 Zale, genus; horrida, 277 zalissaria, Stenaspilates, 351 Zanclognatha, genus; laevigata, lituratts, minimalis, ochreipennis, protumnusalis, 281 zeae, Achatodes, 212; Plodia, 415 zclatella, Mineola, 409 Zrller. P. C , 37 zelleri, Automeris, 89 zenobia, Thysania, 279 zephyria, Automeris, 89 Zenzera, genus; a?sculi, decipietis, hiiaris hypocastrina, pyrina, Zinckenia, genus; albifascialis, angustalis, diffascialis, fascialis, rccurvalis, 392 zonata, Homopyralis, 256 Zophodia, genus; grossulariae, turbitella, 411 Zosteropoda. genus; hirtipes, 203 Zotheca, genus; sambuci, tranquila, viridula 479 JUN 2 1 1928